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????????????? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ???????, ???? ????????? , ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ???????. ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ????????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????????, ???????????? ?? ???? ??? ???? . ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ???? ???? . ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ????-???? ?????? ??? ??????? , ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ???????. ?? ????????? ??? ??? ???????????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ????-???? ??? ???????.

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???? ??? 9?? ?????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ????????? ????-???????? ??????????. ?? ????????????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ? ???? ??? ??????? ??? 1284. ??? 1707 ????? ??????? ??? ???????, ???? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????, ?????????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????????? ????????? ??? ???????? . ??? 1801 ??? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ?????, ???? ????? ??? ??????????? ????????? ??? ???????? ??? ??????? . ??? 1922 ??? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ? ????????? ?????, ??????????? 6 ????????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ????????. ?? ????? ??? ??????????? ??? ???????? ????? ??? 1927.

????????'? ?????????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? 18?? ??????????. ??? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ????????'? ??????? "????????". ?? ????????, ?? ????????????, ?? ????????, ?? ????????? ?????????, ?? ???????????? ????? ??? ???????????? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ????.

?? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ????. ??? ????? ?????????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ???????????? ???????. ??? ???? ?? ?? ???????? ????? ????????? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ???????: ?? ???? ???? ??? ?????? (????? ????? ??? ????????????) ??? ?????? ???, ??? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??????'? ???????, ?? ???? ?????????? ??????? ??? ??????, ??? ????????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ?????, ???? ??????? ??? ?????, ???, ???????? (???????), ??? ???? ??????? ????? (?????), ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ???????? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ???????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ????????? ??? ??? ????.

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??? ??????????? ????????? ??? ? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ?????????. ??? 94,251 ???????? ???? (244,110 ???????? ?????????) ??? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???? ???????? , ???? ????? ??????, ????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? . ??? ??????????? ????????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? (? ???????? ??? ?????? ) ??? ???? ??????? , ???? ?????? ??? ??? ????????, ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ????????, ??? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ???????, ??????????? ???? ???? ??? ????????? (?????) ??? ? ?? ???. ???? ??? ???????????? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ??? 300 ??? ??? ? ???. ??? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????????? ????? .

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??? ???? ? ?????? ????? ????? ??????????? ????????? ???? ??? ???.‏ [2] ??? ??? 2011 ?????? ??? ?? ??"? ??????????? ????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? 63,181,775.‏ [3] ?? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??????????? ???????, ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????????? ??? ?? 21??? ?????? ??? ??? ?????.‏ [4] ?????? 2001 ??? 2011 ??? ?? ??????????? ??????? ??? ? ???????????? ???????? ???? ??? ???????? 0.7 ???????.‏ [3] ??? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? 0.3 ??????? ? ??? ??? 1991 ??? 2001 ??? 0.2 ??????? ????? ????????? 1981 ??? 1991.‏ [4] ??? 2011 ?????? ??? ????????? ?? ?? ????????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? 65 ??? ??? ????? ??????? (??? 5 ?? 16 ???????).‏ [3]

??????? ??????????? ??? 2011 ??? ?????? 53 ??????.‏ [5] ?? ??? ????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????, ??? 383 ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ?"? ??? 2003,‏ [6] ??? ??? ?????? ???????????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ?????????.‏ [7] ??? 2011 ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ?? 5.3 ??????,‏ [8] ?????? ?? 3.06 ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? 1.81 ??????.‏ [5] ?? ??????????? ??? ??????? ??? ???????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ??????????? ????????? ??? ??? ????? ??? 2001 ??? 2011, ??? ? ????????? ??? 7.9%.

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????, ?????? ??? ????? ????????? ?????, ??? ???? ????????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ? ???????????????? ???. ???????? ???? ??? ?? ???????? ????? ???????? ??? ????? 3,000 ??????. ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??????.

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?? ????? ???????? ????? ? ????? ??? 90 ???????? ???? ???? ????????. ?? ???????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ????????. ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ? ??-???? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ?????-?????. ???? ??? ????????? ??? ?????? ???????????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ? ????? ????.

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???? ??? ???? ??? ??????????? ????????? ????? ?? ??? ????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??????????? ????????? ???? ???? ? ????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ?? ?? ????????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?????. ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ???????????? ????? ??? ?? ??????????? ??? ??????. ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????????: ????????? ??? ????????????. ?? ????????????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????. ?? ?????????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ????????????. ??? ??????????? ????????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???.

