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NOTES
[1]
Tab A
contains acronyms, abbreviations, and a glossary.
[2]
United States General Accounting Office, Report to Congressional Requesters, "Gulf
War Illnesses: Understanding of Health Effects of Depleted Uranium Evolving but Safety
Training Needed," GAO/NSIAD-00-70, Washington, DC, March 29, 2000,
p. 14-15
.
[3]
Lead Sheet #27335, Interview of Senior OSAGWI Staff Member, July 19, 2000,
p. 1
.
[4]
Medical testing is expected to yield either normal or abnormal results. "Normal"
is usually a range. Subtle perturbations refers to medical research that produces a
cluster of results at the high or low end of normal, at times including results just below
or above the low and high normal cutoffs, for which there is no ready explanation.
[5]
Baltimore Division, VA Maryland Healthcare System, "Status Report
Outpatient
Urine Uranium Screening," October 2, 2000, p. 2.
[6]
Harley, Naomi, Earnest Foulkes, Lee Hilborne, Arlene Hudson, and C. Ross Anthony, "A
Review of the Scientific Literature as it Pertains to Gulf War Illnesses," Volume 7:
"Depleted Uranium," Washington, DC: RAND, National Defense Research Institute,
1999,
p. xvi
.
[7]
Harley, Naomi, Earnest Foulkes, Lee Hilborne, Arlene Hudson, and C. Ross Anthony, "A
Review of the Scientific Literature as it Pertains to Gulf War Illnesses," Volume 7:
"Depleted Uranium," Washington, DC: RAND, National Defense Research Institute,
1999,
p. 71
.
[8]
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, US Public Health Service, Department of
Health & Human Services,
Toxicological Profile for Uranium
, Atlanta, GA,
September 1999,
p. 20
.
[9]
Institute of Medicine,
Gulf War and Health
, Volume 1: "Depleted Uranium,
Sarin, Pyridostigmine Bromide, Vaccines," Carolyn E. Fulco, Catharyn T. Liverman,
Harold C. Sox, eds., Washington, DC: 2000,
p. ES-6
,
4-54
.
[10]
This expands on the conclusion endorsed by the Presidential Special
Oversight Board in its August 20, 1999
Interim Report
. See
Tab R
for further discussion.
[11]
Risk is a measure of the chance an undesirable event or effect may
actually happen. For example, a risk of 1x10
-7
means
there is one chance in 10,000,000 of the event happening. As applied to radiation risk,
this means if 10,000,000 persons received a certain radiation dose, then we would expect
one person may show the harmful effect. The estimated risk from low doses of radiation,
where no harmful effects have actually been seen, is extrapolated from high radiation
doses, where the effects have been seen. In making this extrapolation, it is assumed that
the chance of injury from the low dose is proportional to the chance of injury from the
high radiation dose.
[12]
Harley, Naomi, Earnest Foulkes, Lee Hilborne, Arlene Hudson, and C.
Ross Anthony, "A Review of the Scientific Literature as it Pertains to Gulf War
Illnesses," Volume 7, "Depleted Uranium," Washington, DC: RAND, National
Defense Research Institute, 1999,
p. xiii
.
[13]
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, US Public Health
Service, Department of Health & Human Services,
Toxicological Profile for Uranium
,
Atlanta, GA, September 1999,
p. 1-2
.
[14]
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, US Public Health
Service, Department of Health & Human Services,
Toxicological Profile for Uranium
,
Atlanta, GA, September 1999,
p. 269
.
[15]
"Report of the Task Group on Reference Man," International
Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) Publication 23, Pergamon Press, 1975, p. 415.
[16]
Fliszar, Richard W., Edward F. Wilsey, and Ernest W. Bloore,
Radiological
Contamination from Impacted Abrams Heavy Armor
, Technical Report BRL-TR-3068, Aberdeen
Proving Ground, MD: Ballistic Research Laboratory, December 1989, p. 56.
[17]
Harley, Naomi, Earnest Foulkes, Lee Hilborne, Arlene Hudson, and C.
Ross Anthony, "A Review of the Scientific Literature as it Pertains to Gulf War
Illnesses," Volume 7, "Depleted Uranium," Washington, DC: RAND, National
Defense Research Institute, 1999,
p. 6
.
[18]
Health Physics Society,
Bioassay Programs for Uranium, An American
National Standard
, HPS N13.22-1995, McLean, VA: October 1995, p. 13, 38.
[19]
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, US Public Health
Service, Department of Health & Human Services,
Toxicological Profile for Uranium
,
Atlanta, GA, September 1999,
p. 22
.
[20]
USACHPPM, Health Risk Assessment Consultation No. 26-MF-7555-00D,
"Depleted Uranium-Human Exposure Assessment and Health Risk Characterization in
Support of the Environmental Exposure Report 'Depleted Uranium in the Gulf' of the Office
of the Special Assistant to the Secretary of Defense for Gulf War Illnesses, Medical
Readiness and Military Deployments (OSAGWI)," September 2000,
p. J-85
.
[21]
Harley, Naomi, Earnest Foulkes, Lee Hilborne, Arlene Hudson, and C.
Ross Anthony, "A Review of the Scientific Literature as it Pertains to Gulf War
Illnesses," Volume 7, "Depleted Uranium," Washington, DC: RAND, National
Defense Research Institute, 1999,
p. 41
.
[22]
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, US Public Health
Service, Department of Health & Human Services,
Toxicological Profile for Uranium
,
Atlanta, GA, September 1999,
p. 152
.
[23]
Harley, Naomi, Earnest Foulkes, Lee Hilborne, Arlene Hudson, and C.
Ross Anthony, "A Review of the Scientific Literature as it Pertains to Gulf War
Illnesses," Volume 7, "Depleted Uranium," Washington, DC: RAND, National
Defense Research Institute, 1999,
p. 8
.
[24]
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, US Public Health
Service, Department of Health & Human Services,
Toxicological Profile for Uranium
,
Atlanta, GA, September 1999,
p. 8
.
[25]
Harley, Naomi, Earnest Foulkes, Lee Hilborne, Arlene Hudson, and C.
Ross Anthony, "A Review of the Scientific Literature as it Pertains to Gulf War
Illnesses," Volume 7, "Depleted Uranium," Washington, DC: RAND, National
Defense Research Institute, 1999,
p.
xiv-xv
.
[26]
Harley, Naomi, Earnest Foulkes, Lee Hilborne, Arlene Hudson, and C.
