Madurai
, city, south-central
Tamil Nadu
state, southern
India
. It is located on the
Vaigai River
, about 30 miles (48 km) southeast of
Dindigul
. Madurai is the third most populous, and probably the oldest, city in the state.
The ancient history of the region is associated with the
Pandya
kings, and Madurai was the site of the Pandya capital (4th?11th century
ce
). Later it was conquered by
Chola
,
Vijayanagar
, Muslim,
Maratha
, and British rulers. In the 1940s it became known as the centre of the
civil disobedience
movement against the
British raj
, and it remained an important seat of political leadership.
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The compact old part of the city?enclosed by the Anai, Naga, and Pasu (Elephant, Snake, and Cow) hills?is centred on Meenakshi Amman (
Minakshi-Sundareshwara) Temple
. The temple, Tirumala Nayak palace, Teppakulam tank (an earthen embankment reservoir), and a 1,000-pillared hall were rebuilt in the Vijayanagar period (16th?17th century) after the total destruction of the city in 1310. The city walls were removed by the British in 1837 to enable Madurai to expand, and administrative and residential quarters were established north of the river.
Madurai is a major
transportation
hub for southern India, with road and rail lines radiating from the city. There is also an airport just south of the city, providing both domestic and international passenger and freight services. Large-scale industry has developed in the suburbs. Predominant are cotton spinning and weaving and the manufacture of transport equipment, tobacco, and sugar. Small-scale hand-loom weaving of silks and cottons, which have made Madurai famous throughout history, remains important.
In the early years
ce
, Madurai was well known for its
Tamil
sangam
(literary society), and a new
sangam
was established in 1901. The city is home to Madurai Kamaraj University (founded 1966) as well as to medical and law colleges. In addition, the city has a bench of the Madras High Court in
Chennai
(Madras).
Lying southeast of the Eastern
Ghats
, the region surrounding Madurai occupies part of the plain of southern India and contains several mountain
spurs
, including the
Palni
and Sirumalai hills (north), the
Cardamom Hills
(west), and the Varushanad and Andipatti hills (south). Between those hills in the west lies the high Kambam Valley. Eastward, the plains drop to 300 feet (90 metres) above
sea level
but contain isolated hills. The chief river, the
Vaigai
, flows northeast through the Kambam Valley and then east across the centre of the state.
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The region has never been self-sufficient in rice, despite the completion of irrigation projects on the
Periyar
(1895) and Vaigai (1960) rivers. Its chief cash crops are peanuts (groundnuts), cotton,
sugarcane
, coffee,
cardamom
, potatoes, and pears. The area is also renowned for its jasmine-flower plantations. Pop. (2001) city, 928,869; urban agglom., 1,203,095; (2011) city, 1,017,865; urban agglom., 1,465,625.