Political party in India
Indian political party
The
Shiromani Akali Dal
(
SAD
) (
translation
:
Supreme Army of God
) is a
centre-right
Sikh
-centric state political party in
Punjab
,
India
. The party is the second-oldest in
India
, after
Congress
, being founded in 1920.
[18]
[19]
[20]
Although there are many parties with the description
Akali Dal
, the party that is recognized as "Shiromani Akali Dal" by the
Election Commission of India
is the one led by
Sukhbir Singh Badal
. The party has a moderate
Punjabi
agenda.
[21]
On 26 September 2020, they left the
NDA
over the
farm bills
.
[22]
History
[
edit
]
British India
[
edit
]
Akali Dal was formed on 14 December 1920 as a task force of the Shiromani Gurudwara Prabandhak Committee, the Sikh religious body. The Akali Dal considers itself the principal representative of Sikhs. Sardar Sarmukh Singh Chubbal was the first president of a unified proper Akali Dal, but it became popular under
Master Tara Singh
.
[23]
Akali movement
influenced 30 new Punjabi newspapers launched between 1920 and 1925.
[24]
In the
provincial election of 1937
, the Akali Dal won 10 seats. The Khalsa Nationalists won 11 seats and joined the coalition government headed by the
Unionist
leader
Sikander Hyat Khan
. The Akalis sat in opposition and made occasional forays into reaching an understanding with the
Muslim League
, which never reached fruition.
In the
provincial election of 1946
, the Akali Dal won 22 seats and joined the coalition government headed by the Unionist
Khizar Hayat Khan Tiwana
, along with the
Indian National Congress
. The Muslim League was unable to capture power, despite having won the largest number of seats, which perhaps suited it fine as it strengthened its Pakistan demand. The Muslim League launched a civil disobedience campaign, bringing down the Tiwana government by March 1947. The rest of the period till Indian independence was filled by Governor's Rule.
As with other Sikh organisations,
Master Tara Singh
and his Akali Dal
strongly opposed the partition of Punjab
, which he thought would create an environment of possible persecution as they supported the idea of “Azad Punjab”(Free Punjab).
[27]
Post Independence India
[
edit
]
In the 1950s, the party launched the
Punjabi Suba
movement, demanding a state with majority of Punjabi speaking people, out of undivided
East Punjab
under the leadership of
Sant Fateh Singh
.
[28]
In 1966, the present Punjab was formed. Akali Dal came to power in the new Punjab in March 1967,
[29]
but early governments didn't live long due to internal conflicts and power struggles within the party. Later, party strengthened and party governments completed full term.
Modern Factions
[
edit
]
Sukhdev Singh Dhindsa
along with other Akali leaders came together at a Gurdwara in
Ludhiana
on July 7, 2020 to re-establish
SAD (D)
.
Dhindsa
was chosen as president of the revived political party. He claimed
SAD (D)
as the true Shiromani Akali Dal and that the one so called was taken over by the Badal family.
[30]
Prior to this in late 2018, expelled senior members of Shiromani Akali Dal
Ranjit Singh Brahmpura
,
Rattan Singh Ajnala
,
Sewa Singh Sekhwan
, their relatives and others had formed
SAD (T)
.
[31]
The reasoning of the expelling was due to their accusations of the Badal family steering Shiromani Akali Dal in the wrong path.
Ahead of the
2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election
, both
SAD (T)
and
SAD (D)
were dissolved to be merged together into a new political party by the name of
Shiromani Akali Dal (Sanyukt)
. This party entered into the
National Democratic Alliance
to contest the Punjab elections alongside the candidates of
Bharatiya Janata Party
.
[
citation needed
]
Ideology
[
edit
]
Shiromani Akali Dal's main goals are the protection of Sikh rights, Punjab's waters, and opposition to the
Sutlej Yamuna link canal
.
[32]
1996 Moga Conference
[
edit
]
In 1996, at a historic conference in Moga, Shiromani Akali Dal adopted a moderate Punjabi agenda and shifted party headquarters from
Amritsar
to
Chandigarh
.
