????????? ?????????

????? ??????
	Blind Eye to the Butcher (Torture in Bahrain) ; ???? ???? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ?? ??? 2002 ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????.

????????? ?????????
???????	17 ?????? 1994 - 14 ?????? 2001
??????	???????
??????? ????????	??????? ????????? ?? ???????
???????
???????? ??????????? ; ??????????? ???????????	??????? ?????????
???? ????????
??? ?????? ??????	???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ; ???? ???????
???????
40
	????? ????? - ?????

????????? ????????? ?? ????? ????????? ^{(????
???????
)} ?? ???? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? 1994 ? 2000? ??? ????? ???????? ??????????? ?????????? . ?????? ??? ??? ???? ????? 40 ????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? 1999 ^[1] ???????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?? 14-15 ?????? 2001. ^[2]

??????? [ ??? ]

???? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ????????? ?? ≪ ????????? ≫ ???? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ?????????. ?? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????????? ?? ???? ≪?????≫ ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ??????. ^[3]

???????? [ ??? ]

?? ?? ????? ????????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????????? ?????? ???????? ??? ????????.

???? ????? ??????? [ ??? ]

??? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ??????? ?? ????????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ???????. ^[3]

???? ????? ?????? [ ??? ]

???? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????????? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??????. ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ???????? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ≪??? ???? ???????≫ ???? ????? ????? 1996? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ?????????. ^[3]

??????? [ ??? ]

????? ??????????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?? 1975 ?????? ?????? ???????. ^[4]^[5]
??????? ?? ???? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????????.
??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????????.
???? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ?????????.
????? ??????? ????????.

??????? ???????? [ ??? ]

≪???? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?????? (...) ???? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ????????? ??????? ????????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ??? ?? ?????? ??? (29) ?? ??????? ???? ???? ???:"??? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ????????". ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? (23) ???? (?) ?? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? (...)≫ ? ???? ?? ??????? ????????. ^[6]

?? 1992? ??? 280 ????? (?? ?????: ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ? ???? ????? ? ???? ???? ?????? ? ????? ???? ?????? ? ??????? ???? ????? ? ??? ????? ? ??? ???? ?????? ) ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ?? 1975.

?? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????. ??? ????? ??: ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??????. ??? ????? ?????? ?? 15 ?????? 1992? ???? ?? ?????? ?????:≪?? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????...???? ???? ????? ????? ??????≫. ???? ?? ????? -????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????- :≪??????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ????????≫. ^[7]

?? 20 ?????? 1992? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? (9) ???? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? 30 ?????.

??????? [ ??? ]

????? 1990

???? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ????????? ????????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???????. ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? 26 ????? 1975 ????? ?????? ????????. ^[8]

14 ?????? 1991

?????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ???????.

?????? 1992

??? ???? ??????? 16 ?????? 1992 ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????. ??? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? 1973- 1975 ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????.

20 ?????? 1992

????? ?????? ????????? ?? 30 ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????. ^[9]

3 ?????? 1993

???? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????. ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? 365 ?????. ??? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ????????. ^[10]

??? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ????????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ????????.

6 ???? 1993

???? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????. ????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?????????.

9 ???? 1993

????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ????????? ?? ??????? ??????. ??? ????? ????? ????????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ?????.

?????? 1994

?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? 1994 ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????. ????? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????????? ?????????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ????????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???????? ????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????.

5 ?????? 1994

???? ???? ??????????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ???????. ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?????????.

12 ?????? 1994

????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????. ????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ????.

??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ???? ???. ??? ?? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????????? ???????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ?????. ???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??????. ??? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??? ????? ??????? ????????? ??? ??????. ??? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ????????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ????????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????.

???? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? (18 ???) ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????.

13 ?????? 1994

????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ????????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ?????????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ????????? ??? ?????????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????.

17 ?????? 1994

???? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ????????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????.

3 ????? 1995

???? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ????????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????.

13 ????? 1995

???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ????????.

