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A AAA A AAA A AAA
ZZZ ↓ ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? ???? ↓ A AAA ZZZ
ZZZ ????? → ????? UN member state None
  ???????  ? ???????? ????? ????? A ?? A ???
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  ????  ? ????? ?????? A ?? A ??? ????? ????? ??? ??? ? ????? ??????? ? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ( ??? ???? ?? ?????? ) ??? ?????? [1]
  ????  ? ????? ????? A ?? A ???
  ???? ?? ???? A ?? A ??? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ??? [??? 4] ???? ??? ???? ??-?? ??? ??? [??? 5] [2]
  ??????  ? ?????? ????? [??? 6] A ?? A ??? ??????? ?23 ??????? ??? ??-?? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??? [3] ?????? ??? ? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ? ??? ?? ???? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???? [??? 7] [4]
  ?????  ? ?????? ????? A ?? ? ????? ???????? [5] [6]
  ???????  ? ???????? ?????? A ?? A ??? ??????? ??????? ??? [??? 4] ??? ?6 ??????? ?10 ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ????
  ?????  ? ?????? ????? A ?? A ??? ????? ???? ??? ??? [??? 2] ????? ?9 ?????? (????????) ?????? ???
ZZZ ???? → ???? ?? ???
  ???????  ? ???????? ????? A ?? A ??? ??????? 2 ??-?? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ????-???? ( Da?lıq Qaraba? ) ???? [??? 5] ?????-???? ????? ?? ????? ???????
  ????  ? ????? ?????? A ?? A ??? ???? ??????? ??? ??? [??? 4]
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  ????? A ?? A ??? ????? ??????? ??? ??? [??? 4]
  ????  ? ????? ????? A ?? A ???
  ????  ? ????? ???? A ?? A ??? ????? ???? ??? ??? [??? 2] ???? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???
  ??? A ?? A ??? ??? ??????? ??? ??? [??? 4]
  ???  ? ???? ????? [??? 8] A ?? A ???
  ???  ? ???? ???? A ?? A ???
  ????  ? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? A ?? A ???
  ????? ?????? A ?? A ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???? [??? 9]
  ?????  ? ?????? ????? A ?? A ???
  ????  ? ????? ?????? ????? A ?? A ??? ???? ?26 ??????? ?1 ????? ??? ?????? ???
  ????  ? ??? ????? ???? ???? A ?? A ??? ???? ? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???? [??? 10]
  ?????  ? ?????? ????? A ?? A ??? ????? ???? ??? [??? 2]
  ???? ?? [??? 11] A ?? A ???
  ???  ? ?????? ???? ????? [??? 12] [8] A ?? A ???
  ????  ? ????? ????? A ?? A ???
  ?????  ? ?????? ???? A ?? A ???
  ????  ? ????? ????? A ?? A ???
  ??? [??? 13] A ?? A ??? ??? ??????? ??? [??? 4] ??? ?10 ??????? 3 ???? ?????? ???
  ?? ???  ? ??? ??? ????? A ?? A ???
  ??????? ???? ????? A ?? A ???
  ??  ? ??? ????? A ?? A ???
  ??  ? ??? ????? A ?? A ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ≪?? ????≫ ???? ?? ? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? [??? 7]
  ???  ? ???? ???? ????? [??? 14] A ?? ?????:Claimedby ???? ???? ????? ???? ??-?? ?????? ???? ???? ? ???? ????? ? ????? ? ?????? ?? ??? ???? [??? 5] ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ????

??? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ????

???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? [??? 17] 22 ??.?.?. ???? ?? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? (?????) ?????? [??? 18]

  ?????  ? ?????? ????? A ?? A ???
  ????  ?????? ???? A ?? A ??? ???? ?3 ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ?? 4?? ?? ???? ???? [??? 19] [9] ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ? ???? ?? ???? ???? [3]
  ??? ??????? ????? (???-????) [??? 20] A ?? A ???
  ??? ????? (???-?????) A ?? A ???
  ??? ??  ? ???? ?? ????? A ?? A ???
  ?? ???  ? ??? ??? ????? A ?? A ???
  ?????  ? ?????? ????? A ?? A ???
  ??  ? ??? ????? A ?? A ???
  ????  ? ????? ????? A ?? ? ??? ??? ?[[#??? ????|]] ???????? ????? ???? ??? [??? 2] The northeastern part of the island is the de facto state of Northern Cyprus . See Foreign relations of Cyprus and Cyprus dispute . Turkey refers to the Republic of Cyprus government as "The Greek Cypriot Administration of South Cyprus". [10]
  ?? ????? [??? 21] A ?? A ??? ????? ???? ??? [??? 2]
  ?????  ? Kingdom of Denmark A ?? A ??? ????? ???? ??? [??? 2]

The Danish Realm also includes two self-governing territories:

  ???  ? Republic of Djibouti A ?? A ???
  ????  ? Commonwealth of Dominica A ?? A ???
  ????? ????? A ?? A ???
  ???? ???  ? Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste [??? 22] A ?? A ???
  ????  ? Republic of Ecuador A ?? A ???
  ???  ? ???? ??? ????? A ?? A ???
  ?? ?????  ? ??? ????? ????? A ?? A ???
  ?????? ??  ? Republic of Equatorial Guinea A ?? A ???
  ????  ? ????? ??? A ?? A ???
  ?????  ? ?????? ????? A ?? A ??? ????? ???? ??? [??? 2]
  ?????  ? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? A ?? A ??? Ethiopia is a federation of 9 regions and 2 chartered cities .
  ??  ? ??? ????? A ?? A ??? Fiji contains 1 autonomous region, Rotuma . [??? 5] [11] [12]
  ?????  ? ?????? ????? A ?? A ??? ????? ???? ??? [??? 2]
  ?????  ? French Republic A ?? A ??? ????? ???? ??? [??? 2] French overseas regions/departments ( French Guiana , Guadeloupe , Martinique , Mayotte and Reunion ) are full, integral parts of France.

