??????? ???????

??????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????/????? ??????. ^[1] ????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ^[2]^[3] ???? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ????????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???????. ^[2] ??????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ????? ?????. ^[4]^[5]

??? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ?????????? ??? ??? ??????? ? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ??????. ^[6] ??? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????????? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??????. ^[7]

??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? [ ??? ]

?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ^[8] ????? ??? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?????????. ^[9]^[10] ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ???????: ?????? ????? ? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ?? "unto this day" ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???????. ^[11] ????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? ? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?????. ^[12]

≪?????≫ ?≪????≫ ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ????? 17 ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ≪??????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ???.≫ ^[13] ??? ????????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? 18 ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ????????? ≪??? ??? ?? ?? ??? [?? ???????] ?? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?????.≫ ^[10]

???? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ????? 7 ??? ???????? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????. ^[14] ???? ???? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ?? ?????. ^[15] ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????????? ?????? ??? ????????? ?? ????????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ????????? ???. ^[16] ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?????????? ?????????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ????????. ^[17]

???? ????? [ ??? ]

????????? [ ??? ]

^ Robinson 2008 ? ???? 97.
^ ^? ^? Schniedewind 2005 ? ???? 6?7.
^ Carr 2000 ? ???? 492.
^ McEntire 2008 ? ???? 11.
^ Collins 2014 ? ???? 50.
^ McDermott 2002 ? ???? 21.
^ Tenney 2010 ? ???? unpaginated.
^ "????? 5: 46-47" .
^ Enns 2012 ? ???? 153.
^ ^? ^? Wolf 2007 ? ???? 60.
^ Young 1984 ? ???? 115.
^ Garrett 1996 ? ???? 387.
^ Enns 2012 ? ???? 17.
^ Whybray 1995 ? ???? 15.
^ Popkin 2003 ? ???? 195?196.
^ Davies 2007 ? ???? 19?20.
^ Sailhamer 2010 ? ???? 181.

????? [ ??? ]

