Ui-thoan-chu

Ui-thoan-chu ( tek. gen " Oa-im: " gen " "; eng. gene " Oa-im: " jin " "; jit. 遺?子) s? seng-bu?t e ui-thoan-the ( genome ) l?i-b?n e chi?t t?aⁿ ti-toa ( sequence ), s? seng-bu?t e ui-thoan tan-goan. Seng-bu?t e hoat-io?k kap kok i?ⁿ e piau-heng ( phenotype ) s? ui-thoan-chu kap khoan-keng kau-h?? chok-i?ng e kiat-ko.

To?-h?n e ui-thoan-chu s? DNA hun-chu cho?-seng--e. Ki-tiong ?-e p??-h?n ?-sai choan-sia cho mRNA , mRNA koh-lai ?-sai hoan-e?k ( translation ) cho nn?g-pe?h-chit . Chit-e koe-teng s? ui-thoan-chu piau-ta?t ( gene expression ), so? che-ch? e nn?g-pe?h-chit kap RNA kio-cho ui-thoan-chu san-bu?t .

I?ng-gi

Khah goan-su e khai-li?m s? Gregor Mendel kun-ku i t? 1860 ni-t?i tui hoe-lian-t?u ( Pisum sativum ) e gian-kiu so? the-chhut. I hoat-kian ?-e ui-thoan seng-chit ? hun-soaⁿ chhut-hi?n e te?k-sek.

T? 1889 ni , Hugo de Vries t? i e ti-chok Intracellular Pangenesis l?i-b?n su-i?ng "pangen" l?i piau-s? Mendel ha?k-soat l?i-te e ui-thoan tan-goan khai-li?m (hit-tong-si De Vries kho-leng iau m?-chai Mendel e gian-kiu). ?u-lai, Wilhelm Johannsen koh k? "pangen" kan-lio?k cho "gen", Eng-gi hoan-e?k choe "gene".

T?ng-g? b?n-te

Ui-thoan-chu khah k?-sek e koan-li?m s? chi?t t?aⁿ DNA s?-lia?t, pun t?aⁿ DNA ?-sai hong choan-sia cho RNA , ji-chhia chin chi?t p?? hoan-e?k cho ?-tang au cho tan-pe?h-chit chham-ka se-pau t?i-si? kap ko?-ch? e polypeptide . M?-koh chiau kho-ha?k si?ng tui ui-thoan hi?n-si?ng e siong-se liau-kai lai kong, kai-li?m si?ng hi?n-taⁿ "ui-thoan-chu" i-keng chin phaiⁿ cho chhut thong-it e t?ng-g?, i kun-ku ko-pia?t e si?t-gi?m su-kiu, t? ko-pia?t e gian-kiu l?i-b?n ? ka-t? e bo sio-siang e su-i?ng hong-sek. Chong-s? ui-thoan-chu oa-na thang cho kai-lio?k-seng e ?ng-gi, pang-ch?? kho-ha?k-ka tin-su?t DNA e seng-bu?t ki-leng ^[1].

Kong-leng khai-li?m kap bu?t-chit ki-chho?

T? ko?-tian ui-thoan-ha?k l?i-b?n, ui-thoan-chu s? jiam-sek-the teng-b?n e ui-thoan bu?t-chit, i pun-sin kap ki-tha e ui-thoan-chu, koat-t?ng liau seng-bu?t ko-the e khoan-sit ( characteristic ). I tui-eng chi?t t?aⁿ ui-thoan bu?t-chit, it-poaⁿ s? DNA (p??-h?n s? RNA ). Chi?t-e ui-thoan-chu e ch? khoan heng-sek, kio cho i-e tui-ngo?-chu (alleles), keng-koe tu?t-pian (mutation) ? san-seng sin-e tui-ngo?-chu khoan-i?ⁿ. Chiau ko?-tian i-g?, ui-thoan-chu ?-tang t?ng-g? cho ?-sai si? teng-cho? (recombination) an-pai he?k-chia s? tu?t-pian ia?h khong-che it-t?ng ki-leng, e ui-thoan choe-sio tan-goan. ^[2]

N? t? hun-chu e koan-tiam lai kong ui-thoan-chu s? se-pau beh che-ch? RNA he?k-chia s? polypeptide san-bu?t so? su-iau e kui lia?t hu?t-sng s?-lia?t, chiau chit khoan i-g?, ui-thoan-chu put-tan pau-koat toa bi?t-be khu-t?aⁿ e cistron , m? ham ki-tha koan-h? khong-che choan-sia e khu-t?aⁿ, chia-e p?? h?n ? kho-leng ki cistron chin hn?g. Ui-thoan-chu ?-tang hun cho saⁿ khoan: ko?-ch? ui-thoan-chu ( structural genes ) s? ham kaⁿ-so? kap ki-thah tan-pe?h-chit e polypeptide e bi?t-be e ui-thoan-chu; koh ? RNA ui-thoan-chu, s? ham ribosome RNA kap choan-sang RNA bi?t-be e ui-thoan-chu; koh ? tiau-chiat ui-thoan-chu ( regulator genes ), s? tiau-cheng pa?t khoan ui-thoan-chu piau-ta?t e ui-thoan-chu. ^[2]

