- In full:
- Thomas Edward Lawrence
- Byname:
- Lawrence of Arabia
- Also called (from 1927):
- T.E. Shaw
- Born:
- August 16, 1888, Tremadoc, Caernarvonshire,
Wales
- Died:
- May 19, 1935, Clouds Hill,
Dorset
,
England
(aged 46)
T.E. Lawrence
(born August 16, 1888, Tremadoc, Caernarvonshire, Wales?died May 19, 1935, Clouds Hill,
Dorset
, England) was a British archaeological scholar,
military
strategist, and author best known for his legendary
war
activities in the
Middle East
during
World War I
and for his account of those activities in
The Seven Pillars of Wisdom
(1926).
Early life
Lawrence was the son of Sir Thomas Chapman and Sara Maden, the governess of Sir Thomas’s daughters at
Westmeath
, with whom he had escaped from both marriage and
Ireland
. As “Mr. and Mrs. Lawrence,” the couple had five sons (Thomas Edward was the second) during what was outwardly a marriage with all the benefits of clergy. In 1896 the family settled in
Oxford
, where T.E. (he preferred the initials to the names) attended the High School and Jesus College.
Medieval
military architecture was his first interest, and he pursued it in its historical settings, studying Crusader castles in France and (in 1909) in Syria and Palestine and submitting a thesis on the subject that won him first-class honours in history in 1910. (It was posthumously published, as
Crusader Castles,
in 1936.) As a protege of the Oxford archaeologist
D.G. Hogarth
, he acquired a demyship (travelling fellowship) from Magdalen College and joined an expedition excavating the Hittite settlement of
Carchemish
on the Euphrates, working there from 1911 to 1914, first under Hogarth and then under
Sir Leonard Woolley
, and using his free time to travel on his own and get to know the language and the people. Early in 1914 he and Woolley, and Capt. S.F. Newcombe, explored northern Sinai, on the Turkish frontier east of Suez. Supposedly a scientific
expedition
, and in fact sponsored by the Palestine Exploration Fund, it was more a map-making reconnaissance from Gaza to
Aqaba
, destined to be of almost immediate strategic value. The cover study was nevertheless of authentic scholarly significance; written by Lawrence and Woolley together, it was published as
The Wilderness of Zin
in 1915.
The month the war began, Lawrence became a civilian employee of the Map Department of the War Office in London, charged with preparing a militarily useful map of Sinai. By December 1914 he was a lieutenant in Cairo. Experts on Arab affairs?especially those who had travelled in the Turkish-held Arab lands?were rare, and he was assigned to intelligence, where he spent more than a year, mostly interviewing prisoners, drawing maps, receiving and processing data from agents behind enemy lines, and producing a handbook on the Turkish Army. When in mid-1915 his brothers Will and Frank were killed in action in France, T.E. was reminded cruelly of the more active front in the West.
Egypt
at the time was the staging area for Middle Eastern military operations of prodigious inefficiency; a trip to Arabia convinced Lawrence of an
alternative
method of undermining Germany’s Turkish ally. In October 1916 he had accompanied the diplomat
Sir Ronald Storrs
on a mission to Arabia, where
?usayn ibn ?Al?
,
am?r
of Mecca, had the previous June proclaimed a revolt against the Turks. Storrs and Lawrence consulted with ?usayn’s son Abdullah, and Lawrence received permission to go on to consult further with another son, Fay?al, then commanding an Arab force southwest of
Medina
. Back in Cairo in November, Lawrence urged his superiors to abet the efforts at rebellion with arms and gold and to make use of the dissident shaykhs by meshing their
aspirations
for independence with general military strategy. He rejoined Fay?al’s army as political and
liaison
officer.
Lawrence was not the only officer to become involved in the
incipient
Arab rising, but from his own small corner of the
Arabian
Peninsula he quickly became?especially from his own accounts?its brains, its organizing force, its liaison with Cairo, and its military technician. His small but irritating second front behind the
Turkish
lines was a hit-and-run guerrilla operation, focussing upon the mining of bridges and supply trains and the appearance of Arab units first in one place and then another, tying down enemy forces that otherwise would have been
deployed
elsewhere, and keeping the Damascus-to-Medina railway largely inoperable, with potential Turkish reinforcements thus helpless to crush the uprising. In such fashion Lawrence?“Am?r Dynamite” to the admiring Bedouins?committed the
cynical
, self-serving shaykhs for the moment to his king-maker’s vision of an Arab nation, goaded them with examples of his own self-punishing personal valour when their spirits flagged, bribed them with promises of enemy booty and English gold
sovereigns
.
Britannica Quiz
Writer’s Block
Aqaba?at the northernmost tip of the Red Sea?was the first major victory for the Arab guerrilla forces; they seized it after a two-month march on July 6, 1917. Thenceforth, Lawrence attempted to coordinate Arab movements with the campaign of
General Sir Edmund Allenby
, who was advancing toward
Jerusalem
, a tactic that was only partly successful. By his own account, in November Lawrence was captured at
Dar??
by the Turks while reconnoitring the area in Arab dress and was apparently recognized and homosexually brutalized before he was able to escape. Though some biographers challenge the story, the experience, variously reported or disguised by Lawrence afterward, is generally described as having left both physical scars and
wounds
upon his psyche from which he never recovered. The next month, nevertheless, Lawrence took part in the victory parade in Jerusalem and then returned to increasingly successful actions in which Fay?al’s forces nibbled their way north. Lawrence rose to the rank of lieutenant colonel with the
Distinguished Service Order
(DSO).
By the time the motley Arab army reached
Damascus
in October 1918, Lawrence was physically and emotionally exhausted, having forced his body and spirit to the breaking point too often. He had been wounded numerous times, captured, and tortured; had endured extremities of hunger, weather, and disease; had been driven by
military necessity
to commit atrocities upon the enemy; and had witnessed in the
chaos
of Damascus the defeat of his aspirations for the Arabs in the very moment of their triumph, their seemingly incurable factionalism rendering them incapable of becoming a nation. (Anglo-French
duplicity
, made official in the
Sykes-Picot Agreement
, Lawrence knew, had already betrayed them in a cynical wartime division of expected spoils.) Distinguished and disillusioned, Lawrence left for home just before the Armistice and politely refused, at a royal audience on October 30, 1918, the Order of the Bath and the DSO, leaving the shocked king George V (in his words) “holding the box in my hand.” He was demobilized as a lieutenant colonel on July 31, 1919.
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