Bandstra? Barry L (2008). Reading the Old Testament: An Introduction to the Hebrew Bible . Wadsworth. ISBN : 0495391050 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-04-14.
Brettler? Marc Zvi (2010). "Torah". ?? Coogan, Marc Z. Brettler? Michael D.? Brettler? Marc Zvi? Newsom? Carol (????????). The New Oxford Annotated Bible with Apocrypha: New Revised Standard Version . Oxford University Press. ISBN : 9780199370504 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-07-08.
Carr? David (2000). "Genesis, Book of". ?? Freedman? David Noel? Myers? Allen C. (????????). Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible . Eerdmans. ISBN : 9789053565032 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2016-12-24. {{ ??????? ????? }}: ?????? |ref=harv ??? ???? ( ?????? )
Collins? John J. (2014). Introduction to the Hebrew Bible . Augsburg Fortress Publishers. ISBN : 9781451469233 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-07-09.
Davies? G.I. (2007). "Introduction to the Pentateuch". ?? Barton? John? Muddiman? John (????????). The Oxford Bible Commentary . Oxford University Press. ISBN : 9780199277186 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2016-12-23.
Dozeman? Thomas B. (2010). Methods for Exodus . Cambridge University Press. ISBN : 9781139487382 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2022-04-07. {{ ??????? ????? }}: ?????? |ref=harv ??? ???? ( ?????? )
Edelman? Diana V.? Ben Zvi? Ehud (2013). Remembering Biblical Figures in the Late Persian and Early Hellenistic Periods: Social Memory and Imagination . Oxford University Press. ISBN : 9780199664160 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-07-08.
Enns? Peter (2012). The Evolution of Adam . Baker Books. ISBN : 9781587433153 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2022-04-07. {{ ??????? ????? }}: ?????? |ref=harv ??? ???? ( ?????? )
Garrett? Don (1996). The Cambridge Companion to Spinoza . Cambridge University Press. ISBN : 9780521398657 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2016-12-24.
Greifenhagen? Franz V. (2003). Egypt on the Pentateuch's Ideological Map: Constructing Biblical Israel's Identity . Bloomsbury. ISBN : 9780826462114 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-07-08. {{ ??????? ????? }}: ?????? |ref=harv ??? ???? ( ?????? )
Heschel? Abraham Joshua (2005). Heavenly Torah: As Refracted Through the Generations . A&C Black. ISBN : 9780826408020 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2023-01-26. {{ ??????? ????? }}: ?????? |ref=harv ??? ???? ( ?????? )
Kugler? Robert? Hartin? Patrick (2009). The Old Testament Between Theology and History: A Critical Survey . Eerdmans. ISBN : 9780802846365 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-04-14.
Levenson? Jon Douglas (1993). The Hebrew Bible, the Old Testament, and Historical Criticism: Jews and Christians in Biblical Studies . Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN : 9780664254070 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2016-12-24. {{ ??????? ????? }}: ?????? |ref=harv ??? ???? ( ?????? )
Levin? Christoph L (2005). The Old testament: a brief introduction . Princeton University Press. ISBN : 0691113947 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2017-02-22.
Longman? Tremper (2009). An Introduction to the Old Testament . Zondervan. ISBN : 9780310539629 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-07-09. {{ ??????? ????? }}: ?????? |ref=harv ??? ???? ( ?????? )
McDermott? John J. (2002). Reading the Pentateuch: a historical introduction . Pauline Press. ISBN : 978-0-8091-4082-4 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2022-03-08. {{ ??????? ????? }}: ?????? |ref=harv ??? ???? ( ?????? )
McEntire? Mark (2008). Struggling with God: An Introduction to the Pentateuch . Mercer University Press. ISBN : 9780881461015 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2022-03-08. {{ ??????? ????? }}: ?????? |ref=harv ??? ???? ( ?????? )
Popkin? Richard S. (2003). The History of Scepticism : From Savonarola to Bayle . Oxford University Press. ISBN : 9780198026716 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2022-04-07. {{ ??????? ????? }}: ?????? |ref=harv ??? ???? ( ?????? )
Robinson? George (2008). Essential Torah: A Complete Guide to the Five Books of Moses . Knopf Doubleday. ISBN : 9780307484376 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2023-04-18.
Rofe? Alexander (2002). Deuteronomy: issues and interpretation . T&T Clark. ISBN : 9780567087546 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-07-08.
Ross? Tamar (2004). Expanding the Palace of Torah: Orthodoxy and Feminism . UPNE. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2016-12-24. {{ ??????? ????? }}: ?????? |ref=harv ??? ???? ( ?????? )
Sailhamer? John D. (2010). The Meaning of the Pentateuch: Revelation, Composition and Interpretation . InterVarsity Press. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-07-08. {{ ??????? ????? }}: ?????? |ref=harv ??? ???? ( ?????? )
Schniedewind? William M. (2005). How the Bible Became a Book: The Textualization of Ancient Israel . Cambridge University Press. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2016-12-24. {{ ??????? ????? }}: ?????? |ref=harv ??? ???? ( ?????? )
Shavit? Yaacov? Eran? Mordacai (2007). The Hebrew Bible Reborn: From Holy Scripture to the Book of Books . Walter de Gruyter. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2016-12-24.
Ska? Jean-Louis (2006). Introduction to reading the Pentateuch . Eisenbrauns. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-04-14.
Tenney? Merrill C. (2010). The Zondervan Encyclopedia of the Bible . Zondervan. ?. (volume 4). ????? ?? ????? ?? 2016-12-23. {{ ??????? ????? }}: ?????? |ref=harv ??? ???? ( ?????? )
Tigay? Jeffrey H. (2004). "Exodus". ?? Berlin? Adele? Brettler? Marc Zvi (????????). The Jewish study Bible . Oxford University Press. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2016-12-24.
Van Seters? John (1998). "The Pentateuch". ?? Steven L. McKenzie, Matt Patrick Graham (??????). The Hebrew Bible today: an introduction to critical issues . Westminster John Knox Press. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-04-14.
Whybray? R. Norman (1995). Introduction to the Pentateuch . Eerdmans. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-07-09.
Wolf? Herbert (2007). An Introduction to the Old Testament Pentateuch . Moody Publishers. ISBN : 9781575674421 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-07-08.
Young? Edward J. (1984). An Introduction to the Old Testament . Eerdmans. ISBN : 9780802803399 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-07-08.

[FOOTNOTERobinson200897-1] Robinson 2008 ? ???? 97.

[FOOTNOTESchniedewind20056–7-2] ? ^? Schniedewind 2005 ? ???? 6?7.

[FOOTNOTECarr2000492-3] Carr 2000 ? ???? 492.

[FOOTNOTEMcEntire200811-4] McEntire 2008 ? ???? 11.

[FOOTNOTECollins201450-5] Collins 2014 ? ???? 50.

[FOOTNOTEMcDermott200221-6] McDermott 2002 ? ???? 21.

[FOOTNOTETenney2010unpaginated-7] Tenney 2010 ? ???? unpaginated.

[8] "????? 5: 46-47" .

[FOOTNOTEEnns2012153-9] Enns 2012 ? ???? 153.

[FOOTNOTEWolf200760-10] ? ^? Wolf 2007 ? ???? 60.

[FOOTNOTEYoung1984115-11] Young 1984 ? ???? 115.

[FOOTNOTEGarrett1996387-12] Garrett 1996 ? ???? 387.

[FOOTNOTEEnns201217-13] Enns 2012 ? ???? 17.

[FOOTNOTEWhybray199515-14] Whybray 1995 ? ???? 15.

[FOOTNOTEPopkin2003195–196-15] Popkin 2003 ? ???? 195?196.

[FOOTNOTEDavies200719–20-16] Davies 2007 ? ???? 19?20.

[FOOTNOTESailhamer2010181-17] Sailhamer 2010 ? ???? 181.

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