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	????? ????? - ?????

?????????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? . ^[3] ???? ???????? ?? ????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????. ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????. ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ??? ???????? ?????????? ??????????. ??? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ^[4] ??? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?????????? ?????????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????. ????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ?????????? ????????? ??? ?????????? ?????????? ????? ≪?? ?????? ????????? ?? ????≫ ??????? ≪?????? ???? ???? ????????? ???????? ????????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ???????≫. ^[5]

????? [ ??? ]

????? ?????????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? . ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ????????? ????????. ?????? ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ( ???????? ? ????????? ????????) ????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?????????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ?????. ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??????. ^[6]

?? ???????? ???? ????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? . ????? ?? ??? ???????? ????? ??? ?????? ? ????? ?? ???????. ??? ??? ????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????: ?????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ??????????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? . ??????? ?? ???????????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????. ????? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ?????????? ≪??????≫ ??? ?? ?? (??? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? ????????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????).

???? ???? ????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??????? . ???? ???? ????? ?????????? ???? ????? ????????? ????? ??? ????????? ????????? ????????? ??? ???? ??????. ???????? (??? ?????? ????????) ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??????? (??? ?????? ????????) ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ????????????. ^[7]

??? ??????? ?? ????????????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ????????? ????? ?????????. ??? ??? ??????? ????????? ??? ????? ?????????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ????????. ?????? ????? ????? ?????????? ??? ??? ≪???????≫ ???? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ????.

??????? [ ??? ]

????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ? ????? ???? ??????? ?????.

????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????????? ?????????? (?? ?????????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ????????)? ????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ???????? ? ?????? ?????????? ???????? (???? ??? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???????? )? ?????? ?????????? ??????????? (??? ??? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??????????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????????). ????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ????. ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? 500 ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ????????. ^[8]

??? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ?????????? ( 1949 - 1950 )? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????. ?? ???? 2007 ? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??????????. ^[9]^[10]

???? ?????? ^[?] ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ≪????? ???????≫ ???? ????? ???? ??????? ??????????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ??????. ??? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ????????? ??? ????? ???? ??????????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????. ???? ????? ????? ??? ????????? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ????. ≪???? ??? ???????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ????????? ????????≫. ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? 2007 ? ???? ????? ???? :

≪???? ????? "??????? ???" ?? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? . ^[11]≫

?????? [ ??? ]

????? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???????. ??? ??? ????? ????? 2? ?? ??????????? ????? ????? ????? ???????? (Received Pronunciation) ^[12] (????? ????? ????? ≪???????? ??????≫ ?≪???????? ????????≫ ?≪???????? ???? ?? ?? ≫? ^[13]) ??? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??????. ^[14]^[15] ??? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??????. ^[15] ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ???????. ^[15]

???? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ≪????? ????????≫. ??? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? (???? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ???????)? ^[16] ???? ??? ????? ?? ?? ???? ????????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ??.

?????? ???????? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????. ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????????. ??? ????????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????. ???? ??????????? ?? ??? 1979? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? 100 ??? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ???????. ?????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???? ??????.

??? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??? ??????????????? ?? ??????????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ????????? ????? ??????????????? ?????? ??????? ??????. ?? ??????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????. ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? "a" ?????? ?? ????? ??? bath ?grass (?? barth ?grarss). ??? ????? ??? ?????? ??? "a" ?????? ?? ????? ??? crass ?plastic. ??? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??? ??????????? ???? ????? "a" ?????? ???? ???????? ???? ???. ?? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???? ????? (8 ??) ??????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ??????????? ???????.

????????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????????? ??? ?? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???????.

??????? [ ??? ]

^ ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? <ref> ???????? </ref> ?????? note

??????? [ ??? ]