?? ????????? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????? ???????????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ????????. ?? ?????? ????????? ????? ?????????????? ??? ?? ????????? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ????????. ???? ??? ?? ?????????? ??????? ? ???????? ??? ?? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???. ???? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ????????????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????????. ??? ???????, ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ????????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ??????????? ?? ???? ??? 1997 ?????? ???? ????????? ?????? ??? ??????????.

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??????, ???????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ???????? ????. ?? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????????, ?????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ????-???? ?????????. ?? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ????????? ??? ?? ????-???? ??? ???????. ?? ????? ??? ???? ? ??? ??? 160 ???? (260 ?????????) ??? ???? ?? ????, ?????????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ???????. ?? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ???????. ?? ???? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ???????? , ?? ?????? ????? ??? ????????. ???? ??? ??????'? ??????????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????. ???? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?????.

???????? ??? ??? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ????. ?? ?????? ????? ????????? ???? 2,800 ??? (850 ?????) ????. ?? ?????? ???? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ????'? ????????? ??????. ??? ?????? ??? ????????, ??? ? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ????, ??? ????????'? ?????????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ?? ????. ???? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ??????????.

???? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????. ??? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ? ????? ?????. ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ???, ?? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? 18 ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? 11 ???? ??? ??? ?????. ??? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ????-????, ?????? ????????? ? ???????? ???????? ??? 2,796 ??? (852 ?????) ?????'? ?? ????. ???? ??????? ??? ????????? ????????? ??? ???????? ???'? ??????'? ??. ?? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??? 13 ???? (21 ?????????) ??? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???????'? ???? ??? ??? ???? ????????'? ????. ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ???????????? ??? ????? 3,500 ??? (????? ?????? ?????) ????. ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ? ???? ??? ?? ?????????? ????. ?? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ????????? ??? ??????.

?? ?????????? ???? [ ?????????? | ?????????? ??????????? ]

??? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? (????'? ???), ???????'???? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ???'? ?? ????. ?? ?????? ???? ????????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???????? ???? (??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??????) ??? ?? ???? ??? ???????????. ??? ??? ??? ?? ?????????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??? 500 ??? (150 ?????) ????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????????? ? ???????? ??? 1,000 ??? (300 ?????) ????. ?? ?????????? ???? ??? ?????? ????????? ??? ??? ???????? ???? ?????. ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??????'? ??????????? ??????? ?????????????? ??? ?? ?????????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???????. ?? ?????????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ?????????? ????.

???? ??? ?????? [ ?????????? | ?????????? ??????????? ]

?????, ??????, ??? ??????? [ ?????????? | ?????????? ??????????? ]

??????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ????. ?? ????? ????? ????? ? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ???. ?? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?????. ?? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?????.

??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????'? ????????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?????????.

?? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ???? (215 ????, 346 ?"?) ??? ??? ??????? (220 ????, 354 ?"?). ??? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? . ??? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ????? . ??? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ?????????? ?????. ??? ???????? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ???? (117 ????, 188 ?"?), ??? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ???? (76 ????, 122 ?"?) ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? (75 ????, 121 ?"?).

???? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?????????? ????????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ???????, ??? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ????. ???? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ????.

?? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ??????????? ????????? ?????:

  • ???? ???????: ??? ??? (147.39 ???????? ????, 381.74 ?"?²)
  • ????????: ??? ?????? (27.46 ???????? ????, 71.12 ?"?²)
  • ???????: ?????????? (5.69 ???????? ????, 14.74 ?"?²)
  • ??????: ???? ????? (1.87 ???????? ????, 4.84 ?"?²)

????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ????????? ? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????????. ?? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???-??? ??? ?????. ?? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ? ?????? ????? ?? ?????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ????????? ?????? ???????.

?????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ???????, ??? ??? ? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????????????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??????. ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??????????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ??????????? ? ????? ?? ??? ? ????? 10.7 ??????? ??? ??? ?????????? ????????? ???? ??? ??? ????????.

??? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ??? ???? 8 ???????. ??? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? 25 ??????? ???????. ??????? ????????? ???????? 15 ??????? ??? ??? ???? ???????. ??? ??????? ????? ?????????? ??? ????????. ?? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?? ???????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????. ??? ???? ??????????? ????????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ? ?????? ?? ?????? ? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ????. ???? ? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?????????? ???????????? ??????????.