The French Republic also includes the overseas territories of:

Clipperton Island is a possession of the government. French sovereignty over Banc du Geyser , Bassas da India , Europa Island , Glorioso Islands , Juan de Nova Island , Mayotte, and Tromelin Island is disputed in part by Madagascar , Mauritius , Seychelles and the Comoros . [3]

  ???  ? Gabonese Republic A ?? A ???
Gambia   ????  ? Republic of The Gambia A ?? A ???
  ????? A ?? A ??? Georgia contains 2 autonomous regions, Adjara and Abkhazia . [??? 5] In Abkhazia and South Ossetia , de facto states have been formed.
  ????  ? Federal Republic of Germany A ?? A ??? ????? ???? ??? [??? 2] Germany is a federation of 16 federated states (Lander).
  ??  ? Republic of Ghana A ?? A ???
  ???  ? Hellenic Republic A ?? A ??? ????? ???? ??? [??? 2] Mount Athos is an autonomous part of Greece that is jointly governed by the multinational "Holy Community" on the mountain and a civil governor appointed by the Greek government. [13]
  ???? A ?? A ??? Grenada is a ??????? ??? . [??? 4]
  ????  ? Republic of Guatemala A ?? A ???
  ??  ? Republic of Guinea A ?? A ???
  ??-???  ? Republic of Guinea-Bissau A ?? A ???
  ???  ? Co-operative Republic of Guyana A ?? A ??? All land west of the Essequibo River is claimed by Venezuela . [3]
  ???  ? Republic of Haiti A ?? A ???
  ?????  ? Republic of Honduras A ?? A ???
  ???? A ?? A ??? ????? ???? ??? [??? 2]
  ??????  ? Republic of Iceland A ?? A ???
  ???  ? Republic of India A ?? A ??? India is a federation of 28 states and 7 union territories . Indian sovereignty over Arunachal Pradesh is disputed by the People's Republic of China . [3] India claims sovereignty over the whole of Kashmir , but administers only part of it as the federated state of Jammu and Kashmir . [??? 17]
  ??????  ? Republic of Indonesia A ?? A ??? Indonesia has 3 provinces with official special autonomy status: Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam , Papua , and West Papua . [??? 5]
  ???  ? Islamic Republic of Iran A ?? A ???
  ???  ? Republic of Iraq A ?? A ??? Iraq is a federation [??? 19] [14] of 18 governorates , 3 of which make up the autonomous Iraqi Kurdistan . [??? 5]
  ?????? [??? 24] A ?? A ??? ????? ???? ??? [??? 2]

The Constitution of Ireland asserts the aspiration towards creating a United Ireland by peaceful means. [15]

  ?????  ? State of Israel A ?? Not recognized by 33 states Israel annexed East Jerusalem , and occupies the Golan Heights [16] and parts of the West Bank . These areas are not internationally-recognised as being part of Israel. [3] Israel no longer has a permanent military presence in the Gaza Strip , following its unilateral disengagement , but is still considered the occupying power under international law. [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] Israel is not recognised as a state by 32 UN members (including most Arab states) and by the SADR .
  ????  ? Italian Republic A ?? A ??? ????? ???? ??? [??? 2] Italy has 5 autonomous regions, Aosta Valley , Friuli-Venezia Giulia , Sardinia , Sicily and Trentino-Alto Adige/Sudtirol . [??? 5]
  ???? A ?? A ??? Jamaica is a ??????? ??? . [??? 4]
  ??? A ?? A ??? Japan disputes Russian administration of the South Kuril Islands .
  ????  ? Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan A ?? A ???
  ??????  ? Republic of Kazakhstan A ?? A ???
  ???  ? Republic of Kenya A ?? A ???
  ????  ? ????? ????? A ?? A ???
  ??? ???  ? Democratic People's Republic of Korea A ?? ?????:Claimedby North Korea is not recognised by two UN members: Japan and South Korea. [??? 25] [22]
  ??? ???  ? Republic of Korea A ?? ?????:Claimedby South Korea contains 1 autonomous region, Jeju-do . [??? 5] [23] South Korea is not recognised by one UN member: North Korea. [??? 25]
ZZZ Kosovo → Kosovo ?? ???
  ???  ? State of Kuwait A ?? A ???
  ???????  ? Kyrgyz Republic A ?? A ???
  ???  ? Lao People's Democratic Republic A ?? A ???
  ????  ? Republic of Latvia A ?? A ??? ????? ???? ??? [??? 2]
  ????  ? Lebanese Republic A ?? A ???
  ???  ? Kingdom of Lesotho A ?? A ???
  ?????  ? Republic of Liberia A ?? A ???
  ??? A ?? A ??? The former government of Muammar Gaddafi , which claims to be the sole legitimate representative of the Libyan people, still has some international recognition (see Foreign relations of the National Transitional Council and Foreign relations of Libya under Gaddafi ).
  ????????  ? Principality of Liechtenstein A ?? A ???
  ?????  ? Republic of Lithuania A ?? A ??? ????? ???? ??? [??? 2]
  ???????  ? Grand Duchy of Luxembourg A ?? A ??? ????? ???? ??? [??? 2]
  ?????  ? Republic of Macedonia A ?? A ??? Because of the Macedonia naming dispute , the country is referred to by the UN and a number of states and international organizations as "the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia".
  ??????  ? Republic of Madagascar A ?? A ??? Madagascar claims the French territories of Banc du Geyser , Juan de Nova Island , and the Glorioso Islands . [3]
  ???  ? Republic of Malawi A ?? A ???
  ???? A ?? A ??? Malaysia is a federation of 13 states and 3 federal territories . Malaysia claims part of the Spratly Islands . [??? 10]
  ?????  ? Republic of Maldives A ?? A ???
  ??  ? Republic of Mali A ?? A ??? Mali claims Azawad , an unrecognised state, as part of its sovereign territory.
  ???  ? Republic of Malta A ?? A ??? ????? ???? ??? [??? 2]
  ???? ????  ? Republic of the Marshall Islands A ?? A ??? Under Compact of Free Association with the United States .
  ?????  ? Islamic Republic of Mauritania A ?? A ???
  ????  ? Republic of Mauritius A ?? A ??? Mauritius has an autonomous island, Rodrigues . [??? 5] Mauritius claims the British Indian Ocean Territory and the French island of Tromelin . [3]
  ????  ? United Mexican States A ?? A ??? Mexico is a federation of 31 states and 1 federal district .
  ???????? ???? ?????? A ?? A ??? Under Compact of Free Association with the United States . The Federated States of Micronesia is a federation of 4 states.
  ????  ? Republic of Moldova A ?? A ??? Moldova has the autonomous regions of Gagauzia and Transnistria , the latter of which has established a de facto state.
  ???  ? Principality of Monaco A ?? A ???
  ????? A ?? A ???
  ?????? A ?? A ???
  ???  ? Kingdom of Morocco A ?? A ??? Morocco claims sovereignty over Western Sahara and controls most of it, which is disputed by the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic . Morocco disputes Spanish sovereignty over Ceuta , Melilla and the " Plazas de soberania ". [3]
  ?????  ? Republic of Mozambique A ?? A ???
Myanmar → Burma ?? ???
ZZZ Nagorno-Karabakh → Nagorno-Karabakh ?? ???
  ????  ? Republic of Namibia A ?? A ???
  ???  ? Republic of Nauru A ?? A ???
  ???  ? Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal A ?? A ??? Nepal is a federation composed of 14 zones .
  ??????? ???? ?????  ? Kingdom of the Netherlands A ?? A ??? ????? ???? ??? [??? 2] The Kingdom of the Netherlands consists of four constituent countries:

