Kalender Etiopia
(
Basa Amharik
: ?????? ??? ?????
ye'?ty???y? zemen ??o?a?er
), disebut oge
kalender Ge'ez
, nyaeta kalender utama nu dipake di
Etiopia
sarta mangrupa taun
kabaktian
urang Kristen di Eritrea nu dipake ku
Gareja Tewahdo Ortodoks Eritrea
,
Gareja Katolik Wetan
di Eritrea jeung
Lutheran
(Gareja Evangelis di Eritrea), nu ilaharna disebut
kalender Ge'ez.
Kalender ieu dumasar kana kalender Aleksandria atawa
Koptik
, nu dumasar oge kana
kalender Mesir
nu leuwih heubeul, tapi kawas
kalender Julian
, nambahan poe luncat unggal opat taun tanpa kajaba, sarta ngamimitian taun dina
29 Agustus
atawa
30 Agustus
dina kalender Julian. Bedana tujuh tepi ka dalapan taun antara kalender Etiopia jeung
Gregori
disababkeun ku ayana kalkulasi nu beda dina nangtukeun tanggal
Annunciation
Yesus
.
Kawas kalender Koptik, kalender Ethiopia/Ge'ez boga dua welas bulan nu masing-masingna 30 poe ditambah lima atawa genep poe
epagomenal
(biasana disebut bulan katilu welas). Lanjutna, bulan-bulanna mimitian dina poe nu sami jeung kalender Koptik, tapi boga ngaran nu beda, ngagunakeun
basa Ge'ez
. Poe kagenep
epagomenal
ditambahkeun saban opat taon tampa kajaba dina 29 Agustus di kalender Julian.
Enkutatash
is the word for the Ethiopian
new year
in the official language of Ethiopia:
Amharic
, while it is called
Ri'se Awde Amet
(Head Anniversary) in
Ge'ez
, the term preferred by the
Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church
. It occurs on September 11 in the
Gregorian calendar
, except for leap years when it occurs on September 12. The Ethiopian calendar year 1998
?
Amata M?hrat
("Year of Mercy") began on
11 September
,
2005
. However, the Ethiopian years 1996 and 1992
AM
began on
12 September
2003 and 1999, respectively.
The new years begin on September 11 or 12 as described above from Gregorian
1900
to 2099, but differently in other Gregorian centuries, because every fourth Ethiopian/Ge'ez year is a leap year without exception.
To indicate the year, Ethiopians and followers of the Eritrean churches today use the
Incarnation Era
, which dates from the
Annunciation
or
Incarnation
of
Jesus
on
25 March
,
9
(Julian), as calculated by
Annianus of Alexandria
c.
400; thus its first civil year began seven months earlier on
29 August
,
8
(Julian). Meanwhile, Europeans eventually adopted the calculations made by
Dionysius Exiguus
in AD 525 instead, which placed the Annunciation exactly eight years earlier than had Annianus. This causes the Ethiopian year number to be eight years less than the Gregorian year number from January 1 until September 10 or 11, then seven years less for the remainder of the Gregorian year.
In the past, a number of other
eras
for numbering years were also widely used in Ethiopia and the Axumite Kingdom:
The most important era ? once widely used by the
Eastern Churches
, and still used by the
Gareja Koptik
- was the
Era of Martyrs
, also known as the
Diocletian
Era, whose first year began on
29 Agustus
284
.
Respectively to the western and Julian New Year's Days about three months later, the difference between the era of Martyrs and the
Anni Domini
is 285 (= 15x19) years. This is because in AD
525
,
Dionysius Exiguus
decided to add 15
Metonic cycles
to the existing 13 Metonic cycles of the
Diocletian
era (15x19 + 13x19 = 532) to obtain an entire 532-year medieval
Easter
cycle, whose first cycle ended with the year era of Martyrs 247 (= 13x19) equal to year DXXXI. It is also because 532 is the product of the Metonic cycle of 19 years and the
Solar cycle
of 28 years.
Anno Mundi dumasar Panodoros
[
edit
|
edit sumber
]
Around AD 400, an Alexandrine monk called Panodoros fixed the Alexandrian era (
Anno Mundi
= in the year of the world), the
date of creation
, on 29 August
5493 BC
. After the 6th century AD, the era was used by Egyptian and Ethiopian chronologists. The twelfth 532-year-cycle of this era began on 29 August 360 AD, and so 4x19 years after the era of Martyrs.
Anno Mundi dumasar Anianos
[
edit
|
edit sumber
]
Bishop
Anianos
preferred the Annunciation style as New Year's Day, the 25 March
(see above)
. Thus he shifted the Panodoros era by about six months, to begin on 25 March 5492 BC.
The four year leap-year cycle is associated with the four Evangelists: the first year after an Ethiopian leap year is named in honour of
John
, followed by the
Matthew
-year and then the
Mark
-year. The year with the sixth epagomenal day is traditionally designated as the
Luke
-year.
There are no exceptions to the four year leap-year cycle, unlike the
Gregorian calendar
.
Ge'ez
,
Amharic
, and
Tigrinya
(with Tigrinya suffixes in parenthesis)
|
Coptic
|
Gregorian start date
|
Start date in year after
sixth epagomenal day
|
Maskaram (?????)
|
Tut
|
11 September
|
12 September
|
??q?mt(i) (????)
|
Babah
|
11 Oktober
|
12 Oktober
|
??dar (???)
|
Hatur
|
10 Nopember
|
11 Nopember
|
Ta??a? ( ????)
|
Kiyahk
|
10 Dessember
|
11 Desember
|
??rr(i) (??)
|
Tubah
|
9 Januari
|
10 Januari
|
Yakatit (Tn. Lakatit) (????)
|
Amshir
|
8 Pebruari
|
8 Pebruari
|
Magabit (????)
|
Baramhat
|
10 Maret
|
10 Maret
|
Miyazya (????)
|
Baramundah
|
9 April
|
9 April
|
G?nbot (????)
|
Bashans
|
9 Mei
|
9 Mei
|
Sane (??)
|
Ba'unah
|
8 Juni
|
8 Juni
|
?amle (???)
|
Abib
|
8 Juli
|
8 Juli
|
Nahase (???)
|
Misra
|
7 Agustus
|
7 Agustus
|
?ag??men/?agumen (????/????)
|
Nasi
|
6 September
|
6 September
|
Perlu dicatet yen tanggal ieu valid ti Maret 1900 tepi ka Pebruari 2100.
- "The Ethiopian Calendar", Appendix IV, C.F. Beckingham and G.W.B. Huntingford,
The Prester John of the Indies
(Cambridge:
Hakluyt Society
, 1961).
- Ginzel, Friedrich Karl, "Handbuch der matematischen und technischen Chronologie", Leipzig, 3 vol., 1906-1914