???????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? [ ?????????? | ?????????? ??????????? ]

??????'? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????, ???? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ?????????? ???? ??? ???????. ????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????????. ????? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ???????? (???? ????? ??????? ??? ?????) ??? ???????? ?????? ?????'? ?????? ??? ??? ???????? ??? ????? (??????? ???? ?????) ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ??????. ????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????????? ??????? ???? ?? ????.

???????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ???. ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??????????? ??????????, ????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ????????? ????????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ???????? ???? ???????. ??? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??????. ?? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?????????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?????????????. ????? ?? ??? ????????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ?????????? ??? ?????? ??????.

???????? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????????? ??????? , ?????? ??? ??.??., ??? ? ???? ??? ???? ??? ????????? ??? ?????? ????? ? ????????? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ????????. ??? ?? ????????? ???? ??? ???????? ????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ????. ??? 969' ??? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?? ????'? ???? ???? ??? ????????. ??? ??? 975' ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ????. ????? ?? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????????? ??? ???? ??? ????????? ???. ??? ???? ???????? ????? ?? ??????????? ??????. ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????????????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??? ?????????????. ???? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? 27 ??????? ??? ??? ????'? ??????? ???????. ?? ??????? ?????????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????.

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????????????? ???????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ??? ??? ?????????? ????????? ????? ??? ??????? ? ???? ?????? ??? ??????????? ??? ??????, ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??????????? ?????????, ????? ?? ???????????? ??? ??? ???. ??????????? ?? ?????? ????????????????? ??????, ??? ???????? ? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ????????????. ?? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????????? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ?? ????????????? ??????????. ???? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ????, ??? ?? ???? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????????? ?????????? ??? ?? ??-?? ?????? ??? ??? ?????????? ??? ???????? ??? ??????? ????????.

???? ??????? ??? ???????? ???? ????????? ??? ????????????? ????????, ???????? ?? ????? ???????????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ???????????? ????????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ????????. ????? ??? ?? ?????? ????????????? ????????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ????????????. ??????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ?? ? ?????????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ??? 955' ??? "?????? ???? ???" ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????????????. ??? ??? ??? ???????? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ?????????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????.

???? ??? ????? [ ?????????? | ?????????? ??????????? ]

??? ?????????? ????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ??? 30,000. ??? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ???????. ?????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?????, ????, ?????? ???, ??? ?????. ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????????. ????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ???? 90 ??????? ??? ???????? ??? ???????? ??? ???????. ????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ??????. ?? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ???????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???. ??? ??? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??????????? ??? ?? ??????.

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???????? ??????? ? ??????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??????????? ??? ??? ?????????? ??? ?? ?????. ?? ????? ????????? ??? ?? ??????????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ??????????, ??????? ??????, ??? ?? ???????? ??????-???????? ???????????? ??? ?? ???? ?????????? ???????????? ??? ??????? ????????. ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ?????????? ??? ???? ???????. ?? ?????????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ????????? ????. ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ??????? ?????, ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?? ?????????? ??????????????? ?????? ?????, ??? ?????????????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ????????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??????, ???????, ??? ??????. ?? ??????? ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????????. ???? ?? ???? ???? ????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ???????????. ???? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????????????? ?? ?????? ????????? ??????, ???????? ???? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ????. ??? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ????????? ? ???? ?????????? ???? ????????. ??? ??? ?? ?????????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????. ?? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????, ??? ????? ??? ?????, ??????, ??????????, ??? ???. ?? ??? ?????? ?? 60 ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? 41 ??????? ??? ?? ?????????. ???????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ????????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ??????????, ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????????? ??????. ??? ????????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??? ?????????. ?? ?????? ????????? ????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ??????. ?????? ??? ?????? ? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ????'? ?????? ??????????.

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????????'? ?????? ????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ??? 18?? ??????????? ???? 19?? ??????????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ????. ???????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??????????? ???????? ??? ???? 6 ?????? ?? 26 ??????. ????? 19?? ??????????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ??????????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ??????.

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??? ???? ?? ??? 15-20 ??? ???? ??? ?? ????????????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ??? ?? ??????????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????.