[33]
Party presidents
[
edit
]
Following is the list of presidents of the party as given on party website.
Current Members in Houses
[
edit
]
Punjab Chief Ministers belonging to Akali Dal
[
edit
]
In general elections
[
edit
]
In state elections
[
edit
]
Punjab
[
edit
]
Provincial Assembly elections
|
Election Year
|
Seats won
|
Change
|
1937
|
11
|
|
1946
|
20
|
9
|
Legislative Assembly elections
|
Election Year
|
Leader
|
seats contested
|
seats won
|
+/- in seats
|
Overall votes
|
% of overall votes
|
+/- in vote share
|
Sitting side
|
1952
|
Gopal Singh Khalsa
|
48
|
13
|
13
|
620,455
|
12.44
|
12.44
|
Left
(Opposition)
|
1957
|
Contested with Congress and 28 Akali leaders won.
[35]
|
1962
|
Gurnam Singh
|
46
|
16
|
16
|
799,925
|
11.87
|
11.87
|
Left
(Opposition)
|
1967
|
Sant Fateh Singh
(
SFSG
)
|
59
|
24
|
24
|
871,742
|
20.48
|
20.48
|
Left
(Opposition)
|
Master Tara Singh
(
MTSG
)
|
61
|
2
|
2
|
178,746
|
4.20
|
4.20
|
1969
|
Gurnam Singh
|
65
|
43
|
43
|
1,381,916
|
29.36
|
29.36
|
Right
(Government)
|
1972
|
Jaswinder Singh Brar
|
72
|
24
|
19
|
1,344,437
|
27.64
|
1.72
|
Left
(Opposition)
|
1977
|
Parkash Singh Badal
|
70
|
58
|
34
|
1,776,602
|
31.41
|
3.8
|
Right
(Government)
|
1980
|
Harchand Singh Longowal
|
73
|
37
|
21
|
1,683,266
|
26.92
|
4.49
|
Left
(Opposition)
|
1985
|
Surjit Singh Barnala
|
100
|
73
|
23
|
2,630,270
|
38.01
|
11.09
|
Right
(Government)
|
1992
|
Bycotted the elections
[36]
[37]
[38]
|
1997
|
Parkash Singh Badal
|
92
|
75
|
75
|
3,873,099
|
37.64
|
37.64
|
Right
(Government)
|
2002
|
41
|
34
|
3,196,924
|
31.08
|
6.56
|
Left
(Opposition)
|
2007
|
93
|
48
|
7
|
4,689,018
|
37.09
|
6.01
|
Right
(Government)
|
2012
|
94
|
56
|
8
|
4,828,612
|
34.73
|
2.36
|
Right
(Government)
|
2017
|
15
|
41
|
3,898,161
|
25.2
|
9.4
|
Left
(Opposition)
|
2022
|
Sukhbir Singh Badal
|
97
|
3
|
12
|
2,861,286
|
18.38
|
6.86
|
Left
(Opposition)
|
Haryana
[
edit
]
Delhi
[
edit
]
See also
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
"SOI"
.
- ^
Pioneer, The.
"Istri Akali Dal protests in front of CM residence"
.
The Pioneer
. Retrieved
10 October
2019
.
- ^
"SAD's SC wing feels 'powerless' in Pathankot"
.
The Indian Express
. 21 May 2016
. Retrieved
10 October
2019
.
- ^
Jerath, Arati R (14 January 2017).
"SAD activists seek BC candidate"
.
The Tribune
. Retrieved
10 October
2019
.
- ^
Narang, Amarjit Singh (1 March 2014).
"The Shiromani Akali Dal"
.
The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies
.
doi
:
10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199699308.013.020
.
ISBN
978-0-19-969930-8
.
- ^
Kumar, Ashutosh (2004). "Electoral Politics in Punjab: Study of Akali Dal".
Economic and Political Weekly
.
39
(14/15): 1515?1520.
ISSN
0012-9976
.
JSTOR
4414869
.
- ^
"
'Any history of SAD has to be critical of Badals'
"
. The Tribune India. 16 December 2019
. Retrieved
19 March
2022
.