Ross Anthony, "A Review of the Scientific Literature as it Pertains to Gulf War
Illnesses," Volume 7, "Depleted Uranium," Washington, DC: RAND, National
Defense Research Institute, 1999,
p. 59
;
and Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, US Public Health Service, Department
of Health & Human Services,
Toxicological Profile for Uranium
, Atlanta, GA,
September 1999,
p. 86-91
.
[27]
Harley, Naomi, Earnest Foulkes, Lee Hilborne, Arlene Hudson, and C.
Ross Anthony, "A Review of the Scientific Literature as it Pertains to Gulf War
Illnesses," Volume 7, "Depleted Uranium," Washington, DC: RAND, National
Defense Research Institute, 1999,
p.
61-62
.
[28]
Harley, Naomi, Earnest Foulkes, Lee Hilborne, Arlene Hudson, and C.
Ross Anthony, "A Review of the Scientific Literature as it Pertains to Gulf War
Illnesses," Volume 7, "Depleted Uranium," Washington, DC: RAND, National
Defense Research Institute, 1999,
p.
64-66
.
[29]
Harley, Naomi, Earnest Foulkes, Lee Hilborne, Arlene Hudson, and C.
Ross Anthony, "A Review of the Scientific Literature as it Pertains to Gulf War
Illnesses," Volume 7, "Depleted Uranium," Washington, DC: RAND, National
Defense Research Institute, 1999,
p. xv
.
[30]
Harley, Naomi, Earnest Foulkes, Lee Hilborne, Arlene Hudson, and C.
Ross Anthony, "A Review of the Scientific Literature as it Pertains to Gulf War
Illnesses," Volume 7, "Depleted Uranium," Washington, DC: RAND, National
Defense Research Institute, 1999,
p. 11
.
[31]
Foulkes, Ernest C., "The Concept of Critical Levels of Toxic
Heavy Metals in Target Tissues," Critical Reviews in Toxicology, Number 20, 1990, p.
334-335.
[32]
Health Physics Society,
Bioassay Programs for Uranium: An American
National Standard
, HPS N13.22-1995, McLean, VA, p. 34.
[33]
Harley, Naomi, Earnest Foulkes, Lee Hilborne, Arlene Hudson, and C.
Ross Anthony, "A Review of the Scientific Literature as it Pertains to Gulf War
Illnesses," Volume 7, "Depleted Uranium," Washington, DC: RAND, National
Defense Research Institute, 1999,
p. 33
.
[34]
Code of Federal Regulations, 10 CFR 20, "Standards for
Protection Against Radiation." Subpart C, 20.1201,
"Occupational Dose Limits for
Adults,"
April 25, 1995.
[35]
Time-weighted average concentrations are concentrations averaged over
increments of time and adjusted to reflect the proportional length of time each
concentration occurred. This technique allows averaging the air concentrations over a work
day (8 hours) or week (40 hours) to allow for brief excursions over a limit.
[36]
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists,
1999
TLVs and BEIs, Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents
,
Biological Exposure Indices, Cincinnati, OH, 1999, p. 4.
[37]
Harley, Naomi, Earnest Foulkes, Lee Hilborne, Arlene Hudson, and C.
Ross Anthony, "A Review of the Scientific Literature as it Pertains to Gulf War
Illnesses," Volume 7, "Depleted Uranium," Washington, DC: RAND, National
Defense Research Institute, 1999,
p. xiii
.
[38]
Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), 29 CFR 1910.1000, Table Z-1,
"Limits for Air Contaminants;"
29 CFR 1915.1000, Table Z,
"Shipyards,"
and 29 CFR 1910.1025,
"Lead."
[39]
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists,
1999
TLVs and BEIs, Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents
,
Biological Exposure Indices, Cincinnati, OH, 1999, p. 70.
[40]
McDiarmid, Melissa A., et al., "Health Effects of Depleted
Uranium on Exposed Gulf War Veterans,"
Environmental Research
, Vol. 82, No.
2, February 2000, Academic Press, Orlando, FL, p. 169, 173.
[41]
These are approximate numbers. We screened 270 persons' DoD
hospitalization records; however, the 270 included some Level III veterans.
[42]
Spreadsheet from the Chief, Army Medical Surveillance Activity, US
Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine, to OSAGWI, Subject:
"DU-related Nephritis.xls,"
April 25, 2000, @ 5:23 PM.
[43]
Harley, Naomi, Earnest Foulkes, Lee Hilborne, Arlene Hudson, and C.
Ross Anthony, "A Review of the Scientific Literature as it Pertains to Gulf War
Illnesses," Volume 7: "Depleted Uranium," Washington DC: RAND, National
Defense Research Institute, 1999,
p. 73
.
[44]
Institute of Medicine,
Adverse Reproductive Outcomes in Families
of Atomic Veterans: The Feasibility of Epidemiologic Studies
, Washington, DC: National
Academy Press, 1995,
p. 23-24
.
[45]
Otake, M., et al. Radiation Effects Research Foundation, "Severe
Mental Retardation Among the Prenatally Exposed Survivors of the Atomic Bombing of
Hiroshima and Nagasaki: A Comparison of the T65DR and DS86 Dosimetry Systems,"
Technical Report RERF TR 16-87, 1987, p. 2.
[46]
"Radiation Risk in Perspective: Position Statement of Health
Physics Society," January 1996, In Health Physics Society, Radiation Safety
Professional's Membership Handbook & Directory, 1999-2000, McLean, VA, October 1999,
p. 235-236
.
[47]
Mossman, K.L., E. Gail de Planque, Marvin Goldman, Kenneth R. Kase,
Sigurdur M. Magnussen, L. Manning Muntzing, and Genevieve Roessler,
"Bridging Radiation Policy and
Science,"
Final Report of an International Conference, 1-5 December, 1999, in
Warrenton, VA, January 2000.
[48]
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, US Public Health
Service, Department of Health & Human Services,
Toxicological Profile for Ionizing
Radiation
, Atlanta, GA, September 1999,
p. 13
.
[49]
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, US Public Health
Service, Department of Health & Human Services,
Toxicological Profile for Ionizing
Radiation
, Atlanta, GA, September 1999,
p 14
.
[50]
BEIR V.,
Health Effects of Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing
Radiation
, Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1990,
p. 384-385
.
