????? ???????

?? ?????????? ???????? ?????

??????? ????????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????????? .

?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ???????????? ? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????. ????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ?????: ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????????. ??? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ????.

??? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ???????? ??? ???? ????????? ????? ???????? ????????? ??? ?????. [1] ??? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????????? ?? ???? ? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????????. ??? ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ???????. ???? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ????????. [2]

??? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? 1688? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ???.

????? [ ??? ]

???? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??? [ ??? ]

???? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????. ???? ????? ?????????? ? ?????.

??? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ??? 1509 ?? ??? ????? 17 ?????. ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? 1509? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ????? . ???? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????. ?????? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??????. ???? ??? ????? ??????? ????????. [3]

??? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????????? ????????? ?? ???? ????: ?? ??? 1521? ???? ?? ??????? ??????????? ????????? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? [4] - ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ≪??????? ?? ???????≫ ?? ??? ?????? ??? ??????. ????? ?????? ???????? ???????????? ?????????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????????? ?? ??????????? ?????????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??? 1544 ??? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????????. ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ? [5] ?? ????? .

???? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? 1522 ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? . ???? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ????. [6] ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????. [7] ?????? ??? 1527? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????? [8] ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? . [9]

?????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????. ????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????.

??? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????????. ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?????. ?? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? .

???? ???? ?? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ????. [10] ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???????? 20:21? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????. [11] ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ????????? ?????? ?? ???????? ????????? ???. [12] ?? ??? 1527? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???. ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????????? ??? ?? ??????. ??? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? 1527 ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??????. [13]

???? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??????. [14] ???? ????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ?? ??? 1529 ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?????? 1530 ????? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????????. [15]

?????? ???????? ????????? [ ??? ]

?? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ???????? ????.

?? ??? 1529? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????. ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ????????? [16] ??? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????. ??? ???? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???????. [17]

??? ??????? - ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? - ?????????? . ???? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????????? ?????????? ????????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????????. [18] ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ????????.

?? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????. ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ?????????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ????. ????? ?? ???????? ????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ????? 1530 ???? ?????? ????? ????? ????????? ??? ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??????. ???? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ???????. [19]

??????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???????? [ ??? ]

????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? (????? 1485 - 1540)? ???? ????? ???? ?????? 1532?1540.

??? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ?????. ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ??? 1392 ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????. ??? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ????????? ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???. [20] ???? ???? ????? 100.000 ???? ???????? ?? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?? 24 ????? 1531. ???? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ???. ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ???????? ??? ?? ????? ?????. ??? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???:

  1. ????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ???????. [21]
  2. ????? ????? ????? ??????
  3. ?????? ??? ???????? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????????.
  4. ???? ????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ???????
  5. ??? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????.

?? ????????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ≪... ???? ?? ???? ???? ????...≫ [22] ???? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ? ???? ?????? ???????? ? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ????. ?? ??? ??????: ≪???? ?? ?????? ?????≫? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ≪?? ??? ?????? ??????≫. ??? ??? ??? ???????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? 8 ???? 1531. ??? ??? ?????? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? 1531.

???? ?? ???????? ????????? [ ??? ]

????? ?????? (1489?1556)? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????.

?????? ??? ???? ????? ??????. ??? 1532? ??? ??????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ?? ??????. ??????? ?? 10 ????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ????????. ??? 15 ???? / ????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???? - ?? ???? ??? ????? - ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ????????. ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??? 1534 ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??? 1536. ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ????. ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? - ?????? - ?? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ????.

???? ??? ??? ?????? ????????. ????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? 5 ?? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ????. ??? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ??????. [23]

???? ????? ??? ????????? ???? ???? ???????? ???????? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????:

??????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??????????? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????. [24]

???? ??? ??????? ????? ??????. ??? ?????? ????????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? . [25] ??? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ????????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???????????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??????. ??????? ?? ??? 1534? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????. [26] ?? ??? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ????? 1533. ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????. ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????????. ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?? 23 ????. [27] ????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ? ?? ?????? 1533. ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????????? ????????? ?? 11 ????? 1533. [28] ?? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?????? 1538.

????? ??? ? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ???????? ?? ???????? ?? ????. ????? ?????? ?? 1535.