The monarch and her ministers form the government of the kingdom as well as the government of the country the Netherlands. Following the dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles in 2010, Curacao and Sint Maarten have become constituent countries, which, alongside Aruba, enjoy considerable autonomy. The other three islands ( Bonaire , Saba , Sint Eustatius ) became special municipalities of the Netherlands.

The designation "Netherlands" can refer to either one of the Kingdom's constituent countries or to the short name for the Kingdom (e.g., in international organizations). The Kingdom of the Netherlands as a whole is a member of the EU, but EU law applies only to parts within Europe.

  ?? ???? A ?? A ??? New Zealand is a ??????? ??? [??? 4] and has responsibilities for (but has no sovereignty over) two freely associated states :

The Cook Islands and Niue have diplomatic relations with 31 and 6 UN members respectively. [24] [25] [26] They have full treaty-making capacity in the UN, [27] and are members of some UN specialized agencies .

New Zealand has the dependent territories of:

The Tokelauan government claims sovereignty over Swains Island , part of American Samoa , a territory of the United States. [28] New Zealand does not recognize the Tokelauan claim. [29]

  ????  ? Republic of Nicaragua A ?? A Claims the San Andres archipelago, currently part of Colombian territorial waters Nicaragua contains 2 autonomous regions, Atlantico Sur and Atlantico Norte . [??? 5]
  ???  ? Republic of Niger A ?? A ???
  ?????  ? Federal Republic of Nigeria A ?? A ??? Nigeria is a federation of 36 states and 1 federal territory .
ZZZ Niue → Niue ?? ???
ZZZ Northern Cyprus → Northern Cyprus ?? ???
  ????  ? Kingdom of Norway A ?? A ??? Svalbard is an integral part of Norway, but has a special status due to the Svalbard Treaty .

Bouvet Island is a dependent territory of Norway. Norway also claims Peter I Island and Queen Maud Land as dependent territories of Norway. [??? 7]

