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Michael Faraday
British physicist and chemist
Michael Faraday was an English physicist and chemist whose many experiments contributed greatly to the understanding of electromagnetism. Faraday, who became one of the greatest scientists of the 19th...
Louis Pasteur
French chemist and microbiologist
Louis Pasteur was a French chemist and microbiologist who was one of the most important founders of medical microbiology. Pasteur’s contributions to science, technology, and medicine are nearly without...
Antoine Lavoisier
French chemist
Antoine Lavoisier was a prominent French chemist and leading figure in the 18th-century chemical revolution who developed an experimentally based theory of the chemical reactivity of oxygen and coauthored...
Jons Jacob Berzelius
Swedish chemist
Jons Jacob Berzelius was one of the founders of modern chemistry. He is especially noted for his determination of atomic weights, the development of modern chemical symbols, his electrochemical theory,...
Justus, baron von Liebig
German chemist
Justus, baron von Liebig was a German chemist who made significant contributions to the analysis of organic compounds, the organization of laboratory-based chemistry education, and the application of chemistry...
Joseph Black
British scientist
Joseph Black was a British chemist and physicist best known for the rediscovery of “fixed air” (carbon dioxide), the concept of latent heat, and the discovery of the bicarbonates (such as bicarbonate of...
Joseph Priestley
English clergyman and scientist
Joseph Priestley was an English clergyman, political theorist, and physical scientist whose work contributed to advances in liberal political and religious thought and in experimental chemistry. He is...
Dmitri Mendeleev
Russian scientist
Dmitri Mendeleev was a Russian chemist who developed the periodic classification of the elements. Mendeleev found that, when all the known chemical elements were arranged in order of increasing atomic...
Linus Pauling
American scientist
Linus Pauling was an American theoretical physical chemist who became the only person to have won two unshared Nobel Prizes. His first prize (1954) was awarded for research into the nature of the chemical...
Henry Cavendish
British physicist
Henry Cavendish was a natural philosopher, the greatest experimental and theoretical English chemist and physicist of his age. Cavendish was distinguished for great accuracy and precision in research into...
Claude-Louis Berthollet
French chemist
Claude-Louis Berthollet was a central French figure in the emergence of chemistry as a modern discipline in the late 18th century. He combined acute experimental skills with fundamental theoretical proposals...
Joseph-Louis Gay-Lussac
French scientist
Joseph-Louis Gay-Lussac was a French chemist and physicist who pioneered investigations into the behaviour of gases, established new techniques for analysis, and made notable advances in applied chemistry....
John Dalton
British scientist
John Dalton was an English meteorologist and chemist, a pioneer in the development of modern atomic theory. Dalton was born into a Quaker family of tradesmen; his grandfather Jonathan Dalton was a shoemaker,...
Marie Curie
Polish-born French physicist
Marie Curie was a Polish-born French physicist, famous for her work on radioactivity and twice a winner of the Nobel Prize. With Henri Becquerel and her husband, Pierre Curie, she was awarded the 1903...
Alfred Nobel
Swedish inventor
Alfred Nobel was a Swedish chemist, engineer, and industrialist who invented dynamite and other more powerful explosives and who also founded the Nobel Prizes. Alfred Nobel was the fourth son of Immanuel...
Sir Humphry Davy
British chemist
Sir Humphry Davy was an English chemist who discovered several chemical elements (including sodium and potassium) and compounds, invented the miner’s safety lamp, and became one of the greatest exponents...
Irving Langmuir
American chemist
Irving Langmuir was an American physical chemist who was awarded the 1932 Nobel Prize for Chemistry “for his discoveries and investigations in surface chemistry.” He was the second American and the first...
Gilbert N. Lewis
American chemist
Gilbert N. Lewis was an American physical chemist best known for his contributions to chemical thermodynamics, the electron-pair model of the covalent bond, the electronic theory of acids and bases, the...
Chaim Weizmann
Israeli president and scientist
Chaim Weizmann was the first president of the new nation of Israel (1949?52), who was for decades the guiding spirit behind the World Zionist Organization. Chaim Azriel Weizmann was born of humble parents...
Harold C. Urey
American chemist
Harold C. Urey was an American scientist awarded the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1934 for his discovery of the heavy form of hydrogen known as deuterium. He was a key figure in the development of the...
George Washington Carver
American agricultural chemist
George Washington Carver was a revolutionary American agricultural chemist, agronomist, and experimenter who was born into slavery and sought to uplift Black farmers through the development of new products...
Robert Boyle
Anglo-Irish philosopher and writer
Robert Boyle was an Anglo-Irish natural philosopher and theological writer, a preeminent figure of 17th-century intellectual culture. He was best known as a natural philosopher, particularly in the field...
Stanislao Cannizzaro
Italian chemist
Stanislao Cannizzaro was an Italian chemist who was closely associated with a crucial reform movement in science. Cannizzaro, the son of a magistrate, studied medicine at the universities in Palermo and...
Alfred Werner
Swiss chemist
Alfred Werner was a Swiss chemist and winner of the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1913 for his research into the structure of coordination compounds. Werner was the fourth and last child of Jean-Adam Werner,...
Pierre-Eugene-Marcellin Berthelot
French chemist
Pierre-Eugene-Marcellin Berthelot was a French organic and physical chemist, science historian, and government official. His creative thought and work significantly influenced the development of chemistry...
Georg Ernst Stahl
German chemist and physician
Georg Ernst Stahl was a German educator, chemist, and esteemed medical theorist and practitioner. His chemical theory of phlogiston dominated European chemistry until the “Chemical Revolution” at the end...