????????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????. ??? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??????. ??? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ≪?? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?????≫ ??? ????? ??????????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ≪?????? ??? ????? ???? ?????≫ ?????? ??????. [29]

?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? 1534 ???? ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???????. ??? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???????. ??????? ?? ??? 1536? ???? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???????. ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????? .

??????? ?????? [ ??? ]

?? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???????. [30] ??? ????????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???. ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??? ???????. ??? ????? ????? ??? ????????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??? 1415? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ????????. [31] [32] ??? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ???????? ???????? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ? ??????? ??? ??????? ????????????? ????? ????? [33] ?????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?????.

???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? ??? ??????? [34] ?????? ?? ??? ?????????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???????. ???? ??? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????????.

???? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ?? ???????. [35] ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? . ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????. [36]

??????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????. ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ?????????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ????. ????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????.

??? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ??? 1521 ????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????. [37] ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????. ?? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? . [38] [39]

????? ????????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???????. ??? 1530 ?1533? ????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?????????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ?????. [40] ??? ??? 1531? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??? ????? ???? ????????. [41]

????? ??? ??????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ????????? ???? ????????????? ??????? ?????? ??????. ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ???? 1531 ?1532. [42] ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???????????? ????????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ??????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ????????? ?????????. [43]

??????? ???????? [ ??? ]

??????? ??????? [ ??? ]

????? ??? 1529? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ??? ????????? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????. ??????? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????????????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ? ???? ????? ??????? ???????. ???? ?????? ??? ????????? ???????? ????????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ≪????? ????? ?? ????? ????≫. [44] ?? ??? 1531? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????. ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????. [45]

??? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?? 1533. [46] ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????????????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?? 1532. ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????????. [47] ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????. ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ?? ????????? ????? ? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????? . [48]

?? ??? 1534? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??? ???????. [49] ??? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ?? ????????? ??????????? ????? ????? ???????? ???????. [50] ???? ?????????? ????? ???????. ??? ????? 1535? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????????. ???? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ????????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ????????. [51] ????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?? ??????????? ???????? ??? 1534 ?1536. ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ????. [52] ??? ?? ???????? ?????????????? ???? ?????. [53]

?? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???. ???? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ????????? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ????????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????????? . [54] ????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ? ????????? ?? ???? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ????????.

?? ??? 1536? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??????. ??? ??? ???? ???????? ??? 1537 ?. ??? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????. ??? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??????? ???????. ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? - ????????? ? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????. ?? ????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ?????. [55]

???? ????????? ?? ??? 1536 ??? ??? 1538 ???? ?? ???? ????????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ????????. ??? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ??????. [56] ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???????. ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ????. [57] ????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???????. ???? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ???????? ????????. [58] [59]

???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? (1547-1603) ??? ??? 1537? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ????????? ????????? ????? ????????? ?????? ????????. [60]

?? ??????? [ ??? ]

????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ?? ??????. ????? ????? ?? ??? 1535.

?? ??? 1534? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ???????. ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ????????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???????. [61] ?? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????. ??? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ???.

???? ???????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ???????? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????????? ? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????. ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????. [62] ????? ??????? ????????? ??? ?? ??????? ??? 1536 ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? - ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?? 200 ???? ???????? ?? ?????. ?????? ???? ???????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????????. ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ? ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ?????. [63] ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????. ???? ???? ????? ?? ?????????? ?? ??? ????? ????????? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ????? 1536 ?????? 1537 ?? ??????? ???????? .

?? ???? ??? 1536? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? 40000 ??? ?? ????????? ??????? ?????????? . ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??????. ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????. ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ? ????? ????????? ?? ???? . ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ??????. ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?????. ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??????. ????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????????? ? 132 ?? ?????? ??????. [64] ???? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ??? 1537? ??? ?????????? ??????? ????? .

?????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???????. ??? 1539? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????. ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????????. ????? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ????. ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??????.

??? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???. ?? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ? ???????? ????????? ? ???????? ? ?????? . [65]

??? ??????? [ ??? ]

?? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ??????. ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ???? ????????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ?????. [66] ????? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???? ???? ????. [67] ????? ?? ????? 1538? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ?????.