??????????? ????????? [ ?????????? | ?????????? ??????????? ]

??? ??????????? ????????? ??? ? ??????????? ????????? ??? 59,778,002 ???????????? ???? ? 002' ?????????, ??? ? ????????????? ?????????? ??? 634 ???????????? ??? ???????? ???? (245 ??? ???????? ?????????). ?? ??????????? ?????????? ??? ??? ??????????? ????????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ?????, ?????????????? ??? ????'? ??? ??????????? ??????. ??????? ??? ??? ????? ????????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ??????????? ????????? ??? ???? 983 ???????????? ??? ???????? ???? (380 ??? ???????? ?????????). ???????? ??? 5,119,200 ???????????? ??? ? ?????????? ???? ??? 168 ???????????? ??? ???????? ???? (65 ??? ???????? ?????????). ?????? ??? ? ??????????? ??? 2,937,000 ??? ? ?????????? ???? ??? 366 ???????????? ??? ???????? ???? (141 ??? ???????? ?????????). ???? ??????? ??? ? ??????????? ??? 1,691,800 ??? ? ?????????? ???? ??? 309 ???????????? ??? ???????? ???? (119 ??? ???????? ?????????).

?????? ??? ??????? [ ?????????? | ?????????? ??????????? ]

?????? ??? ?? ???????? ????? ??? ??? ??????????? ????????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ????? (???? ????) ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????????. ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?????-??????? ??? ??????'? ???? ????????. ???? ??????? ??????? ??????, ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??????, ?????? ??? ?? ???????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????. ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ????????. ??? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ????, ???????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ? ????????? ??? ?????????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ??????. ?? ??????? ???????????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ??.??.??. ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????????. ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ????????. ???? 80,000 ??????? ???????????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? (?? ??????? ?????). ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ? ????? ??? ??????. ???? ????? ???? ? ?????????? (?????-???????) ???????????. ??? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ???????????? ?????? ??? ? ???? ??????. ??? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ??????. ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ??????????? ??? ?? ????. ?? ?????????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ?????. ?????? ?????? ??? ????????????, ?? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?????. ???? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ??????'? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???. ?? ??????????? ????????? ????????? ???? ???????? ??? ? ???????? ??? ???????. ??? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ???????? ??? ?? ?????. ??? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ??????????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ???????. ?? ?????????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ???????. ????????? ???????? ????? ????????? ??? ????????? ????? ?????. ?????? ???? ???? ??? ????????. ?? ???????? ????? ???? ?? 2 ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????????? ?????????. ?? ?????? ???????? ????????? ????? ?? 258,000 ?????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??? ???? ???????. (??? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??????????? ????????? ??"? ??? ?? ????????? ?????).

????'? ???? [ ?????????? | ?????????? ??????????? ]

?? ??????? ????????? ??? ???????? ????-???? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??????? [ ????? ?? ???? ] , ??? ??? ??????? ? ???? ????????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ???????? [ ????? ?? ???? ] . ???????? ???????, ??????? ??????? ????, ??????, ??????????, ??? ???????? ??? ???????, ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ????????? ?????'? ???. ??? ??????-???? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ? ???? ??????????? ??? ?????? ??????.

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??? ??? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????????. ?? ??????? ???? ??? ?????-??????? ???????? [ ????? ?? ???? ] ??? ?????????? ????????? ??? [ ????? ?? ???? ] . ????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ??????????? ??? ???????? ???? ???. ?? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ? ??? ??? ?????????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ???? [ ????? ?? ???? ] . ??? ???? ??? ???? ????... ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? [ ????? ?? ???? ] ??????? ?? ? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??? ??????. ??? ???? ???? ?????? [ ????? ?? ???? ] ???? ????? ??????? ??????????? ????????? ?????? [ ????? ?? ???? ] . ??? [ ????? ?? ???? ] ???? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??? ????.

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?? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????????? ??? ??????????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? 945' ??? 951'. ???? ???? ?? ??????? ????????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? 49 ??????? ??? ?? ????????'? ????????, ????????? ?? ??? 5 ??????? ????? ????.??.??. ( ????? ???????? ??????? ), ???? ??? ?????? ???????, ?? ?? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??? ????????? ???? ????? ????????? ??? ???? ???? ? ???. ?? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ?? "????????? ???? ???????", ????????? ??? 948' ??? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ??????, ???? ?? ????, ??? ????, ????????? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????????. ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ????????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??????????? ???? ???????? ??????????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ????. ??????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ???????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??? ????? ????? , ???????? ??? ???.