- ^
I P Singh (28 July 2014).
"
"Panth in danger" ? Badal's politics shifts back from Chandigarh to Amritsar"
. Timesofindia.indiatimes.com
. Retrieved
19 March
2022
.
- ^
"SAD aims to widen reach, to contest UP poll"
.
The Tribune
. Chandigarh. 8 October 2015
. Retrieved
8 October
2015
.
- ^
Pandher, Sarabjit (3 September 2013).
"In post-Independence India, the SAD launched the Punjabi Suba morcha in the 1960s, seeking the re-organisation of Punjab on linguistic basis"
.
The Hindu
. Retrieved
15 September
2015
.
- ^
Grover, Verinder (1996).
Encyclopaedia of India and Her States: Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir and Punjab, Volume 4
. Deep & Deep. p. 578.
- ^
"Akali Dal Slams Amritpal Singh Crackdown, Offers Help To Those Arrested"
. NDTV. 22 March 2023
. Retrieved
22 March
2023
.
- ^
"Parkash Singh Badal calls for 'genuinely federal structure' for country"
.
The Economic Times
. 7 December 2014
. Retrieved
10 October
2019
.
- ^
Bharti, Vishav (6 August 2019).
"Article 370: SAD 'dumps' its core ideology of federalism"
.
The Tribune
. Retrieved
10 October
2019
.
- ^
Roy, Meenu (1996).
India Votes, Elections 1996: A Critical Analysis
. Deep & Deep Publications.
ISBN
978-81-7100-900-8
.
- ^
Chum, B. K. (1 December 2013).
Behind Closed Doors: Politics of Punjab, Haryana and the Emergency
. Hay House, Inc.
ISBN
978-93-81398-62-3
.
- ^
"List of Political Parties and Election Symbols main Notification Dated 18.01.2013"
(PDF)
. India: Election Commission of India. 2013
. Retrieved
9 May
2013
.
- ^
S., Saizel (14 January 2019).
"Shiromani Akali Dal, the second oldest party of India, has made the biggest sacrifices: Sukhbir Badal"
. PTC News
. Retrieved
14 July
2023
.
- ^
"Glorious past, but Shiromani Akali Dal faces serious crisis of identity, popularity & credibility"
.
The Times of India
. 14 December 2020.
ISSN
0971-8257
. Retrieved
14 July
2023
.
- ^
D'Souza, Shanthie Mariet (9 April 2014).
"Shiromani Akali Dal (SAD)"
.
Britannica
. Retrieved
14 July
2023
.
The precursor to the present-day SAD was an organization established in December 1920 to help guide the quasi-militant Akali movement of the early 1920s, in which Sikhs demanded and (through the Sikh Gurdwara Act of 1925) won from the ruling British authorities in India control over the gurdwaras (Sikh houses of worship). The present-day SAD, which has claimed to be the oldest regional political party in India, has also controlled Sikh religious institutions such as the Shiromani Gurdwara Prabandhak Committee (SGPC) and, more recently, the Delhi Sikh Gurdwara Management Committee.
- ^
VINAYAK, RAMESH.
"Akali Dal led by Parkash Singh Badal break from the past to forge a moderate agenda"
.
India Today
. Retrieved
26 December
2019
.
- ^
"Punjab's Akali Dal Quits BJP-Led Alliance Over Controversial Farm Bills"
.
NDTV.com
. Retrieved
26 September
2020
.
- ^
"Punjab Ke Dangal Mein Kiska Mangal?"
.
NewsClick
. 23 January 2017
. Retrieved
10 October
2019
.
- ^
Bharti, Vishav.
"How it became Punjabi journalism's finest hour"
.
The Tribune
. Retrieved
26 December
2019
.
- ^
Kudaisya, Gyanesh; Yong, Tan Tai (2004).
The Aftermath of Partition in South Asia
. Routledge. p. 100.
ISBN
978-1-134-44048-1
.