[51]
Letter to US Nuclear Regulatory Commission from US Army
Tank-Automotive and Armaments Command, Subject: "Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC)
Licenses SUB-1536, SUB-1564, SMB-141 and SM-0179," January 20, 2000, Enclosure 1,
p. 13-14
.
[52]
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, US Public Health
Service, Department of Health & Human Services,
Toxicological Profile for Uranium
,
Atlanta, GA, September 1999,
p. 3-4
.
[53]
Harley, Naomi, Earnest Foulkes, Lee Hilborne, Arlene Hudson, and C.
Ross Anthony, "A Review of the Scientific Literature as it Pertains to Gulf War
Illnesses," Volume 7: "Depleted Uranium," Washington DC: RAND, National
Defense Research Institute, 1999,
p. 59
.
[54]
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, US Public Health
Service, Department of Health & Human Services,
Toxicological Profile for Uranium
,
Atlanta, GA, September 1999,
p. 9
.
[55]
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, US Public Health
Service, Department of Health & Human Services,
Toxicological Profile for Uranium
,
Atlanta, GA, September 1999,
p. 192-193
.
[56]
Harley, Naomi, Earnest Foulkes, Lee Hilborne, Arlene Hudson, and C.
Ross Anthony, "A Review of the Scientific Literature as it Pertains to Gulf War
Illnesses," Volume 7: "Depleted Uranium," Washington DC: RAND, National
Defense Research Institute, 1999,
p. 63
.
[57]
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, US Public Health
Service, Department of Health & Human Services,
Toxicological Profile for Uranium
,
Atlanta, GA, September 1999,
p. 20
.
[58]
US Army Environmental Policy Institute,
Health and Environmental
Consequences of Depleted Uranium Use in the US Army: Technical Report
, Atlanta, GA:
Georgia Institute of Technology, June 1995,
p. 107
.
[59]
US Army Environmental Policy Institute,
Health and Environmental
Consequences of Depleted Uranium Use in the US Army: Technical Report
, Atlanta, GA:
Georgia Institute of Technology, June 1995,
p. 122
.
[60]
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, US Public Health
Service, Department of Health & Human Services,
Toxicological Profile for Ionizing
Radiation
, Atlanta, GA, September 1999,
p 97
.
[61]
National Council of Radiation Protection and Measurements,
Limitation
of Exposure to Ionizing Radiation
, Report No. 116, Bethesda, MD, 1993,
p. 1
.
[62]
National Council of Radiation Protection and Measurements,
Limitation
of Exposure to Ionizing Radiation
, Report No. 116, Bethesda, MD, 1993,
p. 10
.
[63]
National Council of Radiation Protection and Measurements,
Limitation
of Exposure to Ionizing Radiation
, Report No. 116, Bethesda, MD, 1993,
p. 34
.
[64]
International Commission on Radiological Protection,
1990
Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection
, ICRP
Publication 60, Elmsford, NY: Pergamon Press, 1990.
[65]
Department of Defense, Instruction 6055.8,
"Occupational Radiation Protection
Program,"
revised May 6, 1996.
[66]
Code of Federal Regulations, 10 CFR 20, "Standards for
Protection Against Radiation," Subpart C, 20.1201,
"Occupational dose limits for
adults."
[67]
Code of Federal Regulations, 10 CFR 20, "Standards for
Protection Against Radiation." Subpart A, 20.1002,
"Scope."
[68]
National Council of Radiation Protection and Measurements,
Limitation
of Exposure to Ionizing Radiation
, Report No. 116, Bethesda, MD, 1993,
p. 14
.
[69]
Committee on Battlefield Radiation Exposure Criteria, Fred A.
Mettler, Jr., Chairman,
Potential Radiation Exposure in Military Operations: Protecting
the Soldier Before, During, and After
, ed. Susan Thaul and Heather O'Maonaigh,
National Academy of Sciences, Institute of Medicine, Washington, DC: National Academy
Press, 1999,
p. 14
.
[70]
Harley, Naomi, Earnest Foulkes, Lee Hilborne, Arlene Hudson, and C.
Ross Anthony, "A Review of the Scientific Literature as it Pertains to Gulf War
Illnesses," Volume 7: "Depleted Uranium," Washington DC: RAND, National
Defense Research Institute, 1999,
p. 54
.
[71]
Memo for Record (98-3), Subject: "Radiation Measurements on M1A2
with Depleted Uranium," Aberdeen, MD: Aberdeen Test Center, December 11, 1997,
p. 5
.
[72]
We obtained the maximum amount of 1.14 rem by multiplying 0.00013
times 24 hours per day times 365 days per year. This is a very conservative estimate
because drivers would not operate in this configuration for an extended period.
[73]
Memo for Record (98-3), Subject: "Radiation Measurements on M1A2
with Depleted Uranium," Aberdeen, MD: Aberdeen Test Center, December 11, 1997,
p. 5
.
[74]
US Army Environmental Policy Institute, Health and Environmental
Consequences of Depleted Uranium Use in the US Army: Technical Report, Atlanta, GA:
Georgia Institute of Technology, June 1995, June 1995,
p. 123
.
[75]
US Army Environmental Policy Institute, Health and Environmental
Consequences of Depleted Uranium Use in the US Army: Technical Report, Atlanta, GA:
Georgia Institute of Technology, June 1995,
p. 107
.
[76]
We obtain 250 hours by dividing the 50 rem in a year standard by 0.2
rem per hour dose rate.
[77]
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, US Public Health
Service, Department of Health & Human Services,
Toxicological Profile for Uranium
,
Atlanta, GA, September 1999,
p. 9
.
[78]
Harley, Naomi, Earnest Foulkes, Lee Hilborne, Arlene Hudson, and C.
Ross Anthony, "A Review of the Scientific Literature as it Pertains to Gulf War
Illnesses," Volume 7: "Depleted Uranium," Washington DC, RAND, National
Defense Research Institute, 1999,
p. 69
.
[79]
Lead Sheet #15330, Interview of former major in the Ballistics
Research Laboratory battle damage assessment team, November 23, 1999,
p. 3
.
[80]
USACHPPM, Health Risk Assessment Consultation No. 26-MF-7555-00D,
"Depleted Uranium-Human Exposure Assessment and Health Risk Characterization in
Support of the Environmental Exposure Report 'Depleted Uranium in the Gulf' of the Office
of the Special Assistant to the Secretary of Defense for Gulf War Illnesses, Medical
Readiness and Military Deployments (OSAGWI)," September 2000,
p. 168
.