???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? 1538 ???? ?????? ?????? ???????. ??? ????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??????. ??? ??? 1539? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ????????? ??????????? ????????? ??? ????????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?????. ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?????. [68]

?? 28 ????? 1540 ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??????. ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? : ?? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ????????? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?? ?? ????? ????? ???????.??? ??? ?????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ????? ??? ???????. [69]

??? ???? ?? 1540 ????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????. ??? ??? 1536? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????????? ????? ??? ????? 1539. ??? ?? ????? ??? ????????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ????? 1537. ???? ????? 1539? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????? ????????? .

??? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????????. ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ????? ??? ??????? . ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????. [70] ?????? ????? 1543 ?? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????. ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? 1545 ?? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????. [71]

?????? ??? 1546? ??? ????????? ????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ?? ???? ????. ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????. ??? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? 1547? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ????????? ???? ??? ????? ? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????????? ?? ??????????? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????. ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ??????????????? ?? ????? ?????. [72]

????? ????? ?????? [ ??? ]

????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ???????????? ?? ????? ???? ???????????.

????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??? 1547? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????. ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????????? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????. [73] ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ????????. ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ?????. ????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ????. [74]

???? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? 1547 ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? 1538? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???. ?? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?????????. ??? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???????. ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ? ???????? ????????? . ?? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ????????. ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????. [75] ????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ??????. ??? ????? ??????? ????? ??????. [76] ??????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????. ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ?????????? ?????????? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ??????? [77] ?? ??? ?? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ????????. [78] ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????. [79]

?? ??? 1549 ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????. ??? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ??????. ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ???????????? ?? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ????????????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? 1789. ??? 1550 ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????. [80]

??? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????????? ????? ?? ?????? ????????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?? ????? ?????. [81] ???? ??? ????? ????????? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????. [82] ??? 1551? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ??????????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ????. ??? ??? 1552? ??????? ???? ?????? - ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????????? - ????? ???? ???? ???? ????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???????. ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????.

?? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????. ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ? [83] ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????. ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???????. ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? [84] ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ≪?????? ??????≫? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ??????? .

????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ????????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????. ?????? ?????? ????? ????? - ????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????????? ? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? . ???? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????. [85] ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????. ???????? ????????? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ????.

??? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??? 1549 ?? ?? ??????? ??? ?????. ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????????? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????. [86] ?? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????. ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????????? [87] ????? ????? ?????. ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ??? ????? ???????. ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? 1553? ????? ??? ???????????? ?? ???? ????????????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ????????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??????.

??????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? [ ??? ]

?? ??? 1553? ?? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ???? . ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??????.

??? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????? - ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???. [88] ????? ??? ?????????? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ???????. ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ???? . ??? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ????????????? ?????? ?????? ????. ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????.

??? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ??? ????. ??????? ??? ????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? . ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????? ????????????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????????????. ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ????. [88] ?? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??????? . ??? ????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ? ??????? ????? ??? ?????. ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????. [89]

????? ???????? ??????? [ ??? ]

??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????????? ?????.

??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????. ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????????? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ???????. ?? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????. ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ????????? ????????????? ???????????. ???? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????????? ?????????. ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ????????? ?????????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????. ??? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ????????? ???????. ??????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ??????.

?? ??????? ??????? ????? ????????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??? 1570. ???????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ???????. ????? ????? ????????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ??????. ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ???????.

??? ???????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ?? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????. ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???? ???????. ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ≪???????????≫.

??? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ???????. ????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ?????. ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ????????? ??????????? ?????????. ????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ???????. ????? ???????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ≪?????????????≫? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ???????. ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ????????. ?? ????? ??? ????????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ????????.

??????? ?????? ??????? ?? 1559 ????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????. ??? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ???????? ??? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? -?? ???? ????? ????????- ?? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ??????????? ?????????. ???? ????? ????? - ???????? ?????? ????????? - ???????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? .

???? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ? ??? ??? ???????? ??????? ????????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ???. ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????. ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ????? . ?????? ??????? ??????????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????? - ????? ????? ?????? ???????.

????? ????? 1558 [ ??? ]

???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ??????.

???? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????????? ??????? ?? ??? 1554. ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? 1529 ???????? ????? ????? ???? ????. [90] ??? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????. ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ?? ?? ????? ??? ????????. ??? ??? ????? ??????: (1) ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? (2) ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???????? ????????? . ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????. ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ???????. ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ??????. ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????????. ???? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ? ??? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ?????????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???????? ????????? ??? 1550.