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?? ????????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ??????: ?? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?????. ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ?????????? ????, ?????? ???? ????? ???????, ??? ?????????? ??????'? ??????? ??? ?? ?????. ?? ????????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ????. ?? ????? ?? ???? 650 ????????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ????????? ???????????? ? ???????????, ???? ??? ???? ? ??????? ???? ???? ? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??????. ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ????????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??????. ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? 60,000 ?????? ??? ?? ? ?????????????? ??? ???? ?? ??????. ???? 8 ??? 12 ??? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????? ????????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????????. ?? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ??????????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ????????. ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???????????. ??? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??????. ???? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ????????? ??? ???????????? ??? ???? ??????????.

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??? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ???? 650 ???????????? . ??? ?? 2010 ????????? ????? ???? ?? ?????????????? ???????? 306 ???????, ?????? 258 ??? ?? ???????? ????????? 57. ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ????????, ???? ????? ???? ?'??? ??? ???? ???????? (??? 2010).

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?? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?? ??????????? ?????? ??? ????????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????????? ?? ????'???? ?????? ??? ? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ? ?????? ?? ???'???, ????????? ? ????? ?????, ?? ???????????? ??? ????????? (?????? ??? ?????????? ??? ??????), ??? ??? ?????????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??????????? ?????? ("???????? ????? ??????? ?????"). ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???? ????????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????????? (?? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ? ????, ?????, ???? ???????? ?????????) ??? ????????? (?? ???????? ??????? ???????????? ? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ???????). ?????????? ??????? ??? ???????? ????? ??? ?? ????????? ????? ????? ?? ???????????? ???? ?????? ????????? ??? ??????. ???????? ??? ?? ?? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ???????. ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ??????. ????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???????.

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?? ????? ????? ??????????? ???????? ??? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? "????" ??? ?? "????" ?????? ????? ????? ????????? ??????? ??? ?????? 17?? ???????????. ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ???????? ??? ???????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???????. ?? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ????????? ???? ?? ???????? ??????. ?? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????????????? ??????. ??? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ???????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ???????????? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ??? ????????????? ??????. ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????????? ?????????.

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??? 1997 ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ? ?????????, ???????? 418 ??? ?? 659 ???? ??? ?????????. ??? ?? ????? ???????? ????? (???? 2001') ??? ?? ?????? ?????? (??? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ????????) ????????? ??? ???????? ??? 413 ????.

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??? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ????? ??? ?? ?????, ??????? ????'? ??????. ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??????????? ????????. ????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???????????????? ???????, ??????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????? ????. ???? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ???????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????. ??? ?????, ??????, ??? ???-???? ????? ???? ????????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???????. ??? ????? ????????????? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????????. ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????????????? ???? ?? ???????????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ???????, ???????? ??? ????? ??? ????????????, ??? ?? ???????'? ???????????? ??? ?????-?????? ?????? ???????. ???????? ??? ???? ????????? ????? ?? ?? ???????? ?????? ????????? ??? ??? ???? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???. ??? ??? ?????? , ?????? , ???????? ??? ?????? . ??????? ?????????? ???????????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ???? ???????? ??? ?????????? ???????. ???????? ??? ??? ????? ???????? (?????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????) ??? ???? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????. ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ???????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ????????????. ???????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ???????? ???? ??? ?????????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ????. ???? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ??????????? ?????. ??????'? ????????????? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ??????? 23 ?????? ???????? ????. ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?????????? ???? 1.8 ?????? ????, ?? ????? ?????? 5.6 ?????? ????, ??? ?????????? ???????? 2.6 ?????? ????. ??? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ????????????? ???????????.

??? ?????????? ???? [ ?????????? | ?????????? ??????????? ]

??? ?????????? ???? ??? ??????? ? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???? 1,300 ??? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ????? (???? ??? ??? ??? ??????) ??? ??? ?????????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ?? ????? (?????? ??? ???????). ??? 500 ??? ????? ??? ??? ????????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ???? ( Royal Navy ) ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ????????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ???????????? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ????. ??? ???????????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ??????????? ???? ???? ??? ?????????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????????? ????????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????.

??? ?????????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?????????? ???? '? ????????? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? . ??? ?????????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????, ???????????? ????????. ???? ??? ???? ??? ?????????? ??????? ?? ?? ???????? ?????, ?????? ??? ?? ????????? ???????.