  ???  ? Sultanate of Oman A ?? A ???
  ?????  ? Islamic Republic of Pakistan A ?? A ??? Pakistan is a federation of 4 provinces, 1 capital territory, and tribal regions . Pakistan disputes Indian sovereignty over Kashmir . It exercises control over some areas , but does not explicitly claim any part of it, [30] [31] instead regarding it as a disputed territory. [32] [33] The portions that it controls are divided into two polities, administered separately from Pakistan proper: [??? 17]
  ???  ? Republic of Palau A ?? A ??? Under Compact of Free Association with the United States .
ZZZ Palestine → Palestine ?? ???
  ???  ? Republic of Panama A ?? A ???
  ??? ?? ??  ? Independent State of Papua New Guinea A ?? A ??? Papua New Guinea is a ??????? ??? [??? 4] with 1 autonomous region, Bougainville . [??? 5]
  ????  ? Republic of Paraguay A ?? A ???
  ??  ? Republic of Peru A ?? A ???
  ?????  ? Republic of the Philippines A ?? A ??? The Philippines contains two autonomous regions, the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao [??? 5] and the Cordillera Administrative Region . [34] The Philippines administers Scarborough Shoal and some of the Spratly Islands , [??? 10] and claims sovereignty over the Macclesfield Bank and Sabah , which is part of Malaysia . [3]
  ????  ? Republic of Poland A ?? A ??? ????? ???? ??? [??? 2]
  ?????  ? Portuguese Republic A ?? A ??? ????? ???? ??? [??? 2] Portugal contains 2 autonomous regions, Azores and Madeira . [??? 5] Portugal does not recognize Spanish sovereignty over Olivenza and Taliga . [3]
Pridnestrovie → Transnistria ?? ???
  ???  ? State of Qatar A ?? A ???
  ???? A ?? A ??? ????? ???? ??? [??? 2]
  ???  ? Russian Federation A ?? A ??? Russia is officially a federation of 83  federal subjects (republics, oblasts, krais, autonomous okrugs, federal cities, and an autonomous oblast). Several of the federal subjects are ethnic republics. [??? 5] Sovereignty over the South Kuril Islands is disputed by Japan .
  ????  ? Republic of Rwanda A ?? A ???
ZZZ ???? ??? ??????? ????? → ???? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ???
  ???? ???? ???  ? Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis A ?? A ??? Saint Kitts and Nevis is a ??????? ??? [??? 4] and is a federation [??? 19] of 14 parishes .
  ???? ?? A ?? A ??? Saint Lucia is a ??????? ??? . [??? 4]
  ???? ?????? ? ?????? A ?? A ??? Saint Vincent and the Grenadines is a ??????? ??? . [??? 4]
  ???  ? Independent State of Samoa A ?? A ???
  ?? ???  ? Republic of San Marino A ?? A ???
  ?? ?? ?? ?????  ? Democratic Republic of Sao Tome and Principe A ?? A ??? Sao Tome and Principe contains 1 autonomous province, Principe . [??? 5]
  ??? ????  ? Kingdom of Saudi Arabia A ?? A ???
  ????  ? Republic of Senegal A ?? A ???
  ????  ? Republic of Serbia A ?? A ??? Serbia contains 2 autonomous regions, Vojvodina and Kosovo and Metohija . [??? 5] Most of the latter is under the de facto control of the Republic of Kosovo .
  ????  ? Republic of Seychelles A ?? A ??? Seychelles claims the British Indian Ocean Territory . [3]
  ??? ???  ? Republic of Sierra Leone A ?? A ???
  ?????  ? Republic of Singapore A ?? A ???
  ?????  ? Slovak Republic A ?? A ??? ????? ???? ??? [??? 2]
  ?????  ? Republic of Slovenia A ?? A ??? ????? ???? ??? [??? 2]
  ???? ???? A ?? A ??? The Solomon Islands is a ??????? ??? . [??? 4]
  ????  ? Somali Republic A ?? A ??? Somalia is presently divided with its official government (TFG) controlling only part of the country. Puntland and Galmudug have declared themselves as autonomous regions of Somalia (a claim that the TFG does not recognise), [35] ?????:Request quotation while Somaliland has formed an unrecognised de facto state.
ZZZ Somaliland → Somaliland ?? ???
  ??? ????  ? Republic of South Africa A ?? A ???
South Korea → Korea, Republic of ?? ???
ZZZ South Ossetia → South Ossetia ?? ???
  ??? ???  ? Republic of South Sudan A ?? A ??? South Sudan is a federation of 10 states . Disputes Abyei with the Republic of the Sudan . [3]
  ?????  ? Kingdom of Spain A ?? A ??? ????? ???? ??? [??? 2] Spain is divided into autonomous communities and cities . [??? 5] Sovereignty over Ceuta , Isla de Alboran , Isla Perejil , Islas Chafarinas , Melilla and Penon de Alhucemas is disputed by Morocco . Sovereignty over Olivenza and Taliga is disputed by Portugal . Spain calls for sovereignty over Gibraltar. [3]
  ?? ???  ? Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka A ?? A ??? Formerly known as Ceylon .
  ???  ? Republic of the Sudan A ?? A ??? Sudan is a federation of 17 states . Disputes Abyei and Kafia Kingi with South Sudan .
  ????  ? Republic of Suriname A ?? A ???
  ??????  ? Kingdom of Swaziland A ?? A ???
  ????  ? Kingdom of Sweden A ?? A ??? ????? ???? ??? [??? 2]
  ???????  ? Swiss Confederation A ?? A ??? Switzerland is a federation of 26 cantons .
  ???  ? Syrian Arab Republic A ?? A ??? Israel occupies the Golan Heights . [16]
ZZZ Taiwan (Republic of China) → Taiwan ?? ???
  ??????  ? Republic of Tajikistan A ?? A ??? Tajikistan contains 1 autonomous region, Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province . [??? 5]
  ?????  ? United Republic of Tanzania A ?? A ??? Tanzania contains 1 autonomous region, Zanzibar . [??? 5]
  ?????  ? Kingdom of Thailand A ?? A ???
Timor-Leste → East Timor ?? ???
  ??  ? Togolese Republic A ?? A ???
  ???  ? Kingdom of Tonga A ?? A ???
ZZZ Transnistria → Transnistria ?? ???
  ?????? ???  ? Republic of Trinidad and Tobago A ?? A ??? Trinidad and Tobago contains 1 autonomous region, Tobago . [??? 5]
  ????  ? Republic of Tunisia A ?? A ???
  ???  ? Republic of Turkey A ?? A ???
  ???????? A ?? A ???
  ??? A ?? A ??? Tuvalu is a ??????? ??? . [??? 4]
  ????  ? Republic of Uganda A ?? A ???
  ???? A ?? A ??? Ukraine contains 1 autonomous region, Crimea . [??? 5]
  ?????? ???? ???? A ?? A ??? The United Arab Emirates is a federation of 7 emirates .
  ????? ?????  ? United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland A ?? A ??? ????? ???? ??? [??? 2] The United Kingdom is a ??????? ??? [??? 4] consisting of four countries : England , Northern Ireland , Scotland , and Wales . The United Kingdom has the following overseas territories:

The British monarch has direct sovereignty over three self-governing Crown dependencies:

  ????  ? United States of America A ?? A ??? The United States is a federation of 50 states, 1 federal district , and the incorporated territory of Palmyra Atoll . The United States has sovereignty over the following inhabited possessions and commonwealths:

In addition, there are uninhabited possessions of the United States in the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea: Baker Island , Howland Island , Jarvis Island , Johnston Atoll , Kingman Reef , Midway Atoll , Navassa Island , and Wake Island . The United States also asserts claims to Bajo Nuevo Bank and Serranilla Bank . [3]