No sooner was it made public than the Sikhs launched a virulent campaign against the Lahore Resolution. Pakistan was portrayed as a possible return to an unhappy past when Sikhs were persecuted and Muslims the persecutor. Public speeches by various Sikh political leaders on the subject of Pakistan invariably raised images of atrocities committed by Muslims on Sikhs and of the martyrdom of their
gurus
and heroes. Reactions to the Lahore Resolution were uniformly negative and Sikh leaders of all political persuasions made it clear that Pakistan would be 'wholeheartedly resisted'. The Shiromani Akali Dal, the party with a substantial following amongst the rural Sikhs, organized several well-attended conferences in Lahore to condemn the Muslim League. Master Tara Singh, leader of the Akali Dal, declared that his party would fight Pakistan 'tooth and nail'. Not be outdone, other Sikh political organizations, rival to the Akali Dal, namely the Central Khalsa Young Men Union and the moderate and loyalist Chief Khalsa Dewan, declared in equally strong language their unequivocal opposition to the Pakistan scheme.
- ^
Service, Tribune News.
"Shiromani Akali Dal, since 1920"
.
The Tribune
. Retrieved
26 December
2019
.
- ^
Singh, I. P.
"Being Badals"
.
The Times of India
. Retrieved
26 December
2019
.
- ^
"Akali Dal split official ? Dhindsas move election-commission for registration of SAD (D)"
.
Financial Express
. 22 September 2020
. Retrieved
12 July
2022
.
- ^
"Expelled Akali leaders launch SAD (T)"
.
Tribune India
. 17 December 2018
. Retrieved
13 July
2022
.
- ^
Bariana, Sanjeev Singh.
"
'We've sacrificed a lot in the long journey of making party relevant in Indian polity'
"
.
The Tribune
. Retrieved
26 December
2019
.
- ^
"
"Panth in danger" ? Badal's politics shifts back from Chandigarh to Amritsar"
.
Times of India Blog
. 28 July 2014
. Retrieved
26 December
2019
.
- ^
In 1967 Lok Sabha Elections, the winners in Punjab were
Akali Dal Sant (ADS) 3, Bhartiya Jana Sangh (BJS) 1 and Indian National Congress (INC) 9 seats
https://www.elections.in/parliamentary-constituencies/1967-election-results.html
- ^
Electoral politics in Punjab
. (Pdf) P. 38. Retrieved 23 December 2021.
- ^
"Sikhs to boycott Punjab elections - UPI Archives"
.
UPI
. Retrieved
20 April
2024
.
- ^
Hazarika, Sanjoy (19 February 1992).
"Sikh Militants in Punjab Impose Boycotts on Work and on Voting"
.
The New York Times
. Retrieved
20 April
2024
.
- ^
Fineman, Mark (20 February 1992).
"Few Defy Sikhs to Vote in Punjab : India: The 25% turnout clouds New Delhi's hopes of ending the anarchy and restoring the elected government"
.
Los Angeles Times
. Retrieved
20 April
2024
.
Bibliography
[
edit
]
- Jalal, Ayesha
(1994) [First published 1985],
The Sole Spokesman: Jinnah, the Muslim League and the Demand for Pakistan
, Cambridge University Press,
ISBN
978-0-521-45850-4
- Jalal, Ayesha
(2002),
Self and Sovereignty: Individual and Community in South Asian Islam Since 1850
, Routledge,
ISBN
978-1-134-59937-0
- Talbot, Ian (1998),
Pakistan: A Modern History
, St. Martin's Press,
ISBN
978-0-312-21606-1
- Harjinder Singh Dilgeer.
Sikh Twareekh
. Sikh University Press, Belgium, 2007. 5 volumes
(in Punjabi)
- Harjinder Singh Dilgeer.
Sikh History
. Sikh University Press, Belgium, 2010?11. 10 volumes
- Harjinder Singh Dilgeer.
Shiromani Akali Dal (1920-2000)
. Sikh University Press, Belgium, 2001.
- Harjinder Singh Dilgeer.
NAVAN MAHAN KOSH (DILGEER KOSH, ?????? ????)
. Sikh University Press, England, 2021.
External links
[
edit
]
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