[81]
USACHPPM, Health Risk Assessment Consultation No. 26-MF-7555-00D,
"Depleted Uranium-Human Exposure Assessment and Health Risk Characterization in
Support of the Environmental Exposure Report 'Depleted Uranium in the Gulf' of the Office
of the Special Assistant to the Secretary of Defense for Gulf War Illnesses, Medical
Readiness and Military Deployments (OSAGWI)," September 2000,
p. J-18
.
[82]
International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP),
"Human Respiratory Tract Model for Radiological Protection," ICRP Publication
66, Elmsford, NY: Pergamon Press, 1994.
[83]
USACHPPM, Health Risk Assessment Consultation No. 26-MF-7555-00D,
"Depleted Uranium-Human Exposure Assessment and Health Risk Characterization in
Support of the Environmental Exposure Report 'Depleted Uranium in the Gulf' of the Office
of the Special Assistant to the Secretary of Defense for Gulf War Illnesses, Medical
Readiness and Military Deployments (OSAGWI)," September 2000,
p. 80
.
[84]
Lead Sheet #13171, Interview of former sergeant first class D
Company, 1-41st Infantry, October 16, 1997,
p. 1-2
.
[85]
Memorandum from USACHPPM to the Office of the Special Assistant
Secretary for Gulf War Illnesses, Subject: "Program Summary, USACHPPM Assistance with
OSAGWI's Depleted Uranium Environmental Investigation Report," August 1998, p. 48.
[86]
USACHPPM, Health Risk Assessment Consultation No. 26-MF-7555-00D,
"Depleted Uranium-Human Exposure Assessment and Health Risk Characterization in
Support of the Environmental Exposure Report 'Depleted Uranium in the Gulf' of the Office
of the Special Assistant to the Secretary of Defense for Gulf War Illnesses, Medical
Readiness and Military Deployments (OSAGWI)," September 2000,
p. vi-viii
.
[87]
USACHPPM, Health Risk Assessment Consultation No. 26-MF-7555-00D,
"Depleted Uranium-Human Exposure Assessment and Health Risk Characterization in
Support of the Environmental Exposure Report 'Depleted Uranium in the Gulf' of the Office
of the Special Assistant to the Secretary of Defense for Gulf War Illnesses, Medical
Readiness and Military Deployments (OSAGWI)," September 2000,
p. 134-135
,
161
.
[88]
Hooper, Frank J., et al., "Elevated Urine Uranium Excretion by
Soldiers with Retained Uranium Shrapnel,"
Health Physics
, Vol. 77, No. 5,
November 1999,
p. 517-518
.
[89]
McDiarmid, Melissa A., et al., "Health Effects of Depleted
Uranium on Exposed Gulf War Veterans,"
Environmental Research
, Vol. 82, No.
2, February 2000, Academic Press, Orlando, FL, p. 168.
[90]
McDiarmid, Melissa A., et al., "Health Effects of Depleted
Uranium on Exposed Gulf War Veterans,"
Environmental Research
, Vol. 82, No.
2, February 2000, Academic Press, Orlando, FL, p. 173.
[91]
USACHPPM, Health Risk Assessment Consultation No. 26-MF-7555-00D,
"Depleted Uranium-Human Exposure Assessment and Health Risk Characterization in
Support of the Environmental Exposure Report 'Depleted Uranium in the Gulf' of the Office
of the Special Assistant to the Secretary of Defense for Gulf War Illnesses, Medical
Readiness and Military Deployments (OSAGWI)," September 2000,
p. 168-178
.
[92]
USACHPPM, Health Risk Assessment Consultation No. 26-MF-7555-00D,
"Depleted Uranium-Human Exposure Assessment and Health Risk Characterization in
Support of the Environmental Exposure Report 'Depleted Uranium in the Gulf' of the Office
of the Special Assistant to the Secretary of Defense for Gulf War Illnesses, Medical
Readiness and Military Deployments (OSAGWI)," September 2000,
p. 178-194
.
[93]
USACHPPM, Health Risk Assessment Consultation No. 26-MF-7555-00D,
"Depleted Uranium-Human Exposure Assessment and Health Risk Characterization in
Support of the Environmental Exposure Report 'Depleted Uranium in the Gulf' of the Office
of the Special Assistant to the Secretary of Defense for Gulf War Illnesses, Medical
Readiness and Military Deployments (OSAGWI)," September 2000,
p. 184-185
.
[94]
USACHPPM, Health Risk Assessment Consultation No. 26-MF-7555-00D,
"Depleted Uranium-Human Exposure Assessment and Health Risk Characterization in
Support of the Environmental Exposure Report 'Depleted Uranium in the Gulf' of the Office
of the Special Assistant to the Secretary of Defense for Gulf War Illnesses, Medical
Readiness and Military Deployments (OSAGWI)," September 2000,
p. S-29
.
[95]
USACHPPM, Health Risk Assessment Consultation No. 26-MF-7555-00D,
"Depleted Uranium-Human Exposure Assessment and Health Risk Characterization in
Support of the Environmental Exposure Report 'Depleted Uranium in the Gulf' of the Office
of the Special Assistant to the Secretary of Defense for Gulf War Illnesses, Medical
Readiness and Military Deployments (OSAGWI)," September 2000,
p. S-29
.
[96]
USACHPPM, Health Risk Assessment Consultation No. 26-MF-7555-00D,
"Depleted Uranium-Human Exposure Assessment and Health Risk Characterization in
Support of the Environmental Exposure Report 'Depleted Uranium in the Gulf' of the Office
of the Special Assistant to the Secretary of Defense for Gulf War Illnesses, Medical
Readiness and Military Deployments (OSAGWI)," September 2000,
p. S-29
.
[97]
The minimum detection level was approximately 1.6 ?g/l, which is
below the action level for evaluating Class D and W compounds in the Health Physics
Society; Bioassay Programs for Uranium, An American National Standard, HPS N13.22.1995,
McLean, VA: October 1995, p. 22.
[98]
United States General Accounting Office, Report to the Chairman,
Subcommittee on Regulation, Business Opportunities, and Energy, Committee on Small
Business, House of Representatives,
Operation Desert Storm-Army Not Adequately Prepared
to Deal With Depleted Uranium Contamination
, GAO/NSIAD-93-90. Washington, DC:
Government Printing Office, January 1993,
p. 34-35
.