  ????  ? Oriental Republic of Uruguay A ?? A ???
  ???????  ? Republic of Uzbekistan A ?? A ??? Uzbekistan contains 1 autonomous region, Karakalpakstan . [??? 5]
  ????  ? Republic of Vanuatu A ?? A ???
  ???? ???  ? State of the Vatican City A UN observer state A ??? Administered by the Holy See , a sovereign entity with diplomatic ties to 179 states . [36] The Holy See is a permanent observer of the UN in the category of "Non-member State" [37] and a member of the IAEA , ITU , UPU , and WIPO . The Vatican City is governed by officials appointed by the Pope , who is the Bishop of the Archdiocese of Rome and ex officio sovereign of Vatican City. The Holy See also administers a number of extraterritorial properties in Italy .
  ?????  ? Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela A ?? A ??? Venezuela is a federation of 23 states, 1 capital district, and federal dependencies .
  ?? ??  ? Socialist Republic of Vietnam A ?? A ??? Vietnam claims sovereignty over the Paracel [??? 16] and Spratly Islands . [??? 10] [3]
  ???  ? Republic of Yemen A ?? A ???
  ????  ? Republic of Zambia A ?? A ???
  ?????  ? Republic of Zimbabwe A ?? A ???
ZZZ ↑ UN member states and observer states ↑ A ZZZ ZZZ
ZZZ AB B
ZZZ ↓ Other states ↓ D AAA ZZZ
  ?????  ? Republic of Abkhazia D No membership ?????:Claimedby Recognised by Russia, Nauru, Nicaragua, Tuvalu, [38] Vanuatu, Venezuela, [39] South Ossetia and Transnistria. [40] Claimed in whole by Georgia as the Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia .
  ???? D No membership ?????:Claimedby Independence from Mali declared on 6 April 2012. [41] No recognitions have been given.
  ?? ???? D Member of some UN specialized agencies A ??? A state in free association with New Zealand , recognized by Japan, [42] Netherlands [43] and China. [44] The Cook Islands is a member of multiple UN agencies with full treaty making capacity. [27] It shares a head of state with New Zealand as well as having shared citizenship .
  ???  ? Republic of Kosovo D Member of some UN specialized agencies ?????:Claimedby Kosovo unilaterally declared independence in 2008 and it has ?????:Numrec and the Republic of China . Pursuant to United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244 , Kosovo is formally under the administration of the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo . Serbia continues to maintain its sovereignty claim over Kosovo. Other UN member states and non UN member states continue to recognise Serbian sovereignty or have taken no position on the question. Kosovo is a member of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank Group . The Republic of Kosovo has de facto control over most of the territory, with limited control in North Kosovo .
  ????  ? Republic of Artsakh D No membership ?????:Claimedby A de facto independent state, [45] [46] recognised only by Abkhazia , [47] South Ossetia [47] and Transnistria . [47] [48] Claimed in whole by ??????? . [49]
  ?? D Member of some UN specialized agencies A ??? A state in free association with New Zealand , recognized by China. [50] Niue is a member of multiple UN agencies with full treaty making capacity. [27] It shares a head of state with New Zealand as well as having shared citizenship .
  ??? ????  ? Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus D No membership Claimed by Cyprus Recognised only by Turkey . It has participated as an observer state of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation under the name "Turkish Cypriot State" since 1979. In addition, the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic regards TRNC as sovereign but Azerbaijan has not followed suit. [ ?? ????? ??????? ] Northern Cyprus is claimed in whole by the Republic of Cyprus . [51]
  ?????  ? State of Palestine D Member of one UN specialized agency ?????:Claimedby The declared State of Palestine has received diplomatic recognition from ?????:Numrec states. [52] The proclaimed state has no agreed territorial borders, or effective control on the territory that it proclaimed. [53] The Palestinian National Authority is an interim administrative body formed as a result of the Oslo Accords that exercises limited autonomous jurisdiction within the Palestinian territories . In foreign relations, Palestine is represented by the Palestine Liberation Organization , which has permanent observer status at the United Nations General Assembly as a non-member entity. [37] The State of Palestine is a member state of UNESCO. [54]
  ???? ??? ??????? ????? D No membership ?????:Claimedby Recognised by 84 other states . It is a founding member of the African Union and the Asian-African Strategic Partnership formed at the 2005 Asian-African Conference . The territories under its control, the so-called Free Zone , are claimed in whole by Morocco as part of its Southern Provinces . In turn, the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic claims the part of Western Sahara to the west of the Moroccan Wall controlled by Morocco. Its government resides in exile in Tindouf , Algeria .
  ??????  ? Republic of Somaliland D No membership ?????:Claimedby A de facto independent state, [55] [56] [57] not diplomatically recognised by any other state, claimed in whole by the Somali Republic . [58]
  ??? ????  ? Republic of South Ossetia D No membership ?????:Claimedby A de facto independent state, [59] recognised by Russia, Nicaragua, Nauru, Venezuela, [39] Abkhazia and Transnistria. [40] Claimed in whole by Georgia as the Provisional Administrative Entity of South Ossetia . [60]
  Taiwan  ? Republic of China [??? 14] D Former UN member state;

Participant in some UN related organizations as "Chinese Taipei"

?????:Claimedby A state competing for recognition with the People's Republic of China as the government of China since 1949. The Republic of China controls the island of Taiwan and associated islands, Quemoy, Matsu, the Pratas and parts of the Spratly Islands , [??? 10] and has not renounced claims over its annexed territories on the mainland . [61] The Republic of China is recognised by ?????:Numrec , including the Holy See. The territory of the Republic of China is claimed in whole by the People's Republic of China. [??? 15] The Republic of China participates in the World Health Organization and a number of non-UN international organizations such as the World Trade Organization , International Olympic Committee and others under a variety of pseudonyms, most commonly " Chinese Taipei ". The Republic of China enjoyed UN membership from 1945 to 1971.
??????????  ? Transnistrian Moldovan Republic (Pridnestrovie, Trans-Dniester) D No membership ?????:Claimedby A de facto independent state, recognised only by Abkhazia and South Ossetia. [40] Claimed in whole by Moldova as the Territorial Unit of Transnistria . [62]
ZZZ ↑ Other states ↑ D ZZZ ZZZ
ZZZZ ZZZZ ZZZZ

Criteria for inclusion [ ??????? | ?? ??? ]

The dominant customary international law standard of statehood is the declarative theory of statehood that defines the state as a person of international law if it "possess[es] the following qualifications: (a) a permanent population; (b) a defined territory; (c) government; and (d) capacity to enter into relations with the other states." Debate exists on the degree to which recognition should be included as a criterion of statehood. The declarative theory of statehood, an example of which can be found in the Montevideo Convention , argues that statehood is purely objective and recognition of a state by other states is irrelevant. On the other end of the spectrum, the constitutive theory of statehood defines a state as a person under international law only if it is recognized as sovereign by other states. For the purposes of this list, included are all states that either:

  • (a) have declared independence and are often regarded as having control over a permanently populated territory

or

  • (b) are recognized as a sovereign state by at least one other sovereign state

Note that in some cases there is a divergence of opinion over the interpretation of the first point, and whether an entity satisfies it is disputed.

