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[1]
?????
????????? ????????? ???????
?? ??? 1920? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? 1936 ??? ??? 1955. ???? ????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ???????
????? ???????
????? ??? 2010.
[2]
????? ????? ?? ??? 2009 ?? ????? ???? ?? 13 ????? ???? ?????
[3]
?? ??? 1.3 ????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? 1.2 ????? ???? ????? ?? ??????
[4]
?? ??? 143 ????? ???? ???? ??????.
??????? ?? ????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????????
[
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1920-1936
[
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]
???? ??????? ?????????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????. ???? ???????? ??????? ????
??????? ????? ????????? ?????????? ??????????
?? ?????? ??? 1920 ≪?????? ??????? ?????? ??????≫. ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ??????? ????? ????????? ?????????? ?????????? ?? 5 ????? ??? 1921? ?? ?? ????
??????? ?????????
.
[5]
??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????. ????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ??? 1924 ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????.
[6]
??? ??????? ????????? ???????? ??????????? ????? ????????? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????. ???? ??????? ????????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??
?????
(?????).
[7]
???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? (?? ?????? 75% ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ?????????? ????? ??? 1925)? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ????????.
[8]
?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ?????????
????????
????????? ??????? ????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????????.
[9]
???? ??????? ????????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???????.
[10]
??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ??????. ???? ????? ???????? ????????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????.
???? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ???????? ???? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????. ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????.
???? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ???????. ????? ???? ?????? ???????
???????
? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? 1920? ????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ?????
??????
??????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ???????.
?? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ????????? ????? ???????? ??? ?? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ??????
???????
??? ????????? ?? ??? 1934? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ????????? ?????????? ?????????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????????. ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ???
???????
?? ????? ????? ?????. ???? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ≪???? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ???≫.
[11]
???? ?????
[
???
]
?????
[
???
]
- ^
?????? ???????
Федеральный закон Российской Федерации от 21 ноября 2011 г. N 323-ФЗ
???? ??????
2020-09-07 ??? ????
??? ??? ????
.
- ^
"World Abortion Policies 2013"
. United Nations. 2013. ????? ??
?????
?? 2019-04-02
. ???? ???? ??????
2014-03-03
.
- ^
China has more than 13 million abortions a year
???? ??????
2020-09-07 ??? ????
??? ??? ????
.
- ^
?????? ???????
Единая межведомственная информационно-статистическая система. Число прерываний беременности
???? ??????
2015-09-24 ??? ????
??? ??? ????
.
- ^
Alexandre Avdeev, Alain Blum, and Irina Troitskaya. "The History of Abortion Statistics in Russia and the USSR from 1900 to 1991." Population (English Edition) 7, (1995), 42.
- ^
Khwaja? Barbara (26 ???? 2017).
"Health Reform in Revolutionary Russia"
. Socialist Health Association. ????? ??
?????
?? 2020-09-07
. ???? ???? ??????
2017-05-26
.
- ^
I.S. Kon,
The Sexual Revolution in Russia: From the Age of the Czars to Today
(New York: The Free Press, 1995), 61.
- ^
Michaels? Paula (2001).
"Motherhood, Patriotism, and Ethnicity: Soviet Kazakhstan and the 1936 Abortion Ban"
.
Feminist Studies
. ?. 27 ?. 2: 309?11.
DOI
:
10.2307/3178760
.
JSTOR
:
3178760
.
PMID
:
17985490
.
- ^
Barbara Evans Clements, Barbara Alpern Engel, and Christine Worobec.
Russia's Women: Accommodation, Resistance, Transformation
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991), 260.
- ^
Heer? David (1965). "Abortion, Contraception, and Population Policy in the Soviet Union".
Demography
. ?. 2: 531?39.
DOI
:
10.2307/2060137
.
JSTOR
:
2060137
.
S2CID
:
46960030
.
- ^
Solomon? Susan Gross (1992). "The Demographic Argument in Soviet Debates over the Legalization of Abortion in the 1920s".
Cahiers du Monde Russe et Sovietique
. ?. 33: 59?81.
DOI
:
10.3406/cmr.1992.2306
.
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