15 ????? 1995

??? ?? ?? ????? ??? ????? ^[9] ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????. ??? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ????? ???????. ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ????? ???. ^[11]

26 ????? 1995

???? ???? ??? ??????.

27 ????? 1995

??? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ????????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ≪??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ???????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ????≫. ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ????????? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ?????????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ??????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ???????.

25 ???? 1995

??? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?? 24 ????? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ????????? ???????. ??? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????. ??? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ????????? ??????? ??????.

????? 1995

???? ???????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????: ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ??????.

?? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ???????? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? 1995 ?? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ????????. ^[12] ??? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ≪????? ????????≫. ??? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? (???? ????? ???????) ?????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ????????. ??? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????. ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? - ??? ????? ???????? - ?????? ???????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????.

24 ????? 1995: ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ≪????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?????????? ?? ??????≫.
29 ????? 1995: ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ????????? ???????.

26 ????? 1995

??? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ????. ^[9]

14 ????? 1995

??? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ??? ???????? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ? ????? ????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ? ????? ????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ??????? ? ???? ????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? . ??? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???????.

16 ????? 1995

????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ???????? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????.??? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????????? ?? ??? ?????????.

24 ????? 1995

???? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ?? ????????. ??? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? - ???????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??????? - ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???????.

26 ????? 1995

???? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ???. ???? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ???????????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ????????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ??????. ???? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????????. ??? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ???????? ????.

7 ?????? 1995

???? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?150 ?? ?????????? ??? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ????????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???? ????????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????. ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????. ??? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? 9 ?????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??? 150 ??? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ???? ????? ???????.

25 ?????? 1995

??????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ^[9]? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ????????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??. ????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ????????.

26 ?????? 1995

????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ???????. ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????.

20 ?????? 1995

????? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ????????.???? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ???????? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????. ?? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???????? ???????? ?? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?????. ^[13] ??? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ????????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??????. ??? ???????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????. ???? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?????????? ????????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???????? ????????. ?? ??? ??????? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??????????. ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ????????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ?????????.

23 ?????? 1995

??? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????. ^[14]

25 ?????? 1995

??? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????????. ??? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?? ??: ????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ????????? ????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ????????.

1 ?????? 1995

???? ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?????????. ????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? ≪???? ???????≫ ??? ???? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ≪???? ????????≫ ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ≪???? ??????? ???????≫ ??? ≪???? ????????≫. ??? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ?????. ??? ?????? ????????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????.

6 ?????? 1995

?????? ????? ???????? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????????. ??? ?? ????????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ????????? ??????? ???: ^[15]

??? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????.
??? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????.
??? ????? ??????? ?? ??????.
??? ??????? ??????? ???????.
??? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????????.
??? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???? 24 ????.

10 ?????? 1995

??? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? 24 ????? 1995 ?? ????? ????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ???? ???? ???????. ??? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ??????:

?? ≪???? ????????≫ ?? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????.
?? ????????? ?? ??????? ?? ???????? ???????? ?? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????????? ??? ?????? (????? ????????) ?? ????????? ?? ??????????? ??????????????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ???????.
?? ???????? ??????????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ???????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ????????? ?? ≪????????≫ ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ????.
?? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???? ???? ?????? ????????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??????. (???? ????? ????? ???? ????????: ?? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ????????? ??????? ????????)
?? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???? ???? ????????.
?? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????:
1. ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????.
2. ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ??? ≪?????? ???????≫.
????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????????? ????? ???? ????? ????????? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ????????? ??? ?? ??????? ?????????? ????? ????????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ????????. ???????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ???.
?? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? (?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ) ?? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ???????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ???????? ???????. ??? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ????????? ????????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ??????.

27 ?????? 1995

????? ????? ????????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ???? 1995 ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?????. ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??????.

?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ???????? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ????????? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ??????. ???? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ????????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ????????? ?? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ??????.

3 ????? 1996

???? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?????. ??? ???? ??? ????????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????. ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????. ^[16] ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????.

8 ????? 1996

????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ???????. ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????????. ??? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????.

12 ????? 1996

???? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ????????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????.

14 ????? 1996

?????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ??????.

15 ????? 1996

???? ???? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????.

20 ????? 1996

?????? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ?????.

