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Ελληνικ? Δημοκρατ?α
Elliniki Dimokratia    ( Greek )
Greece بایراغی
??????
میلی نیشان of Greece
???? ?????
?????:  ≪ Ελευθερ?α ? Θ?νατο? ≫
Eleftheria i Thanatos
"Freedom or Death"
???? ????:  ≪ ?μνο? ει? την Ελευθερ?αν ≫
Ymnos eis tin Eleftherian
"Hymn to Liberty"
 یونان یئری نقشه اوستونده (dark green) – in اوروپا (green & dark grey) – in the اوروپا بیرلیگی (green)  –  [Legend]
 ????? ???? ???? ???????? (dark green)

? in ??????  (green & dark grey)
? in the ?????? ???????  (green)  ?  [ Legend ]

??????
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37°58′N 23°43′E  /  37.967°N 23.717°E  / 37.967; 23.717
Official language
and national language 		????? ????
???
Eastern Orthodoxy
??????(??) ?????????
????? Unitary parliamentary republic
Prokopis Pavlopoulos
Alexis Tsipras
Nikos Voutsis
Vasileios Peppas
????? ?????? Hellenic Parliament
Formation
25 March 1821 (traditional starting date of the ????? ??????????? ?????? ), 15 January 1822 ( official declaration )
3 February 1830
11 June 1975
?????
? ????
??? ??????????:Convert-?? 1851-??/?? ??????: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). [?] ( 95th )
? ?? (%)
??????
?????
? ???? ??????
??????????
? ???? census
10,816,286 [?] ( 80th )
? ???????
??? ??????????:Convert-?? 1851-??/?? ??????: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). ( 125th )
????????   ( PPP ) ???? ??????
? ????
$312.538 billion [?] ( 57th )
? ?????????
$29,111 [?] ( 47th )
????????   (??????) ???? ??????
? ????
$218.057 billion [?] ( 52nd )
? ?????????
$20,311 [?] ( 38th )
????   (????)  33.4 [?]
?????  ·  60th
????????   (????) Increase 0.870 [?]
??????????  ·  31st
??? ?????? ???? ( € ) ( EUR )
??? ???????? UTC +? ( Eastern European Time )
? ??? ( ???????? )
UTC +? ( Eastern European Summer Time )
????? ?????? dd/mm/yyyy ( AD )
????????? ???? right
?????? ???? +30
???? ???? ???? GR
??????? ???????? .gr a
.ελ
  1. The .eu domain is also used, as in other ?????? ??????? member states.

????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ( ??????? : Ελληνικ? Δημοκρατ?α ) [?] ????????? ????? ????????? ? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??? . [?] ????? ????? ?? ??? ????????? ????? ??????? ? ?????? ? ???? ???? ? ?????? ?? ??? - ?????? ?????????? . [?] [??] [??] ????? ????? ?? ?????? ? ??????? ? ??????????????? ? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??????????. ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??? . ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? : ??????? ? ?????? ? ???????? . [??] ????? ???? ?????? ? ? ???????? [??] ? ???? ????? ?? ? ??????? ????????? ? ????? ?????? ? ???? ?????? ? ???? ?????? [??] (?????) ??? ?? ????? ?????????????? ???. ????????? ? ????? ??? ??????? [??] ? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????????? [??] [??] ? ?????? ????? ???? ????? [??] ???? ????? ??? .
????? ? ???? ?? ????????????? [??] [??] ? ???? ?? ???? ? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ? ???? ?? OECD [??] ? ? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? [??] ???? ?? ??? .

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????? ? ????????? ???? ???????? ????????? ( ???? ) ? ? ???? ?????????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ??? . [??] [??] [??] [??] [??]
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??? ????????????????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??????????? ??? ???? ?????. ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? . [??]
?? - ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? [??] ? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ???????????? ????? . [??] ??????? ??????? ?? ????????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ? ?????? ??? ???????? ????? ? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ??????????? ? ?????? ? ???? ???????? . [??]