?? ??????? ????? [ ?????????? | ?????????? ??????????? ]

?? ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??? ??????????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????. ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ???: ????????? (??? ????????? ?????), ???????? (???? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????. ????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????), ??? ??? ????? (?? ???? ??????? ?? ???????????). ???????? ??????? ???? ? ????? ??? ??? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?????????? ??? ?? ??????????? ???? ???? ????????. ??? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???????. ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????????, ?? ????? ??????????, ?? ????? ??????? (????? ??????? ??? ????????????), ?? ????? ??????????? ?????, ?? ?????????? ????? (???? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ????????? ????. ????? ?? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ???????.

??? ?????????? ???????? [ ?????????? | ?????????? ??????????? ]

??? ?????????? ???????? (??.??.??.) ??? ????????? ??????? ??? 1912 ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????. ??? 1918 ??? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?????????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???????. ??? ???????? ??? ??? ?????????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??"? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???????? (940'). ? ???? ???? ????????? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ????-????????? ??? ??? ??????????. ?????? ??? ??? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ???????? ???????? ???? ?????????, ??????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?????.

??? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ????? 40 ?????????? (? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ??????. ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ? ?????????). ??? ?????????? ???????? ??? ????? 100 ?????? ??? 40 ??????????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ????'? ?????????.

???????? ??? ???? ????? ??????????? ????????? [ ?????????? | ?????????? ??????????? ]

????????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ????????? ???? ??? ??? ??? 006' ?????? ???? ????????? ??? ????????????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ? ?? ????? ?????? ????, ?????? ??? ????????? ????, ??? ???? ??? ?????????? ???? ??????? ?? ???????????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ??????????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????????. ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ????????? ??? ???? ??? ??????????? ???? ??????? ????. ??? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ??? 4,000. ?????? ????????????? ???? ??????? ????? ???????????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ???????????? ??? ??? 290' ???? ??? ??????????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ????????? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????????.

??? ? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????????? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ????????????? ???? ???????? ??? ?????????, ??????, ??? ????????. ?? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ????????? ??? ??????????? ?? ? ???? ??? ?? ????????? ??? ???????????? ??? ????????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ????????. ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ??? ?????.

?? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????. ????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ????????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????. ????? 18?? ??????????? ???? ????????? ??????? ?????'??? ???? ??? ???? ???????. ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ??????????? ?? ???????? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ???????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? "????? ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????". ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ????????? ? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ? ?? ????????? ?? ?? ????????????? ???????????.

?? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? 881' ??? 914'. ??? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ??????????? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ??? 65,000 ?? 300,000. ??? ?????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ????????? ???? ??? ?????? , ???? , ?????????, ?????????? ??? ??????. ??? ???????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ????????? ??? ??????????? ?? ?????? ?????.

?? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ???????? ? ??????? 300,000 ???? ??? ??? ? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??????. ?? ???? ???????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ????????, ??????, ??? ???? ???????. ?? ????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ????????, ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? .

?????????? [ ?????????? | ?????????? ??????????? ]

  1. ↑ ??????? ????????? ??? ?????????? ???? ??? ???????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??? 1837 ??? 1901. ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ???????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? (?? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????????) ??? ??? ???????? ??????? ??? ?? ????????????? ?????
  2. ↑ Census Geography . Office for National Statistics (‏‏30??? ??????? 2007). ??????? ??? ??? ???????? ??? ‏4?? ???? 2011. ????????? ??? ‏14?? ????? 2012.
  3. ↑ a b c 2011 Census: Population Estimates for the United Kingdom . Office for National Statistics (‏‏27??? ???? 2011). ????????? ??? ‏18?? ???????? 2012.
  4. ↑ a b Annual Mid-year Population Estimates, 2010 . Office for National Statistics (2011). ????????? ??? ‏14 ????? 2012.
  5. ↑ a b 2011 UK censuses . Office for National Statistics. ????????? ??? ‏18 ???????? 2012.
  6. ↑ ??????:Cite press release
  7. ↑ Khan, Urmee (‏‏16?? ????????? 2008). " England is most crowded country in Europe " . ????????? ??? ‏5?? ????????? 2009 .   ??????:Subscription required
  8. ↑ Scotland's population at record high (‏17 ???????? 2012). ????????? ??? ‏18?? ???????? 2012.
  9. ↑ Sassen, Saskia (2001). The Global City: New York, London, Tokyo , 2nd edition, Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-07063-6 .  
  10. ↑ Report for Selected Countries and Subjects . International Monetary Fund (‏2005). ????????? ??? 2006-05-15.
 
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