The medals for Physics, Chemistry,
Physiology or Medicine and Literature were modeled by the Swedish
sculptor and engraver Erik Lindberg and the Peace medal by the
Norwegian sculptor Gustav Vigeland. The medal for The Sveriges
Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of
Alfred Nobel (established in 1968 in connection with the 300th
anniversary of the Sveriges Riksbank), was designed by Gunvor
Svensson-Lundqvist.
Registered trademark of the Nobel Foundation
More about the Nobel Medal for Physics and Chemistry
The front side of the three "Swedish"
medals (Physics and Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, and
Literature) is the same, featuring a portrait of Alfred Nobel and
the years of his birth and death in Latin - NAT-MDCCC XXXIII
OB-MDCCC XCVI. Alfred Nobel's face on the Peace medal and on the
medal for the Economics Prize has different designs. The main
inscription on the reverse side of all three "Swedish" Nobel
Prize medals is the same: "Inventas vitam juvat excoluisse per
artes,"while the images vary according to the symbols of the
respective prize-awarding institutions. The Peace medal has the
inscription "Pro pace et fraternitate gentium" and the Economics
medal has no quotation at all on the reverse.
Up to 1980 the "Swedish" medals, each weighing approximately 200
g and with a diameter of 66 mm, were made of 23 carat gold. Since
then they have been made of 18 carat green gold plated with
24 carat gold.
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More about the Nobel Medal for Physiology or Medicine
The Nobel medals have had the same design
since 1902. Why not since 1901, when the first Prizes were
awarded? In early 1901 the young and talented Swedish sculptor
and engraver Erik Lindberg - later Professor Erik Lindberg - had
been entrusted with the task of creating the three "Swedish"
Nobel medals, while the Norwegian medal - the Peace medal - had
been entrusted to the Norwegian sculptor Gustav Vigeland. The
designs of the reverse sides of the "Swedish" Nobel medals were
not finalized in time for the first Award Ceremony in 1901. We
gather from Erik Lindberg's correspondence with his father
Professor Adolf Lindberg that each of the 1901 Laureates received
a "temporary" medal - a medal bearing the portrait of Alfred
Nobel, cast in a baser metal - as a memento until the "real"
medals were finished. The first of these medals was not completed
and cast until September 1902.
Registered trademark of the Nobel Foundation
More about the Nobel Medal for Literature
During the years 1901-1902 Erik Lindberg
was living in Paris. He was influenced by modern French medal
engravers of that period, such as the masters Roty, Chaplain,
Tasset and Vernon. The portrait on the front of the Swedish
medals was completed in time. It was reduced in October 1901 at
Janvier's in Paris and the final punching took place in
Stockholm. The reason for the delay was that the symbols on the
reverse of the medals had to be approved by each Prize-Awarding
institution, which was not without controversy. After lengthy
discussions by letter, Erik Lindberg decided to return to
Stockholm in November 1901 in order to present his ideas in
person. His proposals were then all accepted, and he was finally
able to produce the plaster casts for the reverse sides, which
were then reduced for the final metal-stamping dies.
As Gustav Vigeland was a sculptor and not a medal engraver, Erik
Lindberg was asked to make the dies for the Peace medal. His
reductions were based on Vigeland's designs.
Registered trademark of the Nobel Foundation
More about the Nobel Peace Prize Medal
On all "Swedish" Nobel medals the name of
the Laureate is engraved fully visible on a plate on the reverse,
whereas the name of the Peace Laureate as well as that of the
Winner for the Economics Prize is engraved on the edge of the
medal, which is less obvious. For the 1975 Economics Prize
winners, the Russian
Leonid Kantorovich
and
the American
Tjalling Koopmans
,
this created problems. Their medals were mixed up in Stockholm,
and after the Nobel Week the Prize Winners went back to their
respective countries with the wrong medals. As this happened
during the Cold War, it took four years of diplomatic efforts to
have the medals exchanged to their rightful owners.
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More about the Medal for the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel
On December 10 at the Prize Award Ceremony
in Stockholm, His Majesty the King hands each Laureate a diploma
and a medal. The Peace Prize, i.e. diploma and medal, is
presented on the same day in Oslo by the Chairman of the
Norwegian Nobel Committee in the presence of the King of Norway.
The Irish poet
William Butler Yeats
wrote the following in "The Bounty of Sweden" (The Cuala Press,
Dublin, 1925) after receiving the Nobel Prize for Literature in
1923:
"All is over, and I am able to examine my medal, its charming,
decorative, academic design, French in manner, a work of the
nineties. It shows a young man listening to a Muse, who stands
young and beautiful with a great lyre in her hand, and I think as
I examine it, 'I was good-looking once like that young man, but
my unpractised verse was full of infirmity, my Muse old as it
were; and now I am old and rheumatic, and nothing to look at, but
my Muse is young'."
