activity areas Asian Boxer Uprising Britain British Caribbean basin Central America China Chinese circum-Caribbean Civil coast colonies Columbus's commercial competition conflict Costa crises Cuba Cuban cultural Deutschland diplomatic domestic East Asia economic entrepreneurs European expedition export Filipinos foreign France French German Hans-Ulrich Wehler Hawaii Hawaiian historian History imperialist industrial interoceanic Iriye isthmian isthmus Japan Japanese John labor land late nineteenth Latin America liberal markets merchants metropole Mexican Mexico mission missionaries Modern China Monroe Doctrine naval stations Nicaragua nineteenth century North Atlantic Oceania Opium Pacific basin Pacific islands Panama Canal Perez Jr Philippines political production protection Qing-Dao railroad raw materials region role route Russia Samoa Schoonover social imperialism South Pacific Spain Spanish Thomas Schoonover tion trade transit treaty troops U.S. Exploring Expedition U.S. government U.S. interests U.S. leaders U.S. military U.S. officials U.S. policy U.S. society United Walter LaFeber wealth western whaling William York