? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? 1861 ???
?????
????
?????? ???
(
??????
:
Labor Day
) ??? ?? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ???. ?? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?????
?????????
. ??????????? ????? ?? ?????????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ??? ???????????, ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????. ???? ????? ????????? ????????? ??????????? ???????, ???
??? ????
???
???????????
.
?? ??? ??? ????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ? ??? ??? ???????? ??? ???????, ????? ?? ?????? ??????????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ???? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ? ????? ???? ??? ????????? ?? ????????? ????????.
??? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?????? "????????'? ???" ??? ??? ????? ??? ???
???
, ???? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ???, ???? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ????????? ??? ??? ??? 1880.
1882
??
??????????????? ??????? ?????????
??? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ???, ???? ??? ??????
??????
???? ??? ???????????? ???
??????
?????? ??? ??? ??? 1886 (?????? ??? ??
????????? ??????
), ??? ?????????
??????? ?????????
??????? ?? ??? ???? ???????? ? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??? ? ???????? ??? ?? ??????. ???? ??
????????
??? ??? ???? ???? ?????????, ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ??????????
??????? ??????
????? ?????????? ??? ??
??????????????????
, ??? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ????????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?????.
?? ?????
??????
??? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ?????????? ???? ??
?????? ??? ??????
?????, ????
??????????
???? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ?????????
?? ????? ????
?????, ? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ??? ?? ????????? ???????????. ??? ????????? ??????????
??????? ???
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.
??? ??? ??? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????, ??? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???.
- ???????? ????????? ????? ?????? ???
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