[99]
USACHPPM, Health Risk Assessment Consultation No. 26-MF-7555-00D,
"Depleted Uranium-Human Exposure Assessment and Health Risk Characterization in
Support of the Environmental Exposure Report 'Depleted Uranium in the Gulf' of the Office
of the Special Assistant to the Secretary of Defense for Gulf War Illnesses, Medical
Readiness and Military Deployments (OSAGWI)," September 2000, Appendix C,
p. 2.1
.
[100]
USACHPPM, Health Risk Assessment Consultation No. 26-MF-7555-00D,
"Depleted Uranium-Human Exposure Assessment and Health Risk Characterization in
Support of the Environmental Exposure Report 'Depleted Uranium in the Gulf' of the Office
of the Special Assistant to the Secretary of Defense for Gulf War Illnesses, Medical
Readiness and Military Deployments (OSAGWI)," September 2000, Appendix C,
p. 6.10-6.12
.
[101]
The Environmental Chemical Corporation (ECC) was a civilian firm
hired to finish all cleanup and recovery activities at Camp Doha after a July 23, 1991
accident killed three servicemen cleaning up after the July 11 fire. (
Tab I
more completely discusses the Camp Doha incident.)
[102]
USACHPPM, Health Risk Assessment Consultation No. 26-MF-7555-00D,
"Depleted Uranium-Human Exposure Assessment and Health Risk Characterization in
Support of the Environmental Exposure Report 'Depleted Uranium in the Gulf' of the Office
of the Special Assistant to the Secretary of Defense for Gulf War Illnesses, Medical
Readiness and Military Deployments (OSAGWI)," September 2000, Appendix C,
p. 6.10-6.12
.
[103]
USACHPPM, Health Risk Assessment Consultation No. 26-MF-7555-00D,
"Depleted Uranium-Human Exposure Assessment and Health Risk Characterization in
Support of the Environmental Exposure Report 'Depleted Uranium in the Gulf' of the Office
of the Special Assistant to the Secretary of Defense for Gulf War Illnesses, Medical
Readiness and Military Deployments (OSAGWI)," September 2000,
p. 197-207
.
[104]
USACHPPM, Health Risk Assessment Consultation No. 26-MF-7555-00D,
"Depleted Uranium-Human Exposure Assessment and Health Risk Characterization in
Support of the Environmental Exposure Report 'Depleted Uranium in the Gulf' of the Office
of the Special Assistant to the Secretary of Defense for Gulf War Illnesses, Medical
Readiness and Military Deployments (OSAGWI)," September 2000,
p. 185
.
[105]
USACHPPM, Health Risk Assessment Consultation No. 26-MF-7555-00D,
"Depleted Uranium-Human Exposure Assessment and Health Risk Characterization in
Support of the Environmental Exposure Report 'Depleted Uranium in the Gulf' of the Office
of the Special Assistant to the Secretary of Defense for Gulf War Illnesses, Medical
Readiness and Military Deployments (OSAGWI)," September 2000,
p. T-12
.
[106]
USACHPPM, Health Risk Assessment Consultation No. 26-MF-7555-00D,
"Depleted Uranium-Human Exposure Assessment and Health Risk Characterization in
Support of the Environmental Exposure Report 'Depleted Uranium in the Gulf' of the Office
of the Special Assistant to the Secretary of Defense for Gulf War Illnesses, Medical
Readiness and Military Deployments (OSAGWI)," September 2000, Appendix C,
p. 4.1
.
[107]
An elevated release assumes the fire's heat propels smoke and fumes
to a certain height before they travel downwind. This scenario more realistically
represents what actually happens. For this calculation, the elevated release assumed 25%
of the total DU mass released by the fire was released at 10, 25, 50, and 100 meters above
the ground.
[108]
A ground-level release assumes no plume rises from the fire and
usually produces higher air concentrations within the first kilometer.
[109]
USACHPPM, Health Risk Assessment Consultation No. 26-MF-7555-00D,
"Depleted Uranium-Human Exposure Assessment and Health Risk Characterization in
Support of the Environmental Exposure Report 'Depleted Uranium in the Gulf' of the Office
of the Special Assistant to the Secretary of Defense for Gulf War Illnesses, Medical
Readiness and Military Deployments (OSAGWI)," September 2000, Appendix C,
p. 6.8
.
[110]
E-mail from a US Army Research Laboratory senior metallurgist
involved in M1 upgrade research and development efforts, "Welding Uranium," July
8, 1998,
p. 1
.
[111]
Lead Sheet #13021, Interview of 61st Combat Support Detachment
combat engineer , October 16, 1997,
p.
1-2
.
[112]
Lead Sheet #7013, Interview of 61st Combat Support Detachment former
platoon leader, November 14, 1997,
p. 1
;
Lead Sheet #7013, Interview of former platoon leader in 61st Combat Support Detachment
November 14, 1997,
p. 1
; Lead Sheet
#7072, Interview of ordnance storage area commander, November 17, 1997,
p. 1
; Lead Sheet #7155, Interview of
101st Ordnance Battalion commander, November 25, 1997,
p. 1
; Lead Sheet #22559, Interview of
1229th Transportation Company Maryland National Guard former commander, April 2, 1999,
p. 1
; Lead Sheet #22668, Interview of
1229th Transportation Company, Maryland National Guard former first sergeant, April 20,
1999,
p. 1
; Lead Sheet #22551,
Interview of 87th Maintenance Battalion former executive officer, April 2, 1999,
p. 1
; and Lead Sheet #23347, Interview
of 3rd Explosive Ordnance Detachment former commander, March 13, 1999,
p. 1
.
[113]
Lead Sheet #25311, Interview of on-scene commander, November 11,
1999,
p. 1
.
[114]
Lead Sheet #19833, Interview of munitions specialist at KKMC, August
2, 1999,
p. 1
.
[115]
Lead Sheet #12226, Interview of US Air Force munitions specialist,
August 19, 1997,
p. 1
.
[116]
Lead Sheet #24555, Interview of senior non-commissioned officer,
Armament Division, Hill AFB, UT, August 28, 1997,
p. 1
.
[117]
Lead Sheet #12226, Interview of US Air Force munitions specialist,
August 19, 1997,
p. 1
.
[118]
USACHPPM, Health Risk Assessment Consultation No. 26-MF-7555-00D,
"Depleted Uranium-Human Exposure Assessment and Health Risk Characterization in
Support of the Environmental Exposure Report 'Depleted Uranium in the Gulf' of the Office
of the Special Assistant to the Secretary of Defense for Gulf War Illnesses, Medical
Readiness and Military Deployments (OSAGWI)," September 2000,
p. 152-153
.