????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ????????? ? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???????? . ?? ??? 1560? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????. ??? ??? 1561 ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????. [91] ??? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?? ?????. ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ????? ????????? ?? ???? ?????? ????. ??? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ???????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ????????? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ????. ??? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?????.

????? ??????? 1558 [ ??? ]

????? ????? ??????? 1558 ???? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???. [92] [93] ??? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ??????. ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ????????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ???????.

??? ??? ????????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????????? ???????. ???? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??????????? ?? ?????? ?????????? - ??? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???????????? ???????? ???????? - ???? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????????. ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? . ??? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? 1548? ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?? (????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????). ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????????? ??? ???? ????????? ???? ??? ???? ???????. ?? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ????????. ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?????. [94]

????????? ?????? ????????? [ ??? ]

??? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ????????? ? ???? ??? ????? ??????????? ?????????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ??????? ??????. ?????? ?????? ??????????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ????. ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? 1575 ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ????????????. ??? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?? 6,000 ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ???????". [95] ?? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? 1583.

??? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????. ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????. ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ≪????? ????????≫ ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ???????? [96] ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????????? ??????.???? ????? ???????? ????????? ?? ??? 1588 ?? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ????????????? ?? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ≪??? ????? ???????≫ ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????. [97]

??????? [ ??? ]

????? ??? ???? ?????? ????????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? . ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? 1559? ????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????????. [98] ??? ????? ?????????? ?? ??????. ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ????????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ????????????? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ????????. [99]

??? ??? ????? ??????????? ??? ???? ???????? ??? 1603 ???? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???????. ???? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????????? . ???? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????????. ???? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ????????? ?? ??? ???????? ???????????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??????. ???? ???? ?????? ????????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ????????? ????????? (1649-1660) ????? ????????? ???? ???????? ??? ?????. ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ????????.

??? ??????? [ ??? ]

??? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ????. ???? ???????? ????????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? 1900 ??? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? [100] ?????? ??????. [101]

??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????????? ????????????? ??????????? ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????. [102] ???????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????????????? ????????? ??????????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??????. ???????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ????????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????. ?? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ? ????? ???????. [103]

???? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????. ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ???? ??????. ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ???????. ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????????? ??????????. [104] [105]

??????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????. ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??????. ??? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ??????. ??? ????? ??? ??????? ????????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??????????? ????????? ??????? ???????. ??? ???? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????????? ?????????. ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????-????????. [106]

????? ?????????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ????????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???????. ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?? ???????? ????????? ????? ?????? ???????.

???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ? ??? ???? ????????? ??????????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????????????? ??????? ?????. ?? ?????? ??? ????????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ?????????. ????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ????????????. [107]

?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????. ??? ?????? ???? ????????? ???????????? ????????????? ?????????? ?????????. ?? ???????????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ??? (1470-1535)? ????? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????????. ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????????. [108]

???? ????? [ ??? ]

??????? [ ??? ]