On the basis of the above criteria, this list includes the following 207 entities: [63] [Note 1]

???? [ ??????? | ?? ??? ]

  1. ^ ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??? ≪???? ???≫ ??? ??? ?????
  2. ^ ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ????? ???? 27 ???? ????????? ???? (??? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???) ????? ??????? [7]
  3. ^ ???? ????
  4. ^ ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ????? ????
  5. ^ ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ??-?? ???? ????? ????? ???-?? ???? ???? ????? ???
  6. ^ ??????? ?? ????? ???? (???? 35) ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ≪?????? ?????≫? ≪?????? ????≫ ??? ≪??? ? ? ??? ???? ??????≫? ??? ??? ????? ??? ≪?????? ???≫ ????? ??????
  7. ^ ? ? ? ? ? ? ? The continent of Antarctica , including its outlying islands south of 60°S, are held in abeyance under the terms of the Antarctic Treaty System . Under this treaty, territorial claims in this region are neither recognised nor disputed. Claimant countries are Argentina, Australia, Chile, France, New Zealand, Norway, and the United Kingdom, with all those save Argentina and Chile mutually recognising each others claims.
  8. ^ ???? ??? 1967 ?.?. ??? ??? ??? ????
  9. ^ ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? Archived ?? 4, 2015 at the Wayback Machine (14 ????? 1995 ?.?.?.) ??? ???. Office of the High Representative. (??????)
  10. ^ ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ????? ???? ??? ? ??? ???? ????? ? ???? ????? ? ???? ? ????? ?????? ???? ? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????
  11. ^ ??? ????? ??? ??? 1976 ?.?. ??? ?? ??? ≪??? ???≫ ????
  12. ^ ?1981 ?.?. ??? ??? ??? ?? ≪?????≫ ???? ?2003 ?.?.? ?≪?????? ????≫ ?? ≪?????? ???? ?????≫ ?????
  13. ^ ??? ???? ??? ?? ≪???≫ ?? ??? ≪???? ???≫ ??? ???????
  14. ^ ? ? ???? ???? ????? ????? ≪???≫ ??? ???? ????? ????? ≪????≫ ????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ≪ ???? ??? ≫ ??? ??? ??????
  15. ^ ? ? In 1949, the Republic of China government led by the Kuomintang (KMT) lost the Chinese Civil War to the Communist Party of China (CPC) and set up a provisional capital in Taipei . The CPC established the PRC. As such, the political status of the ROC and the legal status of Taiwan (alongside the territories currently under ROC jurisdiction) are in dispute. In 1971, the United Nations gave the China seat to the PRC and the ROC withdrew from the UN. Most states recognise the PRC to be the sole legitimate representative of all China, and the UN classifies Taiwan as " Taiwan, Province of China ". The ROC has de facto relations with most sovereign states. A significant political movement within Taiwan advocates Taiwan independence .
  16. ^ ? ? ???? ? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????
  17. ^ ? ? ? Sovereignty over Kashmir is disputed between India and Pakistan ; smaller parts are disputed by the People's Republic of China and the Republic of China . Kashmir is divided between India, Pakistan and the PRC. See the List of territorial disputes .
  18. ^ ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ????????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?
  19. ^ ? ? ? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???
  20. ^ ??? ???-???? ????? ?1963 ??? 1989 ?.?. ???? ?? ??? ??? ????
  21. ^ A simpler official short-form name has been encouraged by the Czech government: the English variant Czechia remains uncommon, but variants in Czech ( ?esko ) and some other languages are more popular. See Name of the Czech Republic
  22. ^ The government of East Timor uses "Timor-Leste" as the English translation.
  23. ^ Aland was demilitarised by the Treaty of Paris in 1856, which was later affirmed by the League of Nations in 1921, and in a somewhat different context reaffirmed in the treaty on Finland's admission to the European Union in 1995.
  24. ^ The Irish state is often referred to as the Republic of Ireland (its official description but not its name ). Sometimes this is done to distinguish the state from the island of Ireland as a whole. However, sometimes it is done for political reasons and is contentious .
  25. ^ ? ? Both North Korea and South Korea claim to be the sole legitimate government of Korea . See also Foreign relations of North Korea and Foreign relations of South Korea .
  1. ^ The non-state sovereign entity Order of Malta is not included. It claims neither statehood nor any territory. Entities considered to be micronations are not included. It is often up to debate whether a micronation truly controls its claimed territory. Also omitted from this list are all uncontacted peoples , either who live in societies that cannot be defined as states or whose statuses as such are not definitively known.