18 ????? 1996

??? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ????. ^[9]

3 ?????? 1996

????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????? ????? ????????. ??? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ????????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ??????. ^[17]

8 ?????? 1996

?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ???????? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ?????. ^[9]

14 ?????? 1996

???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? (??? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ?????) ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???????. ??? ?? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????????? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ?????.

15 ???? 1996

????? ??? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ????. (???? ??? ????? ???? ???? ) .

3 ????? 1996

??????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???????. ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ????????. ^[9]

28 ?????? 1996

????? ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ?? 30 ??? 40. ^[9]

?????? 1998

????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ????????????. ^[9]

6 ???? 1999

???? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? . ^[9]

9 ???? 1999

??? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?????. ^[9]

????? 1999

????? ?????? 10 ????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ??????. ^[9]

?????? 2000

?????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ???? -????? ???? ??????- ???? ????? ?????. ^[9]

?????? 2001

??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ????? ????????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???????. ^[9]

14 ?????? 2001

??????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????????. ^[9]

???? ??????? ???????? ?? ???????? [ ??? ]

????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? (????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????) ?? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?????. ??? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????????. ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? .

??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? ????????? ???? ??? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? (speakers corner) ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? . ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ????? 1996 ???? ???????? ???? ??? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????????. ??? ??? ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ????? ???????. ??? ??? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??????????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ???????.

????? ???? ???? [ ??? ]

?????? 25 ???? 1996? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???? (28 ?????)? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ???? 1995. ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ??? ?????????. ^[18]

????? ??????? ???? ???? -???? ???? ?????? ?? ????- ≪??? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????... ?? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????... ??????? (??????? ???????) ????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??????... ????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ????≫. ^[19] ????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????:≪?? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??????? (????? ?????????) ... ??? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? (?????????) ?? ????... ??? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ??????≫. ≪?? ????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???????? ???????≫.

???????? [ ??? ]

??? ?????? ????????? ???? ????: "?? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ??????... ??? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????. ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?????????". ????: "??? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????... ??? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????". ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? "????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????????: ?? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????. ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????????: ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????". ???? ?? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ???????" ??? ???? ???? ????. ^[20]

???????? ???? ?????? ????: ≪???... ???? ???? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ???... ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???????≫. ?????? ???? ???? ≪????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ?????≫.

?????? [ ??? ]