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????? ??? ???????? ??????? ??? . ?????? ??????? ???????????? ??? ? ?????? ??????? ? ??? ????? ??????? . ???? ????????? ???????? ? ???? ????????? ???? ????????? ( ??????? ) ?????? ??????? . [??]
?? ?????? ??? ? ????? ??? ??? ????? (???????) ?? ?????? ??? .

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????? ?? ????? ( ??????? : Περιφ?ρειε? )? (???????: ??????????????) ???? ?? ??????? ( ????? ) ??????? .

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??????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? [??] ?????? ????? ??? . ?????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ? - ????? ???? [??] ? ??????? ???? ?? - ????? ???? ???? ??? . [??]

????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? . [??] [??] [??] ??????? ??????? ? ??? ???????? [??] [??] [??] [??] ? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? . [??]

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??????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ( ??????? ) ??? ? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ??? .

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????????? [ ???????? ]

  • پارنتون تیکینتی سی
    ??????? ??????? ??
  • دونیانین ایلک بیلگی سایاری (یونان ۱۰۰ د.اؤ)
    ???????? ???? ????? ?????? (????? ??? ?.??)
  • بیاض قالا ، عثمانلی دؤنمیندن
    ???? ???? ? ??????? ????????
  • یونانین توپوقرافی خریطه سی
    ??????? ????????? ????? ??
  • یونان جمهورباشقانی : کارولولس پاپولیاس
    ????? ???????????? : ???????? ????????
  • آتن بیلیم یوردو
    ??? ????? ?????
  • یونان تورکلری (تراکیا)
    ????? ??????? (??????)
  • آتا تورک آنادان اولان ائو (یونان - سالونیک)
    ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??? (????? - ???????)

????? ??? [ ???????? ]

?????? [ ???????? ]

????????? [ ???????? ]

?????? [ ???????? ]

