????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ????????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? . ??? ???? ?? ????? ????????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????????.

????? ????? ????? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? New Freie Presse ????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? * ??????? ???????? * ?? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????????? ?? ?????? ? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??????????? ?????? ? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? . ???? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ????????? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ( Howard Sachar , The Course of Modern Jewish History , p. 229 ) . ?? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?????????????? . ????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? Alfred Dreyfus ??? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ??????? . ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? . ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???? ? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???????? Esterhazy . ??? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? . ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ??? ? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? . ( Sachar pp. 235-233 ) .
???? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ????????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????? * ????? ?????? ??????? * ???? ???? ?????? ????? ? ??? ??? ??? * ??????? ????? ???? ??????? * ? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ? * ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ? ?? ???????? ????????? ?????????? * . ????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ??????? . ???? ???? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? . ??? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? . ???? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? . ?????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????????? ???????? ??? "??? ?????".

??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? . ??? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ?????????? ??? ???? ?????? * ???? ?????? * ????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? * ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? * . ???? ????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? . ??? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ???? . ???? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? . ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????????? ????????? ???? ??? . ?? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ? ?? ???? - ??? ??? ????? - ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ????????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? . ??? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ????????? ??? ???? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????? ????????? ?????? . ????????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ????????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? . ??? ??? ?? ??? ????? : * ... ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ????????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ????????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ( Theodore Herzl , The State of the Jews , p. 110 ) .

???? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ? ??? ?? ??????? ??????????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ????????? ? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????????? ? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??? . ???? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????????? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ????????? ?????? . ??? ??? ????? ??? ????? ...???? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? . ????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????????? ????? ???????? ?????? ... ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? *( Herzl , ibid ).

???? ????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ? ?????? ???? ??????????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? A Jewish Chartered Company ? ??? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ????????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ( Herzl , p. 23 ) . ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ? ????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? . ??????????. ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ? ?? ?? ???? ???????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? . ??? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ? ????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? .

??? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? *?????? ???????? ??????? ???????? * ?????? ??? ????? ???????? . ??? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ??????????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? . ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??? ?????? ? ??? ???????? ????????? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ???? : * ???????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? * . ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ????????? ? ???? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ? ???????? ???? ?????????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ? * ????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ? ?? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ???????? ????? ?????? ???????? * ( Herzl , p. 50 ) .

???? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????????? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? . ???? ???? ?? ??? ????? : * ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? . ?? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????????? ??????????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????????? ?????? . ????????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ..* ( Herzl , ibid ) . ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ????????? ???????? ? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????? ????????? ?????? ?? ?????? * ????? ??? ??????? ?????? * ? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ????????? . ??????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? . ???? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????????? ????????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ? ????? ??? ?? ????? ????????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?????? : * ?? ??????? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ? ??? ??? ?? ????? ????????? ????? ??????? ? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? . ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ???????? ??????? * (Herzl , Diaries , V 111, p. 1194 ) . ????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? .

??? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ????? ?????? ???????? . ????? ????? ????? ?? * ????? ?????? * ????? ????? ????? ?????? * ???????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ??????? * ?? ??????? ?????? ? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?? ????? ????????? ? ????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?? * ????? ?????? * .

????????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ????? * ????? ?????? * Society of Jews ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????????? . * ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? * ??? ????? ????? * ??????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ????? * . ??? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? * ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????????* ??? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ???? * ?? ???? ??? ????????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ?????????? * ( ????? ???? ? ??????? ???????? ? ? ??? ) .

???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????????? ??? ???? ?????? . ???? ??? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ? ????????????? ?? ???? ???? ??? * ?????? ???????? * . ????? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? .

??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?????. ?? ?????? ????? . ????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ?????? * ??? ???????? ????????* ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? . ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? * ??? ???? * ??? . ???? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? . ????
??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? . ????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ????????? * ???? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ? ????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? * ( Herzl , Diaries , ibid ) . ???? ????? ?? ?????????? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? *?????????? ?? ??????? ???????* ? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ????????? * ???? ????? * ??? ??? ??? ?????? ? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? . ??? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?????????? ? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ????????? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ????????? ??????? ???????? . ????????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? .

?? ??????? ????? ????? ?????????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ? ??? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????????? * ??????? ????? * ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ?? * ??????? ???????? * ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ??????? . ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ( ????? ???????? ) ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ?? ?????? ? ??? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??? * ????????? ????????* .

?? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ????????? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ?????? . ????? ?????? ????????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??? * ?????????? ???????? * .

??? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ?? ????? ??? ?????????? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ????? * ?????????? ???????? * ????? ??? ??????? * ??? ????? * ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????????? ???????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? .