[119]
McDiarmid, Melissa A., et al., "Health Effects of Depleted
Uranium on Exposed Gulf War Veterans,"
Environmental Research
, Vol. 82, No.
2, February 2000, Academic Press, Orlando, FL, p. 168, 178-179.
[120]
USACHPPM, Health Risk Assessment Consultation No. 26-MF-7555-00D,
"Depleted Uranium-Human Exposure Assessment and Health Risk Characterization in
Support of the Environmental Exposure Report 'Depleted Uranium in the Gulf' of the Office
of the Special Assistant to the Secretary of Defense for Gulf War Illnesses, Medical
Readiness and Military Deployments (OSAGWI)," September 2000,
p. 208-215
.
[121]
"Estimated Expenditures" spreadsheet faxed to
investigators by former theater ammunition officer, February 3, 1992,
p. 4
.
[122]
Memorandum from Headquarters, Ogden Air Logistics Center, Department
of the Air Force, Subject:
"Gulf
War Depleted Uranium (DU) Munitions Expenditure"
April 30, 1997.
[123]
Stolfi, Dr. R., Dr. J. Clemens, and R. McEachin, Combat Damage
Assessment Team A-10/GAU-8 Low Angle Firings Versus Individual Soviet Tanks,
February-March 1978, Volume 1, Air Force/56780/2, February 1979, p. 3.
[124]
Memorandum from the US Army Center for Health Promotion and
Preventive Medicine to the Office of the Special Assistant to the Deputy Secretary of
Defense for Gulf War Illnesses, "Final Soil Report, Depleted Uranium and Isotopic
Uranium Analysis Results," Project No. 47-EM-7120-99, Aberdeen, MD, August 20, 1999,
p. 7
.
[125]
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, US Public Health
Service, Department of Health & Human Services, Toxicological Profile for Uranium,
Atlanta GA, September 1999,
p. 6
.
[126]
US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Problem
Definition and Assessment (PDA) Team Activities During Operation Vigilant Warrior-94,
Final Report, Frederick, MD, May 8, 1995,
p. 20
.
[127]
US Army Environmental Hygiene Agency, Kuwait Oil Fire Health Risk
Assessment, May 5-December 3, 1991, Final Report, Appendix H, "Radiological
Analysis," Project No. 39-26-L192-91, Aberdeen, MD, February 1994,
p. H-2
,
H-6
,
H-7
and Enclosures
2
and
3
.
[128]
US Army Environmental Hygiene Agency, Kuwait Oil Fire Health Risk
Assessment, May 5-December 3, 1991, Final Report, Appendix H, "Radiological
Analysis," Project No. 39-26-L192-91, Aberdeen, MD, February 1994,
p. H-6
.
[129]
Memorandum for Commander, US Army 520th Theater Army Medical
Laboratory, Subject: "Interim Soil Report, Total Uranium and Isotope Uranium Results,
USACHPPM Project No. 47-EM-8111-98, Operation Southern Watch," August 11, 1998,
Enclosure 1,
p. 1-5
.
[130]
E-mail from a subject matter expert, Brooks AFB, Texas, to the
Office of the Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, Subject: "Saudi Radiological
Sample Results," December 9, 1998,
p.
1
; and E-mail from a subject matter expert, Brooks AFB, Texas to OSAGWI, Subject:
"Saudi Radiological Samples, Part 2," December 9, 1998,
p. 1
.
[131]
Bou-Rabee, Firyal, "Estimating the Concentration of Uranium in
Some Environmental Samples in Kuwait After the 1991 Gulf War," Applied Radiation
Isotopes, Great Britain, Elsevier Science LTD, Vol. 46, No. 4, 1995, p. 217-220.
[132]
Parkhurst, M.A., J. Mishima, D.E. Hadlock, and S.J. Jette, Hazard
Classification and Airborne Dispersion Characteristics of the 25-MM, APFSDS-T XM919
Cartridge, PNL-7232, Richland, WA: Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratory, April 1990, p.
vi.
[133]
New munitions undergo tests designed to characterize their explosive
hazards during shipping, storage, handling, and accidents, including testing of detonation
propagation (Stack Test) and the fragments produced by setting fire to boxes of the
cartridges (External Fire Stack Test).
[134]
Parkhurst, M.A., J. Mishima, D.E. Hadlock, and S.J. Jette, Hazard
Classification and Airborne Dispersion Characteristics of the 25-MM, APFSDS-T XM919
Cartridge, PNL-7232, Richland, WA: Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratory, April 1990, p.
vi.
[135]
Parkhurst, M.A., M.H. Smith, and J. Mishima, Bradley Fighting
Vehicle Burn Test, PNNL-12079, Richland, WA: Battelle Pacific Northwest National
Laboratory, March 1999,
p. 6.1-6.5
.
[136]
US Army Armament Research, Development and Engineering Center,
Depleted Uranium (DU) Hard Impact Aerosolization Test Summary Report (Source Term and
Resuspension Estimates) (Draft), Picatinny Arsenal, NJ, January 1998, p. 5.
[137]
Hooper, Frank J., et al., "Elevated Urine Uranium Excretion by
Soldiers with Retained Uranium Shrapnel,"
Health Physics
, Vol. 77, No. 5,
November 1999,
p. 513
.
[138]
McDiarmid, Melissa A., et al., "Health Effects of Depleted
Uranium on Exposed Gulf War Veterans,"
Environmental Research
, Vol. 82, No.
2, February 2000, Academic Press, Orlando, FL, p. 168.
[139]
Hooper, Frank J., et al., "Elevated Urine Uranium Excretion by
Soldiers with Retained Uranium Shrapnel,"
Health Physics
, Vol. 77, No. 5,
November 1999,
p. 513, 515
.
[140]
McDiarmid, Melissa A., et al., "Health Effects of Depleted
Uranium on Exposed Gulf War Veterans,"
Environmental Research
, Vol. 82, No.
2, February 2000, Academic Press, Orlando, FL, p. 172, 173.
[141]
Localized effects are changes in the cells at the site (cell death,
cell multiplication) and changes between the cells at the site (scarring, fluid
accumulation, build-up of other cells, as in inflammatory response), producing symptoms
including redness, swelling, tumor, scarring, soreness, etc.
