Tibetan Buddhism
, branch of
Vajrayana
(Tantric, or Esoteric)
Buddhism
that evolved from the 7th century
ce
in
Tibet
. It is based mainly on the rigorous
intellectual
disciplines
of
Madhyamika
and
Yogachara
philosophy
and utilizes the
Tantric
ritual practices that developed in
Central Asia
and particularly in Tibet.
Tibetan
Buddhism also incorporates the monastic disciplines of early
Theravada
Buddhism and the shamanistic features of the
indigenous
Tibetan
religion
,
Bon
. Characteristic of Tibetan Buddhism is the unusually large segment of the population actively engaged in religious pursuits (up until the Chinese communist takeover of the country in the 1950s an estimated one-quarter of the inhabitants were members of religious orders); its system of “reincarnating lamas”; the traditional merger of the spiritual and temporal authority in the office and person of the
Dalai Lama
; and the vast number of divine beings (each with its own family, consort, and pacific and terrifying aspects), which are considered symbolic representations of the psychic life by the religiously
sophisticated
and accepted as realities by the common people.
Buddhism was transmitted into Tibet mainly during the 7th to 10th centuries. Notable early teachers were the illustrious 8th-century Tantric master
Padmasambhava
and the more orthodox
Mahayana
teacher
Shantirakshita
. With the arrival from India in 1042 of the great teacher
Atisha
, a reform movement was initiated, and within a century the major sects of Tibetan Buddhism had emerged. The
Dge-lugs-pa
, or One of the Virtuous System, commonly known as the Yellow Hats, the order of the Dalai and the
Panchen Lamas
, was the politically predominant Tibetan sect from the 17th century until 1959, when the hierocratic government of the Dalai Lama was abolished by the
People’s Republic of China
.
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Buddhism: Tibet
By the 14th century the Tibetans had succeeded in translating all available Buddhist literature in India and Tibet; many
Sanskrit
texts that have since been lost in the country of their origin are known only from their Tibetan translations. The Tibetan canon is divided into the
Bka’-’gyur
, or “Translation of the Word,” consisting of the supposedly
canonical
texts, and the
Bstan-’gyur
, or “Transmitted Word,” consisting of commentaries by Indian masters.
In the second half of the 20th century Tibetan Buddhism spread to the West, particularly after the subjugation of Tibet to Chinese Communist rule sent many refugees, including highly regarded “reincarnated lamas,” or
tulku
s, out of their homeland. Tibetan religious groups in the West include both
communities
of refugees and those consisting largely of Westerners drawn to the Tibetan tradition.