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Alzheimer's disease
Synonyms	Alzheimer disease, Alzheimer's
Comparison o a normal aged harn (left) an the harn o a person wi Alzheimer's (richt). Chairactereestics that separate the twa are pyntit oot.
Specialty	Neurology
Symptoms	Difficulty in rememmerin recent events, problems wi leid , disorientaition , muid swings [1] [2]
Uisual onset	Ower 65 year auld [3]
Duration	Lang term [2]
Causes	Puirly unnerstuid [1]
Risk factors	Genetics , heid injures , depression , hypertension [1] [4]
Diagnostic method	Based on symptoms an cognitive testing after rulin oot ither possible causes [5]
Seemilar condeetions	Normal agin [1]
Medication	Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors , NMDA receptor antagonists (smaw benefit) [6]
Prognosis	Life expectancy 3?9 years [7]
Frequency	29.8 million (2015) [2] [8]
Daiths	1.9 million (2015) [9]
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Alzheimer's disease ( AD ), an aw referred tae semply as Alzheimer's , is a chronic neurodegenerative disease that usually stairts slawly an worsens ower time. ^{[1] [2]} It is the cause o 60?70% of cases o dementia . ^{[1] [2]} The maist common early symptom is difficulty in rememmerin recent events ( short-term memory loss). ^[1] As the disease advances, symptoms can include problems wi leide , disorientation (includin easily gettin lost), muid swings , loss o motivation , nae managin sel care , an behavioural issues . ^{[1] [2]} As a person's condition declines, thay eften widraw frae faimily an society. ^[1] Gradually, bodily functions are lost, ultimately leadin tae daith. ^[10] Awtho the speed o progression can vary, the teepical life expectancy follaein diagnosis is three tae nine years. ^{[7] [11]}

The cause o Alzheimer's disease is puirly unnerstuid. ^[1] Aboot 70% o the risk is believed tae be genetic wi mony genes uisually involved. ^[4] Ither risk factors include a history o heid injures , depression , or hypertension . ^[1] The disease process is associatit wi plaques an tangles in the harn . ^[4] A probable diagnosis is based on the history o the illness an cognitive testing wi medical eemagin an bluid tests tae rule oot ither possible causes. ^[5] Ineetial symptoms are eften mistaken for normal agein. ^[1] Examination o harn tishie is needit for a definite diagnosis. ^[4] Mental an pheesical exercise , an avoidin obesity mey decrease the risk o AD; houiver, evidence tae support these recommendations is nae strang. ^{[4] [12]} Thare are na medications or supplements that hae been shawn tae decrease risk. ^[13]

Na treatments stap or reverse its progression, tho some mey temporarily impruive symptoms. ^[2] Affectit fowk increasingly rely on ithers for assistance, eften placin a burden on the caregiver ; the pressurs can include social, psychological, pheesical, an economic elements. ^[14] Exercise programmes mey be beneficial wi respect tae activities o daily leevin an can potentially impruive ootcomes. ^[15] Behavioural problems or psychosis due tae dementia are eften treatit wi antipsychotics , but this is nae uisually recommendit, as thare is little benefit wi an increased risk o early daith. ^{[16] [17]}

In 2015, thare war approximately 29.8 million fowk warldwide wi AD. ^{[2] [8]} It maist eften begins in fowk ower 65 years o age, awtho 4% tae 5% o cases are early-onset Alzheimer's that begin afore this. ^[3] It affects aboot 6% o fowk 65 years an aulder. ^[1] In 2015, dementia resultit in aboot 1.9 million daiths. ^[9] It wis first descrived bi, and later named efter, German psychiatrist an pathologist Alois Alzheimer in 1906. ^[18] In developit kintras , AD is ane o the maist financially costly diseases. ^{[19] [20]}

References [ eedit | eedit soorce ]