?????	?????	???????	????? ??????	??? ??????
???? ???? ????	24	???????	17 ?????? 1994	????
???? ???? ??????	22	?? ???	17 ?????? 1994	????
????? ????? ??? ??? ?????	70	?????	20 ?????? 1994	???? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?????
??? ?????? ????????	19	??????	12 ????? 1995	????
???? ??? ?????	34	??? ????	25 ????? 1995	????
???? ??? ??????	26	????	26 ????? 1995	????
???? ????? ??????	??? ?????	?????? ??????	8 ?????? 1995	??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????
???? ?????	12	?????	8 ???? 1995	???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??????
???? ??? ???? ????	17	??????	26 ???? 1995	????
???? ??? ??? ??????	48	??? ????	1 ????? 1995	????
???? ???? ????	28	??? ????	1 ????? 1995	????
???? ??? ???? ???????	17	?????	19 ????? 1995	????
???? ???? ???????	18	??????	4 ???? 1995	????
???? ????????	16	???????	8 ????? 1995	??? ??? ???????
???? ???? ???????	10	??????	25 ???? 1995	???? ??? ?????? ???? ????????
??? ???? ???????	70	??????	7 ????? 1996	??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????
???? ??? ????	22	?????	6 ???? 1996	???? ?? ???? ?????
???? ??? ????	29	?????????	26 ???? 1996	????
???? ???? ?????	25	??????	6 ???? 1996	????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ????
????? ???????	28	???????	7 ???? 1996	????? ???? ?????? ???? ???????
??? ????? ???????	3
????? ??????? (???? ?????)	23
??? ?????? ??? ????	36	???????	12 ???? 1996	???? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??????????
????? ??? ?????? ????	12	???????	11 ????? 1996	????? ??? ?????
??? ????	17	????	2 ????? 1996	????
????? ??????? ????	54	??? ????	23 ????? 1996	????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?????
??? ??? ???? ????	19	???????	17 ????? 1996	????? ??? ?????
???? ??? ???? ???? ???	27	?????	20 ???? 1997	???? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????
??? ??????? ??????? ??? ????	27	???????	6 ????? 1997	???? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ??? 1 ?????.
????? ??? ???? (??? ????)	50 ???????	?????? ??????	29 ????? 1997	???? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???. ????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ????? 1996 ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? . ???? ????? ?? ?????? 1997 ????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??????. ???? ???? ???????? ???? 2-3 ???? ???? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ????????. ??? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?????.
??? ????? ???? ???? ????	45	??????	8 ????? 1997	???? ?? ?????? ????????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????. ?? ??????? ??? ???. ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ????????. ?? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????????? ????? ?? 8 ?????.
???? ??????? ??? ????	22	?????? ????	22 ?????? 1997	????? ???? ?? ????? ??? 1995 ????? ?? ????? ???????.
??? ???? ??? ???? ?????	22	-	21 ????? 1998	????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ( ??????? ) ?? 18 ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???????.
???? ??????	28	?????? ????	30 ?????? 1998	????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????????. ????? ?????? ?? 5 ????? 1995? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? 12 ????? 1995. ???? ????? ????????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????. ??? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ???. ???? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????.
????? ??? ????	60	???????	12 ?????? 1999	???? ?? ?????? ????????? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ???? 1996.

??????: ^[21]

???? ????? [ ??? ]

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^ "Country Profiles Bahrain" The Arab Center for the Development of the Rule of Law and Integrity Retrieved 2010-12-01 ???? ?????? 2017-04-20 ?? Wayback Machine
^ "Country Theme: Elections: Bahrain" . UNDP -Programme on Governance in the Arab Region. 2011. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2011-02-09 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-02-09 .
^ ^? ^? ^? "????? ???????? ???????: ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ????????? ??????" . ????? ????? ????????? . 27 ????? 2005. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-10-18.
^ ???? ???? - "?????? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ????????"(???? : ????? ?????????? 1989)? ???? 49-50.
^ ????? ???? - "??????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ??????? "? (???????? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ?????????? 1995)? ???? 97.
^ ???? ?????: ?????? ??????? ???????... ????? ????? ? ???? 15.
^ ???? ?????: ?????? ??????? ???????... ????? ????? ? ???? 19.
^ ??? ????? ???? ????????? (1) -????? ?????. ???? ?????? 2016-11-04 ?? Wayback Machine
^ ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^?? ^?? ^?? ^?? ^?? ???? ?????? : ??????? - ?? ?? ?? (???????????) "???? ??????" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2011-10-25 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-06-14 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: ????? ?????????: BOT: original URL status unknown ( link )
^ ??? ????? ???? ????????? (2) - ????? ?????. ???? ?????? 2016-11-04 ?? Wayback Machine
^ ??? ????? ???? ????????? (3) - ????? ????? . ???? ?????? 2016-11-04 ?? Wayback Machine
^ ??? ????? ???? ????????? (4) - ????? ????? . ???? ?????? 2016-11-04 ?? Wayback Machine
^ ??? ????? ???? ????????? (5) - ????? ?????. ???? ?????? 2016-11-04 ?? Wayback Machine
^ ??? ????? ???? ????????? (5) - ????? ????? ???? ?????? 2016-11-04 ?? Wayback Machine
^ ??? ????? ???? ????????? (6). - ????? ????? . ???? ?????? 2016-11-04 ?? Wayback Machine
^ ??? ????? ???? ????????? (7) -????? ????? . ???? ?????? 2016-11-04 ?? Wayback Machine
^ ??? ????? ???? ????????? (???????) - ????? ????? . ???? ?????? 2016-11-04 ?? Wayback Machine
^ ???? ?????: ?????? ??????? ???????... ????? ????? ? ???? 43.
^ ???? ?????: ?????? ??????? ???????... ????? ????? ? ???? 46.
^ ???? ?????: ?????? ??????? ???????... ????? ????? ? ???? 47.
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[1] "Country Profiles Bahrain" The Arab Center for the Development of the Rule of Law and Integrity Retrieved 2010-12-01 ???? ?????? 2017-04-20 ?? Wayback Machine

