?????

Photograph of supernova in another galaxy. The supernova is pointed by the arrow. The other bright spots are stars of our own galaxy that happen to be in front of the other galaxy — ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????. ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????

????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ^[1] ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??????

?????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??.

?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ????? ? ^[2] ????? ??? 30,000 ?? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???? 10% ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ^[3] ?? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ????????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ????.

????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??????. ??? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ????? ^[4]

?????? ?????? ????? ??????. ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??? ? 1604 ?.?. ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? 300 ???????? ?????, ?????? ?? ?????? ??. ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ???.

????? [ ??????? | ?? ??? ]

?????? ?????? ?? ?? ???? I ?? ???? II ?????? ??????? ^[5]

???? I ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???? Ia supernovas ???? ?? ??? ??? ???. ???? ??? ????? ??? ??? ????. ? Ia supernovas ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????. ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? 1.4 ??? ??? ???? ????? ? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?????, ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ????. ???? 1a ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ???????. ^[6]

???? II ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ???? 8 ??, ?? ? 40-50 ?? ?????, ????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????. ^[7]

??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??????. ????? ???? ???, ???? ?? ???? , ???? ????? , ??? ?????. ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?????, ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?????. ????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?? (????? ???? 23% ???) ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?? ????? ^[8] ???? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????? .

?????? ?? ???? [ ??????? | ?? ??? ]

?? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???. ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????. ????? "??? ??? ????" ????. ???? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????? . ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????????. ??? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ????????? ??? ??????

?????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????. ????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??????. ?? ???? ?????. ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ????. ???? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??????

????? ?????? [ ??????? | ?? ??? ]

SN 1572 ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ^[9] SN 1604 ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ???. ^[10] SN 1987A ???? ????? ??, ??? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ????. ^[11] SN 1987A ??? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???????

???? ?? ?????? [ ??????? | ?? ??? ]

??? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ???????? ??? -60, ?????? ????? ???? ?????, ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?????.

"?????? ???" 600 ????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?2.3 ???? ??? 1.5 ???? ???? ??? ??? ^[12] ?? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ????.

^ This is the cause of all types of supernova except type Ia.
^ Giacobbe, Frederick W. 2005. How a Type II supernova explodes. Electronic Journal of Theoretical Physics 2 (6): 30?38.
^ Heger, Alexander et al 2003. How massive single stars end their life. Astrophysical Journal . 591 : 288.
^ Tyler, Pat (26 June 2003). " Supernova ". NASA HEASARC: Education and Public Information. ?29 January 2013 ?????.
^ " Supernovae ". Georgia State University. ?29 January 2013 ?????.
^ Colgate, Stirling A. (1979). "Supernovae as a standard candle for cosmology". The Astrophysical Journal 232 (1): 404?408. doi : 10.1086/157300 . Bibcode : 1979ApJ...232..404C .
^ Gilmore, Gerry (2004). "The short spectacular life of a superstar". Science 304 (5697): 1915?1916. doi : 10.1126/science.1100370 . PMID 15218132 .
^ Staff (2006-09-07). " Introduction to Supernova Remnants ". NASA Goddard/SAO. ?2007-05-01 ?????.
^ Calar Alto Observatory-CAHA (4 December 2008). " Blast from the past: astronomers resurrect 16th-century supernova ". Science Daily. ?29 January 2013 ?????.
^ Frommert. " SN 1604, Kepler's Supernova ". ?29 January 2013 ?????.
^ " Twenty Years after SN1987a " (25 February 2007). ?29 January 2013 ?????.
^ Webb, Jonathan 2015. Exploding stars left recent, radioactive mark on Earth. BBC News Science & Environment.

[1] This is the cause of all types of supernova except type Ia.

[2] Giacobbe, Frederick W. 2005. How a Type II supernova explodes. Electronic Journal of Theoretical Physics 2 (6): 30?38.

[3] Heger, Alexander et al 2003. How massive single stars end their life. Astrophysical Journal . 591 : 288.

[nasa-4] Tyler, Pat (26 June 2003). " Supernova ". NASA HEASARC: Education and Public Information. ?29 January 2013 ?????.

[gsu-5] " Supernovae ". Georgia State University. ?29 January 2013 ?????.

[6] Colgate, Stirling A. (1979). "Supernovae as a standard candle for cosmology". The Astrophysical Journal 232 (1): 404?408. doi : 10.1086/157300 . Bibcode : 1979ApJ...232..404C .

[science304-7] Gilmore, Gerry (2004). "The short spectacular life of a superstar". Science 304 (5697): 1915?1916. doi : 10.1126/science.1100370 . PMID 15218132 .

[8] Staff (2006-09-07). " Introduction to Supernova Remnants ". NASA Goddard/SAO. ?2007-05-01 ?????.

[sciencedaily-9] Calar Alto Observatory-CAHA (4 December 2008). " Blast from the past: astronomers resurrect 16th-century supernova ". Science Daily. ?29 January 2013 ?????.

[seds-10] Frommert. " SN 1604, Kepler's Supernova ". ?29 January 2013 ?????.

[uci-11] " Twenty Years after SN1987a " (25 February 2007). ?29 January 2013 ?????.

[12] Webb, Jonathan 2015. Exploding stars left recent, radioactive mark on Earth. BBC News Science & Environment.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]