????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? (1950-2011)
?????
????????
??
???????
?? ????? ??? ?????
??????????
???? ??? 1975? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ????????. ???? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ??????????.
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
?????
[
???
]
????? ≪
??????? ??? ???????
≫ ??? ???? 1870 ? 1900 ??? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????????. ????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ??
??????? ????? ???? 1885
? ?? ??? ?????? ?????????? ???????. ????? ??? 1905? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ????????? ???????? ????????
???????
(???? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ??? ??????)
????????
(??????? ??????? ?? ??? 1936). ???
?????????
??????
???? ??? ?? ???????? ??? ???
????????
????????
??
???????
???????
?????????
????????.
[6]
[7]
????? ????????? ????????????? ???? ??????
???????
??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???
?????
???????
. ???? ????? ????????
???????????
??? ?????????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????. ??? ?????? ??? ????????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???????. ?????? ???
1977
? ?????? 54 ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????????? ??????????.
[8]
[9]
[10]
?????????? ????????? ?? ??????? ??? 1939
???????
??????
???????
????????
?????
????????
???????
[
???
]
????? ??????
[
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]
???? ????? ????????? ???? ????? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????????????. ???? ??? ??? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????????
?????? ??????
? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ????. ???? ????? ??????? ??? 1941? ????? ?????? ??????????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ?????. ???? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ≪???? ????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??????≫? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?????????? ??????????.
[11]
[12]
?? 12 ?????? 1941? ????? ???? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ?????. ????? ???????
????? ???????
. ?? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ???
???????? ?????????
??
???? ???? ???????? ???????
??????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ??????. ??? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ????????????.
[13]
????? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ????????? ???
????? ???????? ???????
?????? ???
????????
???????? ????? ????? ???????. ??? ?????? ????? ??? ??????????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ???? ?????. ??? ?????????? ??????????? ????? ????????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????????. ?????? ???????? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????. ???? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ??????
???????
? ???? ??? ???????????? ??????????.
[14]
????? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ????????? ???? ??????.
[15]
??????? ????????
[
???
]
??? ????? ????????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???????.
[16]
?? ??? 1945? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????????. ??? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????????.
[17]
??? ????????? ????????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?????????? ????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ????????? ????? ?????. ??? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? U ???? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ??????. ?? ???????? ??? ????????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?????????.
?? ??????????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ???????????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??????. ????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ??????????? ??? ????. ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? (?????)? ????? ?????? (???? ????? ???? ????)? ?????? ?????? (????????? ??????? ????)? ??????? ????? ????? (???????)? ??????? ????? ????? (??????? ????????)
??????? ?????? ??????
(???? ?????).
[10]
????? ?????????
[
???
]
?? ????? ????? ????? ????????? ????????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??????. ???? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ???????? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????????. ?? ????? ?????????? ????????? ????? ????????? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ?????.
???? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??? ????????? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??
??????
?????? ?? ?????. ??? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????????? ??? ?????????.
[18]
[19]
?????? ?????????
[
???
]
?????
[
???
]
??? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???? (2013) ???????? (2012) ??????? (2011) ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ????. ??????? ????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????????.
[20]
???????? ??? ?????????
[
???
]
?? ????? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ????????? ?? ????????? ????????.
?? ????? 1941? ????? ???? ???????? ???????
???????? ??????
????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????. ????? ?? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ≪??? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????≫. ????? ??? ??????? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????.
?? ????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????????? ?????????. ??? ??? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ????? ????? ????? ???????. ??? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????????.
[21]
???????????? ?????????? ??? 1959
????? ????????? ????????? ?? ???????. ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ???????? ????????? ???
???????
(?????
???????
) ??????? ???? ??????? ??
???? ??? ???????
(?????
???????
).
???????????? ??????????
[
???
]
????
[
???
]
?? 6 ????
1957
? ?????
????
??? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ????????? ??
????????? ????????
.
[22]
????? ??
????? ???? ???????
??? 1945? ???? ???? ????????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??
????????
???????
????? ??????
. ?? ????? ???????: "??? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ?????. ???? ?? ???? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????. ??? ?? ???? ???? ?????????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????????? ????????? ???? ???? ?????? ??
????????
.
[23]
?? ???
1949
? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ????? ??? ?????????? ????????. ?????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????
????
? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?????????. ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??????
??? ??????? ??????
? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????????? ??? ???? ≪????? ?????? ????!≫ ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ???????. ??? ?????? ?? ??? 1951? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ?? 34 ?????? ?? ??? 38 ?????? ???????. ??? ???
1956
?????? ?????????? ????
?????????
? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??? 1957 ?? ?????? ????? ???????.
[24]
???? ???????
[
???
]
???? ???? ???????
?????? ????????
???? ≪???? ???????≫ ??
???? ???????
?? ??????
1960
? ??? ???? ?? ≪???? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??????≫.
[25]
????? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??????????? ???? ????
?????
?????? ??
???????
. ?? ?? ?????? ???????.
[26]
?????? ???? ?????????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ???????? ????????? ????? ??? 1968? ????????
???? ???????
. ??? ??? ???????? ????????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????. ??? ??? ??????? ?????
??????? ??? ???
???? ?????? ????? ?????.
??? ???????? ??? ????? ????????? ?? ???? ???? ????
1965
?? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ???
??????? ???????????
???? 1979? ????? ???? ???? ????????? ??????? ?? ?? ??? 1980? ?????
????????
.
[27]
?????? ??????
[
???
]
???????
[
???
]
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for the viewpoint from London and Paris see Rudolf von Albertini,
Decolonization: the Administration and Future of the Colonies, 1919-1960
(Doubleday, 1971).
- ^
John Hatch,
Africa: The Rebirth of Self-Rule
(1967)
- ^
William Roger Louis,
The transfer of power in Africa: decolonization, 1940-1960
(Yale UP, 1982).
- ^
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The Decolonization of Africa
. Routledge.
ISBN
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.
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.
www.oxfordreference.com
. ????? ??
?????
?? 2019-12-07
. ???? ???? ??????
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.
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.
teacherweb.ftl.pinecrest.edu
. ????? ??
?????
?? 2018-02-15
. ???? ???? ??????
2015-01-11
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.
africanhistory.about.com
. ????? ??
?????
?? 2017-01-07
. ???? ???? ??????
2015-01-11
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. New York: Oxford University Press. ?. 264.
ISBN
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?
?
[1]
, DECOLONISATION OF AFRICA. (2017). HISTORY AND GENERAL STUDIES.
???? ??????
10 ?????? 2018 ??? ????
??? ??? ????
.
- ^
[2]
, "The call of the Empire, the call of the war",
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.
???? ??????
20 ?????? 2018 ??? ????
??? ??? ????
.
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history.state.gov
. ????? ??
?????
?? 2019-12-05
. ???? ???? ??????
2015-01-26
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The Atlantic Charter was a joint declaration released by U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill on August 14, 1941 following a meeting of the two heads of state in Newfoundland.
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. ????? ??
?????
?? 2016-05-19
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???? ??????
5 ?????? 2019 ??? ????
??? ??? ????
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[Boahen, A. (1990) Africa Under Colonial Domination, Volume 7]
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Bertocchia, G. & Canova, F., (2002) Did colonization matter for growth? An empirical exploration into the historical causes of Africa's underdevelopment. European Economic Review, Volume 46, pp. 1851-1871
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???? ??????
2020-07-29 ??? ????
??? ??? ????
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. ????? ??
?????
?? 2020-08-02.
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