Ui-thoan-the chan-b?n

Ui-thoan-chu e so?-li?ng

Ui-thoan-the e chhun-chhioh, he?k-chia kong ui-thoan-chu e so?-li?ng, t? bo kang seng-bu?t ? chin t?a e chha-pia?t. Si?ng sio e ui-thoan-the, s? chhut-hi?n t? p?ⁿ-to?k , si?ng chio taⁿ 2-e thang seng-san t?n-pe?h-chit e ui-thoan-chu; ^[3] he?k-chia chhi?ⁿ l?i-p?ⁿ-to?k ( viroid ), pun-sin s? chi?t-e RNA ui-thoan-the. ^[4] N? si?ng t?a li?ng e ui-thoan-chu chhut-hi?n t? si?t-bu?t, phi-ju ti?-a ? chhiau-koe 46,000 e t?n-pe?h-chit pian-be ui-thoan-chu. ^[5]

Koan-lian bun-chiuⁿ

Hun-chu seng-bu?t-ha?k

Chham-kho

↑ Raphael Falk (2010). "What is a gene??Revisited". Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences . 41 (4). doi : 10.1016/j.shpsc.2010.10.014 .
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Robert Hine (2005). "gene". The Facts On File Dictionary of Biology (4 pan.). Facts On File. ISBN 978-0-8160-5647-7 .
↑ Belyi, V. A.; Levine, A. J.; Skalka, A. M. (22 September 2010). "Sequences from Ancestral Single-Stranded DNA Viruses in Vertebrate Genomes: the Parvoviridae and Circoviridae Are More than 40 to 50 Million Years Old" . Journal of Virology . 84 (23): 12458?12462. doi : 10.1128/JVI.01789-10 . PMC 2976387   . PMID 20861255 .
↑ Flores, Ricardo; Di Serio, Francesco; Hernandez, Carmen (February 1997). "Viroids: The Noncoding Genomes". Seminars in Virology . 8 (1): 65?73. doi : 10.1006/smvy.1997.0107 .
↑ Yu J, Hu S, Wang J, Wong GK, Li S, Liu B, Deng Y, Dai L, Zhou Y, Zhang X, Cao M, Liu J, Sun J, Tang J, Chen Y, Huang X, Lin W, Ye C, Tong W, Cong L, Geng J, Han Y, Li L, Li W, Hu G, Huang X, Li W, Li J, Liu Z, Li L, Liu J, Qi Q, Liu J, Li L, Li T, Wang X, Lu H, Wu T, Zhu M, Ni P, Han H, Dong W, Ren X, Feng X, Cui P, Li X, Wang H, Xu X, Zhai W, Xu Z, Zhang J, He S, Zhang J, Xu J, Zhang K, Zheng X, Dong J, Zeng W, Tao L, Ye J, Tan J, Ren X, Chen X, He J, Liu D, Tian W, Tian C, Xia H, Bao Q, Li G, Gao H, Cao T, Wang J, Zhao W, Li P, Chen W, Wang X, Zhang Y, Hu J, Wang J, Liu S, Yang J, Zhang G, Xiong Y, Li Z, Mao L, Zhou C, Zhu Z, Chen R, Hao B, Zheng W, Chen S, Guo W, Li G, Liu S, Tao M, Wang J, Zhu L, Yuan L, Yang H (April 2002). "A draft sequence of the rice genome (Oryza sativa L. ssp. indica)". Science . 296 (5565): 79?92. Bibcode : 2002Sci...296...79Y . doi : 10.1126/science.1068037 . PMID 11935017 .

[1] Raphael Falk (2010). "What is a gene??Revisited". Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences . 41 (4). doi : 10.1016/j.shpsc.2010.10.014 .

[factsOnFile2005-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Robert Hine (2005). "gene". The Facts On File Dictionary of Biology (4 pan.). Facts On File. ISBN 978-0-8160-5647-7 .

[3] Belyi, V. A.; Levine, A. J.; Skalka, A. M. (22 September 2010). "Sequences from Ancestral Single-Stranded DNA Viruses in Vertebrate Genomes: the Parvoviridae and Circoviridae Are More than 40 to 50 Million Years Old" . Journal of Virology . 84 (23): 12458?12462. doi : 10.1128/JVI.01789-10 . PMC 2976387   . PMID 20861255 .

[4] Flores, Ricardo; Di Serio, Francesco; Hernandez, Carmen (February 1997). "Viroids: The Noncoding Genomes". Seminars in Virology . 8 (1): 65?73. doi : 10.1006/smvy.1997.0107 .

[pmid11935017-5] Yu J, Hu S, Wang J, Wong GK, Li S, Liu B, Deng Y, Dai L, Zhou Y, Zhang X, Cao M, Liu J, Sun J, Tang J, Chen Y, Huang X, Lin W, Ye C, Tong W, Cong L, Geng J, Han Y, Li L, Li W, Hu G, Huang X, Li W, Li J, Liu Z, Li L, Liu J, Qi Q, Liu J, Li L, Li T, Wang X, Lu H, Wu T, Zhu M, Ni P, Han H, Dong W, Ren X, Feng X, Cui P, Li X, Wang H, Xu X, Zhai W, Xu Z, Zhang J, He S, Zhang J, Xu J, Zhang K, Zheng X, Dong J, Zeng W, Tao L, Ye J, Tan J, Ren X, Chen X, He J, Liu D, Tian W, Tian C, Xia H, Bao Q, Li G, Gao H, Cao T, Wang J, Zhao W, Li P, Chen W, Wang X, Zhang Y, Hu J, Wang J, Liu S, Yang J, Zhang G, Xiong Y, Li Z, Mao L, Zhou C, Zhu Z, Chen R, Hao B, Zheng W, Chen S, Guo W, Li G, Liu S, Tao M, Wang J, Zhu L, Yuan L, Yang H (April 2002). "A draft sequence of the rice genome (Oryza sativa L. ssp. indica)". Science . 296 (5565): 79?92. Bibcode : 2002Sci...296...79Y . doi : 10.1126/science.1068037 . PMID 11935017 .

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]