  1. ^ Roger Scruton, A Dictionary of Political Thought (Macmillan, 1996), p. 470.
  2. ^ Bray Gerald (ed) Documents of the English Reformation James Clarke & C° Cambridge p. 115
  3. ^ Brigden? Susan (2000). New Worlds, Lost Worlds: The Rule of the Tudors, 1485?1603 . Allen Lane. ?. 103. [He ...believed he that he could keep his own secrets... but he was often deceived and he deceived himself.]
  4. ^ Ryrie? Alec (2009). The Age of Reformation: The Tudor and Stewart Realms 1485?1603 . Harlow: Pearson Education. ?.  131 . ISBN : 978-1405835572 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2022-04-07.
  5. ^ Brigden 2000 ? ???? 111.
  6. ^ Brigden 2000 ? ???? 111. Her music book contained an illustration of a ??? pecking at a ???? : the falcon was her badge, the pomegranate, that of Granada, Catherine's badge.
  7. ^ Warnicke? Retha (1983). Women of the English Renaissance and Reformation . Praeger. ?. 38.
  8. ^ Marshall? Peter (2017). Heretics and Believers: A History of the English Reformation . Yale University Press. ?. 164. ISBN : 0300170629 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-05-15. "Henry wanted an annulment?a formal and legal declaration of the marriage's invalidity. Yet the word contemporaries used, divorce, captures better the legal and emotional turmoil."
  9. ^ Robert Lacey, The Life and Times of Henry VIII , (Book Club Associates, 1972), p. 70
  10. ^ Roderick Phillips, Untying the Knot: A Short History of Divorce (Cambridge University Press, 1991), p. 20
  11. ^ Robert Lacey, The Life and Times of Henry VIII , (Book Club Associates, 1972), p17
  12. ^ Marshall 2017 ? ????? 166?167: "Inconveniently for Henry, another Old Testament verse ( Deut. 25:5 ) seemingly qualified the Levitical prohibition, commanding a man to take to wife his deceased brother’s widow, if there had been no child."
  13. ^ T. A. Morris, Europe and England in the Sixteenth Century , (Routledge 1998), p166
  14. ^ Brigden 2000 ? ???? 114.
  15. ^ Haigh? Christopher (1993). English Reformations: Religion, Politics, and Society Under the Tudors . Clarendon Press. ?. 93?94. ISBN : 978-0-19-822162-3 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-12-28.
  16. ^ Haigh ? ???? 73.
  17. ^ Brigden 2000 ? ???? 116.
  18. ^ MacCulloch, p. 200
  19. ^ Haigh 1993 ? ????? 105?106.
  20. ^ T. A. Morris, Europe and England in the Sixteenth century , (Routledge, 1998), p. 172.
  21. ^ Tanner Tudor Constitutional Documents (CUP) p. 17 gives this as "their singular protector, only and supreme lord, and, as far as the law of Christ allows, even Supreme Head"
  22. ^ Brigden 2000 ? ???? 118; Tanner
  23. ^ After prolonged debate in the House of Commons , it was clear they would not reach unanimity over the Bill?so Henry ordered a division. He commanded those in favour of his success and the "welfare of the realm" to one side of the House, and those who opposed him and the Bill to the other. Thus, he obtained a majority.
  24. ^ G. R. Elton, The Tudor Constitution: Second Edition (Cambridge University Press, 1982), p. 353.
  25. ^ G. R. Elton, England Under the Tudors (Routledge, 1991), p. 160.
  26. ^ Elton, Tudor Constitution , pp. 364?65
  27. ^ Ridley, pp. 59?63
  28. ^ Catholic Encyclopedia, Henry VIII . Accessed 21 August 2009. ???? ?????? 02 ???? 2018 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
  29. ^ Stanford E. Lehmberg, The Reformation Parliament, 1529?1536 (Cambridge University Press, 1970)
  30. ^ Scruton? Roger (1996). A Dictionary of Political Thought . Macmillan. ?.  470 . ISBN : 9780333647868 . "The Reformation must not be confused with the changes introduced into the Church of England during the 'Reformation Parliament' of 1529?36, which were of a political rather than a religious nature, designed to unite the secular and religious sources of authority within a single sovereign power: the Anglican Church did not until later make any substantial change in doctrine."
