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???????????? ???????????? ?????? ?? ??????? (?????? ????? ???????? ) ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???????????? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ????????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ??????.

??? ???? ????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????????? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ??????? ?? ???????? ?? ???????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?????. ???? ????????????? ??????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ????? -???????? ????????- ???? ????? ?????? ???. ^[1] ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ????????????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ????????? . ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? 1479 ?1493 ?1494. ????? ??????????? ????????? ????? ???????? ??? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ?????????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?-????? ????- ?????.

??? ????? ?? ???? ?????????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????-????? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????????? ?????????. ^[2] ???? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ????????????? ???????? ????????????? ?????????.

????????????? ??????????? ????????? [ ??? ]

???? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ????????????? ??????????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? . ^[3]^[4] ????? ???????????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? (????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???) ????? ????? ???? ????? ?? 60 ???? ?????? ??? ?????. ????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????????? ???? ?????? ??? -?? ?? ????- ?????????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????????: ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ???? ????????? (?? ??? ?????? ?????? ????)? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????? : ??? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ????????: ???? ?????? ???? ???????? (?? ??? ????? ????) ??? ?????? ???????: ??? ??????? ???? ???? (?? ??? ??? ?????? ????) ??? ?????: ????? ??????????? ???? ??????????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??????????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? (????????) ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????.

???? ???? ????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???????????? ????????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ??????????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ?????. ??? ????????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???????????? ????????? ?? ????? ???? ?????. ??? ????? 1580 ??? 1640? ?????? ???????????? ?????????? ????????????? ????????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ? ???? ?? ???????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???????.

???? ????????????? ??????????? ??????? ????????????? ???????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????????. ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ???????? -???? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ???????????? ??????? ???????? ????????- ???? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ???. ???? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???????.

????? ???????????? ??????????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ????? 19? ???? ?????????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????. ?? ??????? ??? ???????????? ?????????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??????. ???? ??????????? ??????? ? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????????????? ????????????? ?? ???????.

??? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??????????? ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ??? ??????????? ??????? ????????? ????? ?????? ????????????? ????????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????. ?? ??????????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??? 1901? ???? ????? ???????????? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? (???? ????? ?????? ?????). ????? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???? ????????????? ??????????? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????.

???? ????? [ ??? ]

????? [ ??? ]

^ Encarta-encyclopedie Winkler Prins (1993?2002) s.v. "kolonie [geschiedenis]. §1.2 De moderne koloniale expansie". Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum.
^ Encarta, s.v. "kolonie [geschiedenis]. §1.1 Oudheid.
^ William D. Phillips? Jr? Phillips? Carla Rahn (12 ?????? 2015). "Spain as the first global empire" . A Concise History of Spain . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-08-10.
^ Powell, Philip Wayne ([1991?]). Arbol de odio: la leyenda negra y sus consecuencias en las relaciones entre Estados Unidos y el mundo hispanico. Ediciones Iris de Paz. ( ???? 9788440488855 ). OCLC 55157841

?????????? ????????? ?? ???????? ??????? :

??? ?????? ????? ?? ?????.

????? ???????

[1] Encarta-encyclopedie Winkler Prins (1993?2002) s.v. "kolonie [geschiedenis]. §1.2 De moderne koloniale expansie". Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum.

[2] Encarta, s.v. "kolonie [geschiedenis]. §1.1 Oudheid.

[3] William D. Phillips? Jr? Phillips? Carla Rahn (12 ?????? 2015). "Spain as the first global empire" . A Concise History of Spain . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-08-10.

[4] Powell, Philip Wayne ([1991?]). Arbol de odio: la leyenda negra y sus consecuencias en las relaciones entre Estados Unidos y el mundo hispanico. Ediciones Iris de Paz. ( ???? 9788440488855 ). OCLC 55157841

[1]

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