??? ?????
(?? ??? 1803 ???? ?????
?????????
) ???
???????
??
???????? ??????
, ??????
?????
. ??? ???? ??? 71,936 ??"?, ??????????? ???? 2,733,612 ?????? ???? ???? ????????? ?-1897. ??? ??? ????
???????
?????-????, ????
????
?????, ????
??????
?????-????, ????
??????????
?????, ????
???????
????? ????, ?????-????
??? ?????
?????
??????
?????. ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??????
?????????
,
????????
?
?????
????????? ?? ????, ?????? ??????? ???????
?????
?
?????????????
.
????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??????. ????? ???? ??????, ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????. ???? ???????? ?? ????, ?????? ????? ?????? ???, ?????, ?????? ????, ????? ????, ????? ???-???? ??????? ?????, ?? ??? ?????.
???? 1809 ??? ???? ?????
????????
: ????????, ???????????, ??????????, ??????????, ???????????????. ???? ????? ??? ???? ?????. ???? 1825 ???? ?????? ???????????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??????, ????? 1834 ???? ??????? ??????????. ????? ???? ? ????????, ??? ???? ??? ????? 1828 ?? 1865. ????? ????? ?????????? ( ????? 1803?1861) ??????? ????? ?????: ????? ?? ??? ???????'???? (??????: градоначальник) ????????? ?? ???
???? ????
.
???? 1920, ????? ??? ?????? ?
????????
, ???? ??? ???? ???? 70,600 ??"?, ??? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ????. ???? 1921 ??? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???? ????????, ????? 1922 ??? ????? ?? ??? ?????. ???? 1925 ???? ??? ?????, ????? ???? ??? ????????
(
??'
)
: ?????, ????? ???, ????????, ?????, ?????????? ????????????. ?-1932, ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????, ???? ????? ?????? ??
????????
????????, ?????? ??? ????? ??
???? ????????
.
?? 1858, ???? ??????????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????. ?-1812 ???? ?????????? ?
???????
?-245,000; ???? 1851 ???? 893,000; ???? 1863 ???? 1,330,000; ???? 1885 ???? 2,027,000; ???? 1897 ???? 2,733,600; ????? 1914 ???? 3,744,600.
?
???? ?-50
????????? ???? ???? ????????? (
68-75%
), ?????? (
8-11%
), ????? (
3-7%
), ?????? (
6%
), ?????? (
4%
), ??????? (
2%). %
), ??????, ?????? ???????. ?-1914 ???? ?????????? ?? 53% ???????????, ???? ?????? ???? 22% ???????? 12%.
???
????
???????? ?????? ?-28 ?????? 1897, ??? ????? ??? 2,733,612 ??????, ?????? 1,400,981 ????? ?-1,332,631 ????. ??? ?????????? ????? ?? ???
????? ?????
?
??? ???
????, ?? ??????? ????????? ????? ?????, ??????, ?????? ???????.