  1. ^ Country Comparison: Area . Central Intelligence Agency . ????????? ???? ???????? on 2020-11-13. ???????????7 January 2013.
  2. ^ archive copy (?????) (PDF) (20 March 2014). ????????? ???? ???????? on 2015-11-13. ???????????25 October 2016.
  3. ^ Announcement of the results of the 2011 Population Census for the Resident Population (PDF). Hellenic Statistical Authority (28 December 2012). ????????? ???? ???????? on 13 November 2013. ???????????24 August 2013.
  4. ^ ??? ??? ??? ??? Report for Selected Countries and Subjects . IMF (20 October 2018).
  5. ^ INCOME INEQUALITY: 2017 Survey on Income and Living Conditions (Income reference period 2016) (PDF). Hellenic Statistical Authority (22 June 2018). ????????? ???? ???????? on 2018-11-15. ???????????23 June 2018.
  6. ^ Table 2. Human Development Index Trends, 1990-2017 . United Nations Development Programme (14 September 2018). ???????????20 September 2018.
  7. ^ " Greece: Government Archived 2016-08-25 at the Wayback Machine .". World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency . 15 March 2007. Retrieved 7 April 2007.
  8. ^ Stats (PDF), UN
  9. ^ Caralampo Focas (2004). Transport Issues And Problems In Southeastern Europe . Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 114. ISBN 978-0-7546-1970-3 . Retrieved 12 April 2013. "Greece itself shows a special geopolitical importance as it is situated at the crossroads of three continents ? Europe, Asia and Africa ? and can be therefore considered as a natural bridge between Europe and the Middle East"
  10. ^ Christina Bratt Paulston; Scott F. Kiesling; Elizabeth S. Rangel (13 February 2012). The Handbook of Intercultural Discourse and Communication . John Wiley & Sons. p. 292. ISBN 978-1-4051-6272-2 . Retrieved 12 April 2013. "Introduction Greece and Turkey are situated at the crossroads of Europe, Asia, the Middle East and Africa, and their inhabitants have had a long history of cultural interaction even though their languages are neither genetically nor typologically ..."
  11. ^ Chr?stos G. Kollias; Gulay Gunluk-?enesen; Gulden Ayman (2003). Greece and Turkey in the 21st Century: Conflict Or Cooperation: a Political Economy Perspective . Nova Publishers. p. 10. ISBN 978-1-59033-753-0 . Retrieved 12 April 2013. "Greece's Strategic Position In The Balkans And Eastern Mediterranean Greece is located at the crossroads of three continents (Europe, Asia and Africa). It is an integral part of the Balkans (where it is the only country that is a member of the ...)"
  12. ^ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece#_ref-0
  13. ^ Finley, Moses I . (1985). Democracy Ancient and Modern. 2d ed. London: Hogarth Press .
  14. ^ Thomas Heath (1981). A History of Greek Mathematics . Courier Dover Publications. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-486-24073-2 . Retrieved 19 August 2013.
  15. ^ Greece. "Greece" Archived 2014-08-04 at the Wayback Machine .. Freedom House. Retrieved 2014-04-23.
  16. ^ " The Economist Intelligence Unit's Quality-of-Life Index " (PDF). The Economist. 2005. Retrieved 10 September 2013.
  17. ^ " Interactive Infographic of the World's Best Countries ". Newsweek (New York). 15 August 2010. Retrieved 10 September 2013.
  18. ^ " Human Development Index (HDI) ? 2012 Rankings ". 2013 Human Development Report. New York: United Nations Development Programme . 2013. Retrieved 10 September 2013.
  19. ^ European Union - Member States of the EU: Greece
  20. ^ http://europa.eu/abc/european_countries/eu_members/greece/index_en.htm
  21. ^ Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development - Convention on the OECD
  22. ^ European Space Agency - Greece becomes 16th ESA Member State
  23. ^ ???? ???? Frucht, Richard C (31 December 2004). Eastern Europe: An Introduction to the People, Lands, and Culture . ABC-CLIO. p. 847. ISBN 978-1-57607-800-6 . Retrieved 5 December 2012. "People appear to have first entered Greece as hunter-gatherers from southwest Asia about 50,000 years... of Bronze Age culture and technology laid the foundations for the rise of Europe's first civilization, Minoan Crete"
  24. ^ Pomeroy, Sarah B (1999). Ancient Greece: A Political, Social, and Cultural History . Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-509742-9 . Retrieved 5 December 2012. "Written by four leading authorities on the classical world, here is a new history of ancient Greece that dynamically presents a generation of new scholarship on the birthplace of Western civilization."
  25. ^ Bulliet, Richard W; Kyle Crossley, Pamela; Headrick, Daniel R; Johnson, Lyman L; Hirsch, Steven W (21 February 2007). The Earth and Its Peoples: A Global History to 1550 . Cengage. p. 95. ISBN 978-0-618-77150-9 . Retrieved 5 December 2012. "The emergence of the Minoan civilization on the island of Crete and the Mycenaean civilization of Greece is another... was home to the first European civilization to have complex political and social structures and advanced technologies"
  26. ^ Fullinwider, Robert K (26 January 1996). Public Education in a Multicultural Society: Policy, Theory, Critique . Cambridge University Press. p. 55. ISBN 978-0-521-49958-3 . Retrieved 5 December 2012. "Similarly obscured was the influence of Egypt on Greece, which European civilization honors as its fountainhead."