[UNDP-POGAR-2] "Country Theme: Elections: Bahrain" . UNDP -Programme on Governance in the Arab Region. 2011. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2011-02-09 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-02-09 .

[حركة_التسعينات_نموذجا-3] ? ^? ^? "????? ???????? ???????: ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ????????? ??????" . ????? ????? ????????? . 27 ????? 2005. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-10-18.

[4] ???? ???? - "?????? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ????????"(???? : ????? ?????????? 1989)? ???? 49-50.

[5] ????? ???? - "??????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ??????? "? (???????? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ?????????? 1995)? ???? 97.

[العريضة_النخبوية1-6] ???? ?????: ?????? ??????? ???????... ????? ????? ? ???? 15.

[العريضة_النخبوية2-7] ???? ?????: ?????? ??????? ???????... ????? ????? ? ???? 19.

[ربيعة1-8] ??? ????? ???? ????????? (1) -????? ?????. ???? ?????? 2016-11-04 ?? Wayback Machine

[بي_بي_سي-9] ? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^?? ^?? ^?? ^?? ^?? ???? ?????? : ??????? - ?? ?? ?? (???????????) "???? ??????" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2011-10-25 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-06-14 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: ????? ?????????: BOT: original URL status unknown ( link )

[ربيعة2-10] ??? ????? ???? ????????? (2) - ????? ?????. ???? ?????? 2016-11-04 ?? Wayback Machine

[ربيعة3-11] ??? ????? ???? ????????? (3) - ????? ????? . ???? ?????? 2016-11-04 ?? Wayback Machine

[ربيعة4-12] ??? ????? ???? ????????? (4) - ????? ????? . ???? ?????? 2016-11-04 ?? Wayback Machine

[ريبعة5-13] ??? ????? ???? ????????? (5) - ????? ?????. ???? ?????? 2016-11-04 ?? Wayback Machine

[مولد_تلقائيا1-14] ??? ????? ???? ????????? (5) - ????? ????? ???? ?????? 2016-11-04 ?? Wayback Machine

[ربيعة6-15] ??? ????? ???? ????????? (6). - ????? ????? . ???? ?????? 2016-11-04 ?? Wayback Machine

[ربيعة7-16] ??? ????? ???? ????????? (7) -????? ????? . ???? ?????? 2016-11-04 ?? Wayback Machine

[ربيعة8-17] ??? ????? ???? ????????? (???????) - ????? ????? . ???? ?????? 2016-11-04 ?? Wayback Machine

[إعدام1-18] ???? ?????: ?????? ??????? ???????... ????? ????? ? ???? 43.

[محاكمة1-19] ???? ?????: ?????? ??????? ???????... ????? ????? ? ???? 46.

[محاكمة2-20] ???? ?????: ?????? ??????? ???????... ????? ????? ? ???? 47.

[21] ????? ????????? - ???? ????? ??????? (???????????) ???? ?????? 2016-03-05 ?? Wayback Machine ^{[
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???????	????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? 1717 ????? ??????? (1783-1971) ??? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? 1920 ??? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????????? ????????? ??? 2000 ?? ??????? ?????????? ????????? 2011
?????????	????????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ????????? ??? ???????
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