  31. ^ Brigden 2000 ? ???? 86f.
  32. ^ Duffy? Eamon (2005) [1992]. The Stripping of the Altars: Traditional Religion in England, c. 1400 ? c. 1580 (?. 2nd). Yale University Press. ?. xxi?xxii. ISBN : 978-0-300-10828-6 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-01-09.
  33. ^ Dickens AG, Lollards and Protestants in the Diocese of York 1509?1558 (London 1959).
  34. ^ Haigh 1993 ? ???? 123: The writings of the 14th century scholar ????????? ?? ????? and were known to Cromwell.
  35. ^ MacCulloch? Diarmaid (1996). Thomas Cranmer: A Life . London: Yale University Press. ?.  26f . ISBN : 0-300-06688-0 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-01-09.
  36. ^ Marshall 2017 ? ???? 126.
  37. ^ Marshall 2017 ? ???? 124.
  38. ^ Haigh 1993 ? ???? 58.
  39. ^ MacCulloch 1996 ? ????? 26f.
  40. ^ Marshall 2017 ? ???? 186.
  41. ^ Marshall 2017 ? ???? 188.
  42. ^ Marshall 2017 ? ????? 189?190.
  43. ^ Marshall 2017 ? ????? 203?204.
  44. ^ Marshall 2017 ? ????? 176?177.
  45. ^ Marshall 2017 ? ???? 179.
  46. ^ Marshall 2017 ? ???? 205.
  47. ^ MacCulloch 1996 ? ???? 69.
  48. ^ MacCulloch 1996 ? ????? 60f: Martin Bucer of Strasbourg was one of the European theologians who influenced Cranmer and the second prayer book, while Simon Grynaeus of Basel gave Cranmer his introduction to Swiss Calvinistic thought.
  49. ^ Marshall 2017 ? ???? 208.
  50. ^ Marshall 2017 ? ???? 238.
  51. ^ Marshall 2017 ? ???? 215.
  52. ^ Marshall 2017 ? ????? 216?217.
  53. ^ Marshall 2017 ? ???? 218.
  54. ^ Brigden 2000 ? ???? 107: Henry was no innocent: he sought influence in European affairs and, in pursuance of it, his relationship with the French was ambivalent and essentially treacherous.
  55. ^ Marshall 2017 ? ????? 254?256.
  56. ^ Haigh 1993 ? ???? 129.
  57. ^ Haigh 1993 ? ???? 130.
  58. ^ Duffy 2005 ? ???? 490.
  59. ^ Haigh 1993 ? ????? 1?2.
  60. ^ Diarmaid MacCulloch, The Later Reformation in England, 1547-1603 (2nd ed. 2001) p 57.
  61. ^ Herbert Maynard Smith (1938). "Preface". Pre-Reformation England . London: Macmillan. ?. vii.
  62. ^ Elton, England under the Tudors , Third Edition (Routledge, 1991) p. 142
  63. ^ Haigh 1993 ? ???? 143f.
  64. ^ Haigh 1993 ? ???? 148.
  65. ^ J. D. Mackie, The Earlier Tudors, Oxford History of England, pp 399?400
  66. ^ Brigden 2000 ? ???? 132.
  67. ^ MacCulloch 1996 ? ???? 240: Henry's motives may not have been entirely religious. According to MacCulloch, Henry may have feared diplomatic isolation. The Lutherans, on the one hand, were seeking financial help rather than making offers. On the other, some show of Roman Catholic sentiment might help his cause with the Emperor.
  68. ^ MacCulloch 1996 ? ???? 241.
  69. ^ Brigden 2000 ? ???? 135.
  70. ^ Haigh 1993 ? ???? 157f.
  71. ^ Dickens, A.G. Reformation and Society (Thames and Hudson 1966) p. 103
  72. ^ MacCulloch (1996 , p. 356?357) argues that it was the king ("this monstrous egoist") who changed his mind, heavily influenced by his chaplain, the Archbishop. Cranmer certainly believed that had Henry lived, he would have pursued a radical iconoclastic policy. On the other hand, Haigh (1993 , p. 167) argues the same will that removed the conservatives Gardiner, Norfolk and Surrey from the Regency Council, sought intercession from Mary and the saints and insisted on the reality of Christ's presence in the Eucharist.
  73. ^ MacCulloch, Diarmaid. The Boy King University of California Press (2002) pp. 35ff
  74. ^ Haigh 1993 ? ???? 169.
  75. ^ Duffy 2005 ? ???? 480?485. Among many examples: in ?????? (???????????) , a chalice, paten and processional cross were sold and the proceeds devoted to flood defences; in the wealthy Rayleigh parish, ￡10 worth of plate was sold to pay for the cost of the required reforms?the need to buy a parish chest, Bible and communion table.
  76. ^ Duffy 2005 ? ???? 461.
  77. ^ The English Reformation (2nd ed. 1989) p. 235
  78. ^ Duffy 2005 ? ???? 481.
