???? ?? ??????

??????? ????

?????	???? ? sets of open flutes with internal duct without fingerholes (en) ? sets of oboes with conical bore (en) ? wind instrument with keyboard (en)
??????????-????	421.222.11+421.222.3+412.1

???? ?????

????? - ????? ????? - ????? ???? ??????

?????? ?? ???????? ^[1] ??? ??????? ???? ????? ?? 1600 ??? 1750 (??? ??? ?????? ???? ≪??? ??????≫) ??? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? . ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????. ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? (??? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?????) ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ????????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ????????. ^[2]

???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ≪ ??????? ??????? ≫ ??’ ??? ???? ‘ ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????????? ( ??? ????? ) ???? ?????: ??????? . ??? ?? ???? ?? ???:

≪??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ???? [????] ?????? ??? ???????. ??? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ??????. ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????????. ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?????. ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?????.≫

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