[142]
Hooper, Frank J., et al., "Elevated Urine Uranium Excretion by
Soldiers with Retained Uranium Shrapnel,"
Health Physics
, Vol. 77, No. 5,
November 1999,
p. 517
.
[143]
Hooper, Frank J., et al., "Elevated Urine Uranium Excretion by
Soldiers with Retained Uranium Shrapnel,"
Health Physics
, Vol. 77, No. 5,
November 1999,
p. 517
.
[144]
Hooper, Frank J., et al., "Elevated Urine Uranium Excretion by
Soldiers with Retained Uranium Shrapnel,"
Health Physics
, Vol. 77, No. 5,
November 1999,
p. 512
; and
McDiarmid, Melissa A.,, et al., "Health Effects of Depleted Uranium on Exposed Gulf
War Veterans,"
Environmental Research
, Vol. 82, No. 2, February 2000, p.
178.
[145]
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, US Public Health
Service, Department of Health & Human Services, Toxicological Profile for Uranium,
Atlanta GA, September 1999,
p. D-9
.
[146]
Committee on Battlefield Radiation Exposure Criteria, Fred A.
Mettler, Jr., Chairman, Potential Radiation Exposure in Military Operations: Protecting
the Soldier Before, During, and After, ed. Susan Thaul and Heather O'Maonaigh, National
Academy of Sciences, Institute of Medicine, Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1999,
p. 34
.
[147]
Committee on Battlefield Radiation Exposure Criteria, Fred A.
Mettler, Jr., Chairman, Potential Radiation Exposure in Military Operations: Protecting
the Soldier Before, During, and After, ed. Susan Thaul and Heather O'Maonaigh, National
Academy of Sciences, Institute of Medicine, Washington, DC, National Academy Press, 1999,
p. 14
.
[148]
McDiarmid, Melissa A., et al., "Health Effects of Depleted
Uranium on Exposed Gulf War Veterans,"
Environmental Research
, Vol. 82, No.
2, February 2000, Academic Press, Orlando, FL, p. 177.
[149]
McDiarmid, Melissa A., et al., "Health Effects of Depleted
Uranium on Exposed Gulf War Veterans,"
Environmental Research
, Vol. 82, No.
2, February 2000, Academic Press, Orlando, FL, p. 172.
[150]
McDiarmid, Melissa A., et al., "Health Effects of Depleted
Uranium on Exposed Gulf War Veterans,"
Environmental Research
, Vol. 82, No.
2, February 2000, Academic Press, Orlando, FL, p. 175.
[151]
McDiarmid, Melissa A., et al., "Health Effects of Depleted
Uranium on Exposed Gulf War Veterans,"
Environmental Research
, Vol. 82, No.
2, February 2000, Academic Press, Orlando, FL, p. 179.
[152]
McDiarmid, Melissa A., et al., "Health Effects of Depleted
Uranium on Exposed Gulf War Veterans,"
Environmental Research
, Vol. 82, No.
2, February 2000, Academic Press, Orlando, FL, p. 178.
[153]
Hypogonadism is deficient internal secretion of the gonads, either
the male testicle or female ovary.
[154]
Fauci, Anthony S., et al., Harrison's Principles of Internal
Medicine, 14th ed., New York: McGraw-Hill, 1998,
p. 1974
.
[155]
Kane, R.L. et al., "Neurocognitive Findings in Soldiers Wounded
with Depleted Uranium Shrapnel," Abstract presented at Conference on Federally
Sponsored Gulf War Veterans' Illnesses Research, June 17-19, 1998, Proceedings, p. 69.
[156]
McDiarmid, Melissa A.,, et al., "Health Effects of Depleted
Uranium on Exposed Gulf War Veterans,"
Environmental Research
, Vol. 82, No.
2, February 2000, p. 178.
[157]
McDiarmid, Melissa A.,, et al., "Health Effects of Depleted
Uranium on Exposed Gulf War Veterans,"
Environmental Research
, Vol. 82, No.
2, February 2000, p. 168, 176.
[158]
Memorandum for Record, Subject: "Meeting with Dr. Melissa
McDiarmid and her staff on October 15, 1999 to discuss the Baltimore DU Follow-up Program
and the Extended Follow-up Program,"
p. 1
.
[159]
Memorandum for Record, Subject: "Meeting with Dr. Melissa
McDiarmid and her staff on October 15, 1999 to discuss the Baltimore DU Follow-up Program
and the Extended Follow-up Program,"
p. 1-2
.
[160]
Of the five original survivors not participating, two have died
since the war and we have not located three.
[161]
This number includes 66 friendly-fire victims, 36 rescuers, and 117
Level II veterans.
[162]
Baltimore Division, VA Maryland Healthcare System, "Status
Report
Outpatient Urine Uranium Screening," October 2, 2000, p. 2.
[163]
Normal urine uranium levels vary geographically due to different
concentrations in the environment that affect amounts in water and foods. The Baltimore VA
measured urine uranium levels in their control population; the highest largest amount was
47 nanograms. The DU Medical Follow-up Program therefore set its arbitrary cutoff at 50
nanograms.
[164]
Baltimore Division, VA Maryland Healthcare System, "Status
Report
Outpatient Urine Uranium Screening," October 2, 2000, p. 2.
[165]
Facsimile from Department of Veterans Affairs, Medical Center and
Outpatient Clinics, Subject: "DU Exposure in Persian Gulf," Boston, MA, May 14,
1997.
[166]
Sample letter from the Department of the Army, Office of the Surgeon
General, to 144th Service and Supply Company members, New Jersey Army National Guard,
August 4, 1999,
p. 1
.
[167]
Facsimile report from US Army Medical Command to OSAGWI,
June 25, 1997
.
[168]
Internal OSAGWI Memorandum, Subject:
"Uranium in Urine by Dr. Hari
Sharma,"
February 26, 1999.
[169]
McClain, D.E., et al., "Absence of Renal Toxicity Following
Long-Term Exposure to Embedded Fragments of Depleted Uranium," The Toxicologists,
2001 (in press).
[170]
Pellmar, T.C., et al., "Distribution of Uranium in Rats
Implanted with Depleted Uranium Pellets," Toxicological Sciences, Vol.49, 1999, p.
29-39.
[171]
The fact that there was a difference does not give any clue as to
whether or not these changes are good or bad or will translate into some defect in memory
or learning, especially in humans. Although some scientists will argue that any long-term
change in neurophysiology is cause for concern, further studies are needed to determine
whether these changes translate into a particular problem.