References [ ??????? | ?? ??? ]

  1. ^ "Andorra country profile" . BBC News . http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/country_profiles/992562.stm#leaders ?8 November 2011 ???? .  
  2. ^ Government of Antigua and Barbuda. " Chapter 44: The Barbuda Local Government Act ". Laws of Antigua and Barbuda . Archived from the original on 2011-07-06. ?2010-11-10 ?????.
  3. ^ ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? " Disputes - International ". CIA World Factbook. Archived from the original on 14 May 2011. ?8 November 2011 ?????.
  4. ^ Government of the United States, Congress, Office of Technology Assessment (1989). Polar prospects: a minerals treaty for Antarctica . United States Government Printing Office. p. 43. ISBN   978-1-4289-2232-7 .   "Mutual recognition of claims has been limited to Australia, France, New Zealand, Norway, and the United Kingdom ... Chile and Argentina do not recognize each other's claims ..."
  5. ^ Pakistan Worldview - Report 21 - Visit to Azerbaijan Archived ????? 19, 2009 at the Wayback Machine Senate of Pakistan ? Senate foreign relations committee, 2008
  6. ^ Nilufer Bakhtiyar: "For Azerbaijan Pakistan does not recognise Armenia as a country" 13 September 2006 [14:03] - Today.Az
  7. ^ Europa , retrieved 28 February 2011
  8. ^ "Myanmar gets new flag, official name, anthem" . Reuters. 21 October 2010 . http://ca.reuters.com/article/topNews/idCATRE69K2HM20101021 ?22 October 2010 ???? .  
  9. ^ ????? ?? ?????? ???? 1?
  10. ^ See Republic of Turkey Ministry for European Union Affairs Archived ?????? 26, 2015 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved June 12, 2012 .
  11. ^ "Rotuma Act" . Laws of Fiji (1978 ed.). Suva, Fiji: Government of Fiji. 1927 . http://www.itc.gov.fj/lawnet/fiji_act/cap122.html ?2010-07-10 ???? .   Archived ???? 19, 2005 at the Wayback Machine " Archive copy ". Archived from the original on 2005-04-19. ?2012-07-07 ?????. ?????:Dead link
  12. ^ Government of Fiji, Office of the Prime Minister (1978). " Chapter 122: Rotuma Act ". Laws of Fiji . University of the South Pacific. ?2010-11-10 ?????.
  13. ^ Constitution of Greece, Art. 105.
  14. ^ Source: Iraqi constitution
  15. ^ " Constitution of Ireland ? Burnreacht na hEireann ". Government of Ireland. Archived from the original on 13 October 2012. ?8 November 2011 ?????. “Article 3: It is the firm will of the Irish Nation...to unite all the people who share the territory of the island of Ireland...recognising that a united Ireland shall be brought about only by peaceful means”
  16. ^ ? ? Occupied territory:
  17. ^ Gold, Dore; Institute for Contemporary Affairs (26 August 2005). " Legal Acrobatics: The Palestinian Claim that Gaza is Still "Occupied" Even After Israel Withdraws ". Jerusalem Issue Brief, Vol. 5, No. 3 . Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs. Archived from the original on 2010-06-21. ?2010-07-16 ?????.
  18. ^ Bell, Abraham (28 January 2008). " International Law and Gaza: The Assault on Israel's Right to Self-Defense ". Jerusalem Issue Brief, Vol. 7, No. 29 . Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs. Archived from the original on 2010-06-21. ?2010-07-16 ?????.
  19. ^ ?????:Cite press release
  20. ^ Salih, Zak M. (17 November 2005). " Panelists Disagree Over Gaza’s Occupation Status ". University of Virginia School of Law. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. ?2010-07-16 ?????.
  21. ^ " Israel: 'Disengagement' Will Not End Gaza Occupation ". Human Rights Watch (29 October 2004). Archived from the original on 2020-07-12. ?2010-07-16 ?????.
  22. ^ " Treaty on Basic Relations between Japan and the Republic of Korea ". ?2008-10-27 ?????.
  23. ^ Keun Min. " Greetings ". Jeju Special Self-Governing Province. ?2010-11-10 ?????.
  24. ^ Federal Foreign Office of Germany (November 2009). " Beziehungen zu Deutschland ". Government of Germany. ?2010-07-16 ?????. For more information, see Foreign relations of the Cook Islands .
  25. ^ China Internet Information Centre (13 December 2007). " Full text of joint communique on the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and Niue ". Xinhua News Agency. ?2010-07-16 ?????.
  26. ^ Republic of Nauru Permanent Mission to the United Nations. " Foreign Affairs ". United Nations. ?2010-07-16 ?????.
  27. ^ ? ? ? http://untreaty.un.org/cod/repertory/art102/english/rep_supp8_vol6-art102_e_advance.pdf
  28. ^ Radio New Zealand International (26 March 2007). " American Samoa governor ready to resist Tokelau’s claim to Swains Island ". Radio New Zealand Ltd. ?2010-07-16 ?????.
  29. ^ Government of New Zealand; Government of Tokelau (8 October 2007). " Draft Constitution of Tokelau ? English ". New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs & Trade. Archived from the original on 2010-05-22. ?2010-07-16 ?????.
  30. ^ Constitution of Pakistan, Art. 1.
  31. ^ Aslam, Tasnim (11 December 2006). "'Pakistan Does Not Claim Kashmir As An Integral Part...'" . Outlook India (The Outlook Group) . http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?233374 .  
  32. ^ Williams, Kristen P. (2001). Despite nationalist conflicts: theory and practice of maintaining world peace . Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 154?155. ISBN   978-0-275-96934-9 . http://books.google.com/?id=OYmurpH3ahsC .  
  33. ^ Pruthi, R.K. (2001). An Encyclopaedic Survey Of Global Terrorism In 21St Century . Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd.. pp. 120?121. ISBN   978-81-261-1091-9 . http://books.google.com/?id=C3yDkKDbZ3YC .  
  34. ^ " EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 220 July 15, 1987 ". ?2011-07-29 ?????.
  35. ^ Weller, Marc; Nobbs, Katherine (2010). Asymmetric Autonomy and the Settlement of Ethnic Conflicts . Philadelphia, United States: University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN   978-0-8122-4230-0 . http://books.google.com/?id=ru-DIWuuObEC .  
  36. ^ " Bilateral relations of the Holy See ". Holy See website. ?2012-06-05 ?????.
  37. ^ ? ? " Non-member States and Entities ". United Nations (29 February 2008). ?30 August 2010 ?????.