^ "British English; Hiberno-English" . Oxford English Dictionary (?. 2). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. 1989.
^ British English , Cambridge Academic Content Dictionary ???? ?????? 2019-05-05 ?? Wayback Machine
^ The ????? ??????? ????????? applies the term to English as "spoken or written in the ????? ?????????? ? esp[ecially] the forms of English usual in ???????? ?????? ", reserving " ?????????? ?????????? " for the "English language as spoken and written in ????? ??????? ". ^[1] Others, such as the Cambridge Academic Content Dictionary , define it as the " English language as it is spoken and written in England ". ^[2]
^ Jeffries? Stuart (27 ???? 2009). "The G2 Guide to Regional English" . ????????? . section G2, p. 12. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-10-24.
^ McArthur (2002), p. 45.
^ English and Welsh , 1955 J. R. R. Tolkien, also see references in Brittonicisms in English
^ "Linguistics 201: History of English" . pandora.cii.wwu.edu . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2017-10-18 . ???? ???? ?????? 2017-07-29 .
^ "The History of English - Early Modern English (c. 1500 - c. 1800)" . www.thehistoryofenglish.com . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2014-12-09 . ???? ???? ?????? 2017-07-28 .
^ Professor Sally Johnson biography on the ????? ???? website ???? ?????? 2021-03-08 ?? Wayback Machine
^ Mapping the English language?from cockney to Orkney , ????? ???? website, 25 May 2007. ???? ?????? 2021-03-08 ?? Wayback Machine
^ McSmith, Andy. Dialect researchers given a "canny load of chink" to sort "pikeys" from "chavs" in regional accents , ?? ???????? , 1 June 2007. Page 20
^ "Received Pronunciation" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-07-22 . ???? ???? ?????? 2017-03-20 .
^ BBC English because this was originally the form of English used on radio and television, although a wider variety of accents can be heard these days.
^ Sweet? Henry (1908). The Sounds of English . Clarendon Press. ?. 7 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-02-25.
^ ^? ^? ^? Fowler? H.W. (1996). R.W. Birchfield (??????). "Fowler's Modern English Usage" . Oxford University Press. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2022-06-04.
^ Franklyn? Julian (1975). A dictionary of rhyming slang . London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. ?. 9 . ISBN : 0-415-04602-5 .

???????? ???????? ?? ???????? ??????? :

??? ?????? ????? ?? ?????.

???????? ???????? ?? ???????? ??????? :

??? ?????? ????? ?? ?????.

[note-11] ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? <ref> ???????? </ref> ?????? note

[Oxford_English_Dictionary-1] "British English; Hiberno-English" . Oxford English Dictionary (?. 2). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. 1989.

[Cambridge_Academic_Content_Dictionary-2] British English , Cambridge Academic Content Dictionary ???? ?????? 2019-05-05 ?? Wayback Machine

[3] The ????? ??????? ????????? applies the term to English as "spoken or written in the ????? ?????????? ? esp[ecially] the forms of English usual in ???????? ?????? ", reserving " ?????????? ?????????? " for the "English language as spoken and written in ????? ??????? ". ^[1] Others, such as the Cambridge Academic Content Dictionary , define it as the " English language as it is spoken and written in England ". ^[2]

[4] Jeffries? Stuart (27 ???? 2009). "The G2 Guide to Regional English" . ????????? . section G2, p. 12. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-10-24.

[5] McArthur (2002), p. 45.

[6] English and Welsh , 1955 J. R. R. Tolkien, also see references in Brittonicisms in English

[7] "Linguistics 201: History of English" . pandora.cii.wwu.edu . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2017-10-18 . ???? ???? ?????? 2017-07-29 .

[thehistoryofenglish.com-8] "The History of English - Early Modern English (c. 1500 - c. 1800)" . www.thehistoryofenglish.com . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2014-12-09 . ???? ???? ?????? 2017-07-28 .

[9] Professor Sally Johnson biography on the ????? ???? website ???? ?????? 2021-03-08 ?? Wayback Machine

[MEO-10] Mapping the English language?from cockney to Orkney , ????? ???? website, 25 May 2007. ???? ?????? 2021-03-08 ?? Wayback Machine

[Indi-20070601-12] McSmith, Andy. Dialect researchers given a "canny load of chink" to sort "pikeys" from "chavs" in regional accents , ?? ???????? , 1 June 2007. Page 20

[13] "Received Pronunciation" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-07-22 . ???? ???? ?????? 2017-03-20 .

[14] BBC English because this was originally the form of English used on radio and television, although a wider variety of accents can be heard these days.

[sweet-15] Sweet? Henry (1908). The Sounds of English . Clarendon Press. ?. 7 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-02-25.

[fowler-16] ? ^? ^? Fowler? H.W. (1996). R.W. Birchfield (??????). "Fowler's Modern English Usage" . Oxford University Press. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2022-06-04.

[Franklyn1975-17] Franklyn? Julian (1975). A dictionary of rhyming slang . London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. ?. 9 . ISBN : 0-415-04602-5 .

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