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	????? ????? - ?????

???? ???????????? ??????????? ????????? ( ?????????? : Impero Italiano )? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ????????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ≪?? ??? ???????≫. ???? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ??? 1861. ????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ??????????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??????. ???? ????? ?????? ????????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?????????. ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??? 1914 ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ???????????? ????????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? . ??? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??? 1922 ??? ????? ??? ???????????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ??????????. ??? ?? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ???????. ????? ≪???????????? ?????????≫ ?????? ??? 9 ????/ ???? 1936 ??? ?????? ???????. ^[1] ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????. ??? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ??? 1943 ?? ??? ???????????? ????. ^[2]^[3]

??????? [ ??? ]

????? ???????? ?????? ??????? [ ??? ]

?? ??? 1915 ? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ????????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???????.

??? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??? 1914. ?? ???? ??? 1916? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ???????. ?? ??? 1916? ???? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?? ??????? ?? 23 ????? ?? ??? 1916? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ?????????? ????. ?? ????? 1917? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????. ????? ??? 31 ?? ?????? ???? 1918? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ???????????? ????????? ??????? ?? ???????. ???? ???? ?? ??? 1920? ????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???????? ????? ??????. ^[4]^[5]

???? ???????? ????? ?????????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ????? ?? ???????????? ????????? ???????. ???? ??????? ???? ???????? ???? ?? ????????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?? ???????. ?? ?????? ?? 5 ??? 6 ?????? ?? ??? 1918? ??? ?? ?????? ????????? ???? ??? ???? ????????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ????????. ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? 1918? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ????????? ?????? ??? ??? 17 ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????. ?? ??? 1918? ???? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ????????. ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??? ???????? ? ????? ??? ????? ???? (????? ????? ?????? ?????) ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? 1918. ^[6]^[7]^[8]

?????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ??? 1919? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??????. ?? ????? ?? ??? 1920? ???? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ?? ???????? ????? ??????? ????????? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ??????????? ????? ??????? ^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12]^[13]^[14]^[15]

????? ???????? ??????? [ ??? ]

??? ???????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????????. ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ??????????? ????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ???????? ????????????. ??? ???????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????. ^[16]

?? 10 ?? ????? ???? 1940? ???? ???????? ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???????. ??? ????? ?? ??? 1940? ???? ???? ???????? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????????: ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ? ?????????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ????????? ??????? ???? ????? ????????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ????????? ????????? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ????????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????. ???? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ?????. ^[17]^[18]

?? ?????? ?? ??? 1940? ??? ???????? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ???????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ?????. ?? ????? ?? ??? 1941? ???? ??????? ??? ??????????? ?????? ????? ???????. ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????????. ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ????????? ?? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?????. ?????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ????? -???? ?????? ??? ?????- ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????. ^[19]

???? ???? ????? ????????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????????? ??? ???? ?????? . ?????? ??? 16 ?????? ?? ??? 1940? ???? ?????????? 60 ????? ??? ??????. ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ??????????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? 1941? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????. ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? 1942? ??? ??????? ?? ???????. ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ??????. ???? ???? ??????? ??????????? ???? ?? ????? ??? 1942 ???? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ?????. ????? ??? ???? 1943? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?????????.

???? ???? ??? ??????? ????????? ????????? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ???????? ???????? ????????? ????????. ??? ??? ??? 1940? ???? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????????? ???????. ??? ?? ???? ??? 1941? ??? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????????. ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ????. ?? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ????. ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ? ?? ??? ?????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????. ^[20]

?? ?????? ?? ??? 1942? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????.

????? ???????????? [ ??? ]

????? ???? ??? 1943? ????? ???????????? ????????? ????? ??????? ???? ???. ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????????. ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????????. ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? 24 ?? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ????????. ???????? ???? ???≪?????≫? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??????. ??? ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? 12 ??????? ??? - ???? ?? ????- ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ??????.

??? 25 ?????? ??? ??????? ????????? ??????? -??? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ????????- ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ???????. ?? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ????????? ???? ??????? ????????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???????. ??? ??? 8 ??????? ????? ?? ??????.

??? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??? ??????? (??????? ??????) ?? ??????? ??????????? ???????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ????? ????? ????? ????????.

????? ???? ???????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????. ?? ?????? ????? ???? ???????????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ??????. ?????? ?? ??? 1943 ?????? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??.

?? ??? 1947? ???? ????????? ????????? ?????? ???? ????????? ??????????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????. ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? (?????? ????? ?????????) ????????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ????????? ?? ???? ?? ????. ?? ?????? ?? ??? 1949? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ????????? ?????? -???? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????????- ?? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ??????? ????????? ???? 10 ?????. ??? 1 ????? ?? ??? 1960? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????.

???? ????? [ ??? ]

????? [ ??? ]

^ Lowe, p.289
^ Mia Fuller, "Italian Colonial Rule" , Oxford Bibliographies Online . Retrieved 12 October 2017. ???? ?????? 2019-10-07 ?? Wayback Machine
^ Theodore M. Vestal, "Reflections on the Battle of Adwa and Its Significance for Today", in The Battle of Adwa: Reflections on Ethiopia's Historic Victory Against European Colonialism (Algora, 2005), p. 22.
^ Betts (1975), p.12
^ Betts (1975), p.97
^ Lowe, p.27
^ Lowe, p.24
^ Lowe, p.21
^ Pakenham (1992), p.280
^ Pakenham (1992), p.471
^ Pakenham, p.281
^ Killinger (2002), p.122
^ Killinger, p.122
^ Pakenham (1992), p.7
^ Clodfelter 2017 ? ???? 202.
^ Calvocoressi (1999) p.166
^ Santi Corvaja, Robert L. Miller. Hitler & Mussolini: The Secret Meetings. New York, New York, USA: Enigma Books, 2008. Pp. 132.
^ Dickson (2001) p.100
^ Dickson (2001) p.101
^ Jowett (2001) p.7

????? ?????? [ ??? ]

?? ????? ??? ?????? ??: ???????????? ??????????? ?????????

???? ?????????? ????????? (1928) - ?????? ????? ????????? ????? (??????????)

[Lowe,_p.289-1] Lowe, p.289

[2] Mia Fuller, "Italian Colonial Rule" , Oxford Bibliographies Online . Retrieved 12 October 2017. ???? ?????? 2019-10-07 ?? Wayback Machine

[3] Theodore M. Vestal, "Reflections on the Battle of Adwa and Its Significance for Today", in The Battle of Adwa: Reflections on Ethiopia's Historic Victory Against European Colonialism (Algora, 2005), p. 22.

[4] Betts (1975), p.12

[5] Betts (1975), p.97

[6] Lowe, p.27

[7] Lowe, p.24

[8] Lowe, p.21

[9] Pakenham (1992), p.280

[10] Pakenham (1992), p.471

[11] Pakenham, p.281

[12] Killinger (2002), p.122

[13] Killinger, p.122

[14] Pakenham (1992), p.7

[FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017202-15] Clodfelter 2017 ? ???? 202.

[16] Calvocoressi (1999) p.166

[Santi_Corvaja_2008._Pp._132-17] Santi Corvaja, Robert L. Miller. Hitler & Mussolini: The Secret Meetings. New York, New York, USA: Enigma Books, 2008. Pp. 132.

[18] Dickson (2001) p.100

[19] Dickson (2001) p.101

[20] Jowett (2001) p.7

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