Auschwitz
,
Nazi
Germany’s
largest
concentration camp
and
extermination camp
. Located near the industrial town of
O?wi?cim
in southern
Poland
(in a portion of the country that was
annexed
by Germany at the beginning of
World War II
), Auschwitz was actually three camps in one: a prison camp, an extermination camp, and a
slave-labour camp
. As the most lethal of the Nazi extermination camps, Auschwitz has become the emblematic site of the “final solution,” a virtual synonym for the
Holocaust
. Between 1.1 and 1.5 million people died at Auschwitz; 90 percent of them were
Jews
. Also among the dead were some 19,000
Roma
who were held at the camp until the Nazis gassed them on July 31, 1944?the only other victim group gassed in family units alongside the Jews. The Poles
constituted
the second largest victim group at Auschwitz, where some 83,000 were killed or died.
Auschwitz I
Auschwitz was probably chosen to play a central role in the “final solution” because it was located at a railway junction with 44 parallel tracks?rail lines that were used to transport Jews from throughout
Europe
to their death.
Heinrich Himmler
, chief of the
SS
, the Nazi paramilitary corps, ordered the establishment of the first camp, the prison camp, on April 27, 1940, and the first transport of Polish political prisoners arrived on June 14. This small camp, Auschwitz I, was reserved throughout its history for political prisoners, mainly Poles and Germans.
Auschwitz II (Birkenau) and Auschwitz III
In October 1941, work began on Auschwitz II, or Birkenau, located outside the nearby village of Brzezinka. There the SS later developed a huge concentration camp and extermination complex that included some 300 prison barracks; four large so-called
Badeanstalten
(German: “bathhouses”), in which prisoners were gassed to death;
Leichenkeller
(“corpse cellars”), in which their bodies were stored; and
Einascherungsofen
(“cremating ovens”). Another camp (Buna-Monowitz), near the village of Dwory, later called Auschwitz III, became in May 1942 a slave-labour camp supplying workers for the nearby chemical and synthetic-rubber works of
IG Farben
. In addition, Auschwitz became the
nexus
of a complex of 45 smaller subcamps in the region, most of which housed slave labourers. During most of the period from 1940 to 1945, the commandant of the central Auschwitz camps was SS-Hauptsturmfuhrer (Capt.) and ultimately SS-Obersturmbannfuhrer (Lieut. Col.)
Rudolf Franz Hoss (Hoess)
.
The death camp and slave-labour camp were interrelated. Newly arrived prisoners at the death camp were divided in a process known as
Selektion
. The young and the able-bodied were sent to work. Young children and their mothers and the old and infirm were sent directly to the gas chambers. Thousands of prisoners were also selected by the camp doctor,
Josef Mengele
, for medical experiments. Auschwitz doctors tested methods of
sterilization
on the prisoners, using massive doses of
radiation
, uterine injections, and other barbaric procedures. Experiments involving the killing of
twins
, upon whom autopsies were performed, were meant to provide information that would supposedly lead to the rapid expansion of the “
Aryan race
.”
Britannica Quiz
Nazi Germany Quiz
Subject to harsh conditions?including inadequate shelter and sanitation?given minimal food, and worked to exhaustion, those who could no longer work faced transport back to Birkenau for gassing. German corporations invested heavily in the slave-labour industries
adjacent
to Auschwitz. In 1942 IG Farben alone invested more than 700 million Reichsmarks in its facilities at Auschwitz III.