  79. ^ Duffy 2005 ? ???? 481: In Ludlow in Shropshire the parishioners complied with the orders to remove the rood and other images in 1547, and in that same year spent money on making up the canopy to be carried over the Blessed Sacrament on the feast of Corpus Christi.
  80. ^ Duffy 2005 ? ???? 472.
  81. ^ MacCulloch 1996 ? ???? 461: Bucer had provided for only one service for all three orders of deacons, priests and bishops
  82. ^ MacCulloch 1996 .
  83. ^ Cf. The Voices from Morebath Duffy (Yale 2001), p. 127f. The vicar of Morebath in Devon recorded the doings of the parish during the whole period, noting the compliant destruction of items previously paid for by sacrificial fundraising, and the singular resistance over the new prayer book. The parish paid for five men to join the rebellion at St. David's Down outside Exeter
  84. ^ Duffy 2005 ? ???? 490: Some of them were simply reclaimed by the gentry who had, in fact, lent them to the church; at Long Melford, Sir John Clopton, a patron of the church, bought up many of the images, probably to preserve them.
  85. ^ Brigden (2000 , p. 185) cites economic causes relating to enclosure legislation. MacCulloch calls the risings "baffling".
  86. ^ Graham-Dixon, Andrew, p. 38
  87. ^ Haigh 1993 ? ???? 176.
  88. ^ ? ? MacCulloch Reformation , p. 281
  89. ^ Mark Byford, "The Birth of a Protestant Town: the Process of Reformation in Tudor Colchester 1530?80", in The Reformation in English Towns 1500?1640 , ed. Collinson and Craig (Macmillan 1998)
  90. ^ Bray, Gerald. Documents of the English Reformation James Clarke & C° (1994) p. 319
  91. ^ Haigh 1993 ? ???? 244: She herself retained a cross and candlesticks in her own chapel.
  92. ^ Haigh 1993 ? ????? 237?241: No bishops voted in favour, two were prevented from voting at all and two other ecclesiastics were absent. The majority were all laymen.
  93. ^ J. Guy Tudor England (OUP 1988) p. 262
  94. ^ Haigh 1993 ? ???? 245.
  95. ^ MacCulloch Reformation , p. 384
  96. ^ "John Cant" (Whitgift) was accused of sodomitical relations with the Master of Peterhouse, Cambridge. MacCulloch Reformation , p. 387
  97. ^ MacCulloch, p. 384ff
  98. ^ Proctor F. and Frere W. H., A New History of the Book of Common Prayer (Macmillan 1965) p. 91f.
  99. ^ Judith Maltby, Prayer Book and People in Elizabethan and Early Stuart England (Cambridge 1998)
  100. ^ Froude, History of England from the Fall of Wolsey to the Defeat of the Spanish Armada, (12 volumes, 1893) "Wolsey" online free ???? ?????? 16 ?????? 2019 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
  101. ^ R.A.F. Pollard, Henry VIII (1905) online free ; Pollard, The History of England from the Accession of Edward VI to the Death of Elizabeth, 1547?1603 (1910) online free .
  102. ^ Vidmar 2005 .
  103. ^ W. Ian Hazlett, "Settlements: The British Isles" in Thomas A. Brady, Jr. et al. eds. Handbook of European History 1400?1600: Late Middle Ages, Renaissance, and Reformation (volume 2 1995) pp. 2:455?90.
  104. ^ Slavin? Arthur J. (1990). "G. R. Elton: On Reformation and Revolution" . The History Teacher . ?. 23 ?. 4: 405?431. JSTOR : 494396 .
  105. ^ Haigh? Christopher (1997). "Religion". Transactions of the Royal Historical Society . ?. 7: 281?299. JSTOR : 3679281 deals with Elton.
  106. ^ A.G. Dickens, John Tonkin, and Kenneth Powell, eds., The Reformation in historical thought (1985).
  107. ^ Richard Cust and Ann Hughes, eds., Conflict in early Stuart England: studies in religion and politics 1603?1642 (Routledge, 2014).
  108. ^ Duffy 2006 .

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????? ????? [ ??? ]

  • Bray, Gerald Lewis, ed. (2004) Documents of the English Reformation 1526-1701
  • King? John N.? ?????? (2004). Voices of the English Reformation: A Sourcebook . Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press. OCLC : 265599728 .

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