1986 Literature Laureate
Wole Soyinka's
medal box.
There are many rumors of what happened to
the Nobel medals of three Nobel Laureates in Physics during World
War II: the medals of the Germans
Max von Laue
(1914) and
James Franck
(1925), and of the Dane
Niels Bohr
(1922).
Professor Bohr's Institute of Theoretical Physics in Copenhagen
had been a refuge for German Jewish physists since 1933. Max von
Laue and James Franck had deposited their medals there to keep
them from being confiscated by the German authorities. After the
occupation of Denmark in April 1940, the medals were Bohr's first
concern, according to the Hungarian chemist
George de Hevesy
(also
of Jewish origin and a 1943 Nobel Laureate in Chemistry), who
worked at the institute. In Hitler's Germany it was almost a
capital offense to send gold out of the country. Since the names
of the Laureates were engraved on the medals, their discovery by
the invading forces would have had very serious consequences. To
quote George de Hevesy (Adventures in Radioisotope Research, Vol.
1, p. 27, Pergamon, New York, 1962), who talks about von Laue's
medal: "I suggested that we should bury the medal, but Bohr did
not like this idea as the medal might be unearthed. I decided to
dissolve it. While the invading forces marched in the streets of
Copenhagen, I was busy dissolving Laue's and also James Franck's
medals. After the war, the gold was recovered and the Nobel
Foundation generously presented Laue and Frank with new Nobel
medals." de Hevesy wrote to von Laue after the war that the task
of dissolving the medals had not been easy, as gold is
"exceedingly unreactive and difficult to dissolve." The Nazis
occupied Bohr's institute and searched it very carefully but they
did not find anything. The medals quietly waited out the war in a
solution of aqua regia. de Hevesy did not mention Niels Bohr's
own Nobel medal but documents in the Niels Bohr Archive in
Copenhagen show that Niels Bohr's Nobel medal, as well as the
Nobel medal of the 1920 Danish Laureate in Physiology or
Medicine, August Krogh, had already been donated to an auction
held on March 12, 1940 for the benefit of the Fund for Finnish
Relief (Finlandshjälpen). The medals were bought by an
anonymous buyer and donated to the Danish Historical Museum in
Fredriksborg, where they are still kept. Regarding the Nobel
medals of von Laue and Franck, the Niels Bohr Archive has a
letter from Niels Bohr dated January 24, 1950, about the delivery
of gold to the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in Stockholm
relating to these two medals. The proceedings of the Nobel
Foundation on February 28, 1952, mention that Professor Franck
received his recoined medal at a ceremony at the University of
Chicago on January 31, 1952.
The Nobel Medals
See how the Nobel Medals are manufactured
-
The Nobel Medals were produced by Myntverket (the Swedish Mint) in Eskilstuna, Sweden, 1902‒2010.
Copyright © Myntverket 2011
Photo: Markus Marcetic
-
All the medals produced by Myntverket (the Swedish Mint) are well documented since the 18th century.
Copyright © Myntverket 2011
Photo: Markus Marcetic
-
Gold sheets are rolled out to the proper size.
Copyright © Myntverket 2011
Photo: Markus Marcetic
-
The medal is rolled out to the proper size.
Copyright © Myntverket 2011
Photo: Markus Marcetic
-
The punched raw material.
Copyright © Myntverket 2011
Photo: Markus Marcetic
-
No hurry ? all the work is carried out very carefully.
Copyright © Myntverket 2011
Photo: Markus Marcetic
-
The medal is coined under high pressure.
Copyright © Myntverket 2011
Photo: Markus Marcetic
-
The medal is carefully examined after being coined.
Copyright © Myntverket 2011
Photo: Markus Marcetic
-
After a heat treatment the medal is cooled down.
Copyright © Myntverket 2011
Photo: Markus Marcetic
-
The medal is cooled down.
Copyright © Myntverket 2011
Photo: Markus Marcetic
-
The medal is washed in water.
Copyright © Myntverket 2011
Photo: Markus Marcetic
-
The medal is polished to get rid of oxides and ...
Copyright © Myntverket 2011
Photo: Markus Marcetic
-
... checked with a magnifying glass.
Copyright © Myntverket 2011
Photo: Markus Marcetic
-
All manufacturing of medals is a handicraft.
Copyright © Myntverket 2011
Photo: Markus Marcetic
-
All medals are handled and checked individually.