  38. ^ " On the establishment of diplomatic relations between Republic of Abkhazia and Tuvalu. | The Ministry of Foreign Affairs Republic of Abkhazia ". Mfaabkhazia.net. Archived from the original on 2011-11-11. ?2011-12-18 ?????.
  39. ^ ? ? "Chavez Backs Abkhazia, South Ossetia" . St. Petersburg Times . Associated Press. 27 July 2010 . http://www.times.spb.ru/index.php?action_id=2&story_id=32067 ?5 June 2011 ???? .  
  40. ^ ? ? ? " Абхазия, Южная Осетия и Приднестровье признали независимость друг друга и призвали всех к этому же " (?Russian). newsru.com ( 2006-11-17 ). ?2011-06-05 ?????.
  41. ^ " Declaration D’Independance de L'Azawad ". National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad ( 2012-04-06 ). Archived from the original on 2012-10-18. ?2012-04-06 ?????.
  42. ^ " Lecture by Prime Minister Puna of the Cook Islands -State recognition of the Cook Islands to lead to furthering cooperation ". Meiji University ( 2011-06-22 ). ?2012-01-14 ?????.
  43. ^ "Cook Islands and the Netherlands establish Diplomatic Relations" . The Cook Islands Herald. 2011-08-17 . http://www.ciherald.co.ck/articles/h577a.htm ?2012-01-14 ???? .  
  44. ^ " Joint Communique Between the People's Republic of China and the Cook Islands on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations ". The Embassy of the People's Republic of China in New Zealand ( 2003-10-27 ). ?2012-01-14 ?????.
  45. ^ Kruger, Heiko (2010). The Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict: A Legal Analysis . Springer. p. 55. ISBN   978-3-642-11787-9 . http://books.google.com/books?id=7JDCQu-Us8sC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA55#v=onepage&q&f=false .  
  46. ^ Nikoghosyan, Hovhannes (August 2010). "Kosovo ruling implications for Armenia and Azerbaijan" . HULIQ.com (Hareyan Publishing, LLC) . http://www.huliq.com/1/803-kosovo-ruling-implications-armenia-and-azerbaijan ?2011-04-17 ???? .  
  47. ^ ? ? ? Вице-спикер парламента Абхазии: Выборы в НКР соответствуют всем международным стандартам : "Абхазия, Южная Осетия, НКР и Приднестровье уже давно признали независимость друг друга и очень тесно сотрудничают между собой", - сказал вице-спикер парламента Абхазии. ... "...Абхазия признала независимость Нагорно-Карабахской Республики..." - сказал он."
  48. ^ " In detail: The foreign policy of Pridnestrovie ". Pridnestrovie ( 2010-05-26 ). Archived from the original on 2008-05-11. ?2010-06-29 ?????.
  49. ^ See Regions and territories : Nagorno-Karabakh (17 January 2006). BBC News. Retrieved January 17, 2006.
  50. ^ " Joint Comminuque on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations Between Niue and the People's Republic of China ". Embassy of the People's Republic of China in Lithuania ( 2007-12-19 ). ?2012-02-07 ?????.
  51. ^ See The World Factbook|Cyprus Archived ????? 26, 2018 at the Wayback Machine (10 January 2006). Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved January 17, 2006 .
  52. ^ Palestine Liberation Organization. " Road For Palestinian Statehood: Recognition and Admission ". Negotiations Affairs Department. ?2011-07-28 ?????.
  53. ^ See the following on statehood criteria: "...the Palestinian State also meets the traditional criteria under the Montevideo Convention..."; "...the fact that a majority of states have recognized Palestine as a State should easily fulfill the requisite state practice". "It is possible, however, to argue for Palestinian statehood based on the constitutive theory". "Whether one applies the criteria of statehood set out in the Montevideo Convention or the more widely accepted constitutive theory of statehood, Palestine might be considered a state."
  54. ^ United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. " Arab States: Palestine ". United Nations. ?3 December 2011 ?????.
  55. ^ International Crisis Group (23 May 2006), "Somaliland: Time for African Union leadership" , Africa Report (110): 10?13, archived from the original on 2011-07-20 , https://web.archive.org/web/20110720022321/http://www.operationspaix.net/IMG/pdf/ICG_Somaliland_AU_Leadership_2006-05-23_.pdf ?2011-04-19 ????  
  56. ^ Mesfin, Berouk (September 2009), "The political development of Somaliland and its conflict with Puntland" , ISS Paper (Institute for Security Studies) (200): 8 , http://www.somalilandtimes.net/sl/2009/403/P200.pdf ?2011-04-19 ????  
  57. ^ Arieff, Alexis, "De Facto Statehood? The Strange Case of Somaliland" , Yale Journal of International Affairs (Spring/Summer 2008), archived from the original on 2011-12-13 , https://web.archive.org/web/20111213214545/http://yalejournal.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/083206arieff.pdf ?2011-04-17 ????  
  58. ^ See Regions and territories : Somaliland (30 December 2005). BBC News. Retrieved January 17, 2006.
  59. ^ Jansen, Dinah (2009), "The Conflict between Self-Determination and Territorial Integrity: the South Ossetian Paradigm" , Geopolitics vs. Global Governance: Reinterpreting International Security (Centre for Foreign Policy Studies, University of Dalhousie): 222?242, ISBN   978-1-896440-61-3 , http://centreforforeignpolicystudies.dal.ca/pdf/gradsymp09/Jansen.pdf  
  60. ^ "Russia condemned for recognizing rebel regions" . CNN.com (Cable News Network). 2008-08-26 . http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/europe/08/26/russia.vote.georgia/index.html ?2008-08-26 ???? .  
  61. ^ "Ma refers to China as ROC territory in magazine interview" . Taipei Times . 2008-10-08 . http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2008/10/08/2003425320 .  
  62. ^ 'See Regions and territories : Trans-Dniester (13 December 2005). BBC News. Retrieved January 17, 2006.
  63. ^ The following bullets are grouped according to the availability of sources for the two criteria ((a) and/or (b)). This arrangement is not intended to reflect the relative importance of the two theories. Additional details are discussed in the state's individual entries.

Bibliography [ ??????? | ?? ??? ]

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