  27. ^ Slomp, Hans (30 September 2011). Europe, A Political Profile: An American Companion to European Politics: An American Companion to European Politics . ABC-CLIO. p. 50. ISBN 978-0-313-39182-8 . Retrieved 5 December 2012. "Greek Culture and Democracy. As the cradle of European civilization, Greece long, long ago discovered the value and beauty of the individual human being; Greek gods were actually no more than super-humans. Around 500 BC, Greece"
  28. ^ Sansone, David (2011), Ancient Greek civilzation , Wiley, p. 5
  29. ^ ???? ???? World and Its Peoples . Marshall Cavendish. September 2009. p. 1458. ISBN 978-0-7614-7902-4 . Retrieved 5 December 2012. "Greece was home to the earliest European civilizations, the Minoan civilization of Crete, which developed around 2000 BCE, and the Mycenaean civilization on the Greek mainland, which emerged about 400 years later. The ancient Minoan"
  30. ^ Short, John R (1987), An Introduction to Urban Geography , Routledge, p. 10
  31. ^ D.C.H. Rieu's introduction to The Odyssey (Penguin, 2003), p. xi.
  32. ^ Vidal-Naquet, Pierre. Le monde d'Homere (The World of Homer), Perrin (2000), p. 19.
  33. ^ Raaflaub, Kurt A; Ober, Josiah; Wallace, Robert W (2007), Origin of Democracy in Ancient Greece , University of California Press, ISBN 0-520-24562-8
  34. ^ Dunn, John (1994), Democracy: the unfinished journey 508 BC ? 1993 AD, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-827934-5
  35. ^ http://www.wordinfo.info/words/index/info/view_unit/2802/?letter=P&spage=3
  36. ^ Spielvogel, Jackson (2005). Western Civilization . I: To 1715. Thomson Wadsworth. pp. 89?90. ISBN 0-534-64603-4 .
  37. ^ ???? ???? Flower, Harriet, ed. (2004). The Roman Republic. pp. 248, 258. ISBN 0-521-00390-3 .
  38. ^ Ward, Allen Mason; et al (2003). A history of the Roman people. p. 276. ISBN 978-0-13-038480-5 .
  39. ^ "Antigonid dynasty", Britannica (online ed.), 2008
  40. ^ Jeffreys, Elizabeth, ed. (2008). The Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Studies . p. 4. ISBN 978-0-19-925246-6 . Retrieved 29 April 2012
  41. ^ "Greece During the Byzantine Period: Serbian and Ottoman advances ". Online. Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 28 April 2012.
  42. ^ "Greece During the Byzantine Period: The Peloponnese advances ". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 28 April 2012.
  43. ^ Norwich, John Julius (1997). A Short History of Byzantium. Vintage Books. p. xxi. ISBN 0-679-77269-3 .
  44. ^ " The World Fact Book ? Field Listing :: Coastline Archived 2011-05-03 at the Wayback Machine .". Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 17 March 2011
  45. ^ Marker, Sherry; Bowman, John; Kerasiotis, Peter; Sarna, Heidi (2010). Frommer's Greek Islands . John Wiley & Sons . p. 12. ISBN 978-0-470-52664-4 .
  46. ^ Dagtoglou 1991, p. 21.
  47. ^ "Gross domestic product at market prices (tec00001)" . Eurostat. Retrieved 22 February 2012.
  48. ^ ???? ???? " UNWTO World Tourism Barometer Archived 2015-09-03 at the Wayback Machine ." (PDF). United Nations World Tourism Organization. Retrieved 22 February 2012.
  49. ^ "UNWTO World Tourism Barometer" Archived 2015-09-03 at the Wayback Machine . (PDF). United Nations World Tourism Organization. Retrieved 22 February 2012.
  50. ^ Prof. Nicholas Economides Stern School of Business, New York University & Haas School of Business, UC Berkeley. "The Greek and EU Crisis for non-economists" . "Largest economy than all rest of Balkans combined"
  51. ^ Keridis, Dimitris (3 March 2006), Greece and the Balkans: From Stabilization to Growth (lecture), Montreal, QC, CA: Hellenic Studies Unit at Concordia University, "Greece has a larger economy than all the Balkan countries combined. Greece is also an important regional investor"
  52. ^ Likmeta, Besar; BIRN, Gjirokastra (11 July 2012), "Albania Eyes New Markets as Greek Crisis Hits Home Businesses affected by the economic downturn in Greece are seeking new markets in the West, hoping that a cheap and qualified labour force will draw fresh clients" , Balkan Insight, retrieved 18 April 2014, "Greece is the Balkan region's largest economy and has been an important investor in Southeast Europe over the past decade"
  53. ^ "Country and Lending Groups" . World Bank. Retrieved 10 September 2013.
  54. ^ "Appendix B: International Organizations and Groups" Archived 2008-04-09 at the Wayback Machine .. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 10 September 2013.
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  58. ^ Special Eurobarometer, biotechnology; Fieldwork: January?February 2010 (PDF), October 2010, p. 204
  59. ^ ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? "Greece" . International Religious Freedom Report 2007. United States Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. 15 September 2006. Retrieved 14 April 2007.
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  67. ^ http://www.joshuaproject.net/countries.php?rog3=GR

????? [ ???????? ]

???? ?????: Bibliography of Greece

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