Charles Gerhardt
French chemist
Charles Gerhardt was a French chemist who was an important precursor of the German chemist August Kekule and his structural organic chemistry. Gerhardt’s Swiss-born father, Samuel Gerhardt, initially worked...
Friedrich Wohler
German chemist
Friedrich Wohler was a German chemist who was one of the finest and most prolific of the 19th century. Wohler, the son of an agronomist and veterinarian, attended the University of Marburg and then the...
Glenn T. Seaborg
American chemist
Glenn T. Seaborg was an American nuclear chemist best known for his work on isolating and identifying transuranium elements (those heavier than uranium). He shared the 1951 Nobel Prize for Chemistry with...
Auguste Laurent
French chemist
Auguste Laurent was a French chemist who helped lay the foundations of organic chemistry. After conventional classical schooling, Laurent earned an undergraduate degree in engineering from the prestigious...
Michel-Eugene Chevreul
French chemist
Michel-Eugene Chevreul was a French chemist who elucidated the chemical composition of animal fats and whose theories of colour influenced the techniques of French painting. Chevreul belonged to a family...
Joseph-Louis Proust
French chemist
Joseph-Louis Proust was a French chemist who proved that the relative quantities of any given pure chemical compound’s constituent elements remain invariant, regardless of the compound’s source. This is...
Dorothy Hodgkin
English chemist
Dorothy Hodgkin was an English chemist whose determination of the structure of penicillin and vitamin B12 brought her the 1964 Nobel Prize for Chemistry. Dorothy Crowfoot was the eldest of four sisters...
Sir John Herschel, 1st Baronet
English astronomer
Sir John Herschel, 1st Baronet was an English astronomer and successor to his father, Sir William Herschel, in the field of stellar and nebular observation and discovery. An only child, John was educated...
Robert Burns Woodward
American chemist
Robert Burns Woodward was an American chemist best known for his syntheses of complex organic substances, including cholesterol and cortisone (1951), strychnine (1954), and vitamin B12 (1971). He was awarded...
Sir William Ramsay
British chemist
Sir William Ramsay was a British physical chemist who discovered four gases (neon, argon, krypton, xenon) and showed that they (with helium and radon) formed an entire family of new elements, the noble...
James Hutton
Scottish geologist
James Hutton was a Scottish geologist, chemist, naturalist, and originator of one of the fundamental principles of geology?uniformitarianism, which explains the features of the Earth’s crust by means of...
Karl Ziegler
German chemist
Karl Ziegler was a German chemist who shared the 1963 Nobel Prize for Chemistry with the Italian chemist Giulio Natta. Ziegler’s research with organometallic compounds made possible the industrial production...
William Hyde Wollaston
British scientist
William Hyde Wollaston was a British scientist who enhanced the techniques of powder metallurgy to become the first to produce and market pure, malleable platinum. He also made fundamental discoveries...
Louis Bernard Guyton de Morveau
French chemist and educator
Louis Bernard Guyton de Morveau was a French chemist who played a major part in the reform of chemical nomenclature. The son of a lawyer, Guyton added the title de Morveau (from a family property) to his...
Ab? M?s? J?bir ibn ?ayy?n
Muslim alchemist
Ab? M?s? J?bir ibn ?ayy?n was a Muslim alchemist known as the father of Arabic chemistry. He systematized a “quantitative” analysis of substances and was the inspiration for Geber, a Latin alchemist who...
Carl Wilhelm Scheele
Swedish chemist
Carl Wilhelm Scheele was a German Swedish chemist who independently discovered oxygen, chlorine, and manganese. Scheele, the son of a German merchant, was born in a part of Germany that was under Swedish...
Jan Baptista van Helmont
Belgian scientist
Jan Baptista van Helmont was a Flemish physician, philosopher, mystic, and chemist who recognized the existence of discrete gases and identified carbon dioxide. Van Helmont was born into a wealthy family...
Henry-Louis Le Chatelier
French chemist
Henry-Louis Le Chatelier was a French chemist who is best known for Le Chatelier’s principle, which makes it possible to predict the effect a change of conditions (such as temperature, pressure, or concentration...
August Kekule von Stradonitz
German chemist
August Kekule von Stradonitz was a German chemist who established the foundation for the structural theory in organic chemistry. Kekule was born into an upper-middle-class family of civil servants and...
Sir Derek H.R. Barton
British chemist
Sir Derek H.R. Barton was a joint recipient, with Odd Hassel of Norway, of the 1969 Nobel Prize for Chemistry for his work on “conformational analysis,” the study of the three-dimensional geometric structure...
Jean-Baptiste-Andre Dumas
French chemist
Jean-Baptiste-Andre Dumas was a French chemist who pioneered in organic chemistry, particularly organic analysis. Dumas’s father was the town clerk, and Dumas attended the local school. Although briefly...
Willard Frank Libby
American chemist
Willard Frank Libby was an American chemist whose technique of carbon-14 (or radiocarbon) dating provided an extremely valuable tool for archaeologists, anthropologists, and earth scientists. For this...
Emil Fischer
German chemist
Emil Fischer was a German chemist who was awarded the 1902 Nobel Prize for Chemistry in recognition of his investigations of the sugar and purine groups of substances. Fischer was the eighth child and...
Hermann Kolbe
German chemist
Hermann Kolbe was a German chemist who accomplished the first generally accepted synthesis of an organic compound from inorganic materials. Kolbe studied chemistry with Friedrich Wohler at the University...
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