Copyright © Myntverket 2011
Photo: Markus Marcetic
-
The medals edges are leveled ...
Copyright © Myntverket 2011
Photo: Markus Marcetic
-
... to be checked once again.
Copyright © Myntverket 2011
Photo: Markus Marcetic
-
The medals are weighed in order to check that they have the proper weight.
Copyright © Myntverket 2011
Photo: Markus Marcetic
-
Afterwards, it is time for the engraving ...
Copyright © Myntverket 2011
Photo: Markus Marcetic
-
... which is done by hand.
Copyright © Myntverket 2011
Photo: Markus Marcetic
-
The engraving is checked with a magnifying glass ...
Copyright © Myntverket 2011
Photo: Markus Marcetic
-
... and subsequently approved.
Copyright © Myntverket 2011
Photo: Markus Marcetic
-
The medals are protected against scratches.
Copyright © Myntverket 2011
Photo: Markus Marcetic
-
The finished Nobel Medal.
Copyright © Myntverket 2011
Photo: Markus Marcetic
The Nobel Medals were produced by Myntverket (the Swedish Mint) in Eskilstuna, Sweden, 1902‒2010.
Copyright © Myntverket 2011
Photo: Markus Marcetic
All the medals produced by Myntverket (the Swedish Mint) are well documented since the 18th century.
Copyright © Myntverket 2011
Photo: Markus Marcetic
Gold sheets are rolled out to the proper size.
Copyright © Myntverket 2011
Photo: Markus Marcetic
The medal is rolled out to the proper size.
Copyright © Myntverket 2011
Photo: Markus Marcetic
The punched raw material.
Copyright © Myntverket 2011
Photo: Markus Marcetic
No hurry ? all the work is carried out very carefully.
Copyright © Myntverket 2011
Photo: Markus Marcetic
The medal is coined under high pressure.
Copyright © Myntverket 2011
Photo: Markus Marcetic
The medal is carefully examined after being coined.
Copyright © Myntverket 2011
Photo: Markus Marcetic
After a heat treatment the medal is cooled down.
Copyright © Myntverket 2011
Photo: Markus Marcetic
The medal is cooled down.
Copyright © Myntverket 2011
Photo: Markus Marcetic
The medal is washed in water.
Copyright © Myntverket 2011
Photo: Markus Marcetic
The medal is polished to get rid of oxides and ...
Copyright © Myntverket 2011
Photo: Markus Marcetic
... checked with a magnifying glass.
Copyright © Myntverket 2011
Photo: Markus Marcetic
All manufacturing of medals is a handicraft.
Copyright © Myntverket 2011
Photo: Markus Marcetic
All medals are handled and checked individually.
Copyright © Myntverket 2011
Photo: Markus Marcetic
The medals edges are leveled ...
Copyright © Myntverket 2011
Photo: Markus Marcetic
... to be checked once again.
Copyright © Myntverket 2011
Photo: Markus Marcetic
The medals are weighed in order to check that they have the proper weight.
Copyright © Myntverket 2011
Photo: Markus Marcetic
Afterwards, it is time for the engraving ...
Copyright © Myntverket 2011
Photo: Markus Marcetic
... which is done by hand.
Copyright © Myntverket 2011
Photo: Markus Marcetic
The engraving is checked with a magnifying glass ...
Copyright © Myntverket 2011
Photo: Markus Marcetic
... and subsequently approved.
Copyright © Myntverket 2011
Photo: Markus Marcetic
The medals are protected against scratches.
Copyright © Myntverket 2011
Photo: Markus Marcetic
The finished Nobel Medal.
Copyright © Myntverket 2011
Photo: Markus Marcetic
Photos: Courtesy of Myntverket (the Swedish Mint).
The Nobel Medals were cast by Myntverket (the Royal Mint) in Eskilstuna, Sweden, 1902-2010. 2011, the Nobel Medals and the Nobel Peace Prize Medals were cast by Det Norske Myntverket (Mint of Norway) in Kongsberg, Norway. The 2012 Nobel Medals were made by Svenska Medalj in Eskilstuna, Sweden. The cases in which the medals are kept were handicraftet by Anders Eriksson's atelier.
More on the Nobel Medals and the Medal
for the Prize in Economic Sciences:
Physics and Chemistry
Physiology or Medicine
Literature
Peace
Economic Sciences
First published 11 March 1998
Copyright © The Nobel Foundation 2006
To cite this page
MLA style: "The Nobel Medals and the Medal for the Prize in Economic Sciences".
Nobelprize.org.
Nobel Media AB 2014. Web. 6 May 2015. <http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/about/medals/>
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