[172]
Pellmar, T.C., et al., "Electrophysiological Changes in
Hippocampal Slices Isolated from Rats Embedded with Depleted Uranium Fragments,"
NeuroToxicology, Vol. 20, 1999, p. 785-792.
[173]
Miller, A.C., et al., "Urinary and serum mutagenicity studies
with rats implanted with depleted uranium or tantalum pellets," Mutagenesis, Vol. 13,
1998, p. 643-648.
[174]
Miller, A.C., et al., "Transformation of Human Osteoblast Cells
to the Tumorigenic Phenotype by Depleted Uranium-Uranyl Chloride," Environmental
Health Perspectives, Vol. 106, 1998,
p.
465-471
.
[175]
Brand, K.G., "Do Implanted Medical Devices Cause Cancer?,"
Journal of Biomedical Applications, Vol. 8, 1994, p. 325-343.
[176]
Hahn, F.F., R.A. Guilmette, and M.D. Hoover, "Toxicity of
Depleted Uranium Fragments in Wistar Rats," Presented at the American Radiation
Safety Conference and Exhibition, June 25-29, 2000, Denver, CO,
Health Physics
,
Vol. 78, January, 1999,
p. S129
.
[177]
Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute Study Director, e-mail
message, Subject:
"FW:
Coordination of Postwar Research Section,"
February 21, 2000, @1208 AM.
[178]
"Gulf War Illnesses Research: Toxicity of Militarily-Relevant
Heavy Metals," CBD-GWI-0202, Commerce Business Daily, February 16, 2000,
p. 1
.
[179]
McDiarmid, Melissa A.,, et al., "Health Effects of Depleted
Uranium on Exposed Gulf War Veterans,"
Environmental Research
, Vol. 82, No.
2, February 2000, p. 168, 178-179.
[180]
IOM is an independent, non-government research institute formed by
the National Academy of Sciences in 1970.
[181]
Institute of Medicine, Gulf War and Health, Volume 1: "Depleted
Uranium, Sarin, Pyridostigmine Bromide, Vaccines," Carolyn E. Fulco, Catharyn T.
Liverman, Harold C. Sox, eds., Washington, DC: 2000,
p. ES-3-ES-4
.
[182]
A dose-response relationship refers to finding a more pronounced
health effect (response) with higher doses of an agent.
[183]
Institute of Medicine, Gulf War and Health, Volume 1: "Depleted
Uranium, Sarin, Pyridostigmine Bromide, Vaccines," Carolyn E. Fulco, Catharyn T.
Liverman, Harold C. Sox, eds., Washington, DC: 2000,
p. 4-47
.
[184]
Institute of Medicine, Gulf War and Health, Volume 1: "Depleted
Uranium, Sarin, Pyridostigmine Bromide, Vaccines," Carolyn E. Fulco, Catharyn T.
Liverman, Harold C. Sox, eds., Washington, DC: 2000,
p. 4-54
.
[185]
Institute of Medicine, Gulf War and Health, Volume 1: "Depleted
Uranium, Sarin, Pyridostigmine Bromide, Vaccines," Carolyn E. Fulco, Catharyn T.
Liverman, Harold C. Sox, eds., Washington, DC: 2000,
p. 4-44
.
[186]
General Accounting Office, Report to the Chairman, House
Subcommittee on Regulation, Business Opportunities, and Energy, Committee on Small
Business, Operation Desert Storm: Army Not Adequately Prepared to Deal with Depleted
Uranium Contamination, GAO/NSIAD-93-90, Washington, DC, January 1993,
p. 34
.
[187]
Message from the Commandant, US Marine Corps, MARADMIN 107/98.
Subject:
"Depleted Uranium (DU)
Awareness Training,"
November 12, 1998.
[188]
United States General Accounting Office, Report to Congressional
Requesters, "Gulf War Illnesses: Understanding of Health Effects of Depleted Uranium
Evolving but Safety Training Needed," GAO/NSIAD-00-70, Washington, DC, March 29,
2000,
p. 17-19
.
[189]
Lead Sheet #15523,
Interview of former US Army 54th Chemical
Troop commander
, March 19, 1998.
[190]
Statement by the White House Press Secretary, "Better Health
Care for Our Military, Veterans, and Their Families," November 11, 1998,
p. 1
.
[191]
DoD Instruction 6055.1, "DoD Safety and Occupational Health
(SOH) Program," August 19, 1998, Enclosure 2,
p. 13
.
[192]
Army Regulation 40-5, "Medical Services: Preventive
Medicine," "Radiation Protection," Chapter 9, Paragraph 9-6.a.(2)(b),
October 15, 1990,
p. 21
.
[193]
Institute of Medicine, Gulf War and Health, Volume 1: "Depleted
Uranium, Sarin, Pyriodostigmine Bromide, Vaccines," Carolyn E. Fulco, Catharyn T.
Liverman, Harold C. Sox, eds., Washington, DC: 2000,
p. 4-54
.
[194]
US Army Environmental Policy Institute, Health and Environmental
Consequences of Depleted Uranium Use in the US Army: Technical Report, Atlanta, GA:
Georgia Institute of Technology, June 1995,
p. 7-8
.
[195]
US Army Environmental Policy Institute, Health and Environmental
Consequences of Depleted Uranium Use in the US Army: Technical Report, Atlanta, GA:
Georgia Institute of Technology, June 1995,
p. 8-9
.
[196]
US Army Environmental Policy Institute, Health and Environmental
Consequences of Depleted Uranium Use in the US Army: Technical Report, Atlanta, GA:
Georgia Institute of Technology, June 1995,
p. 12
.
[197]
US Army Environmental Policy Institute, Health and Environmental
Consequences of Depleted Uranium Use in the US Army: Technical Report, Atlanta, GA:
Georgia Institute of Technology, June 1995,
p. 23
.
[198]
Davitt, Richard P., A Comparison of the Advantages and Disadvantages
of Depleted Uranium and Tungsten Alloy As Penetrator Materials, Tank Ammo Section, Report
No. 107, Dover, NJ: US Army Armament Research and Development Command, June 1980,
p. 3
.
[199]
Davitt, Richard P., A Comparison of the Advantages and Disadvantages
of Depleted Uranium and Tungsten Alloy As Penetrator Materials, Tank Ammo Section, Report
No. 107, Dover, NJ: US Army Armament Research and Development Command, June 1980,
p. 5
.
[200]
Davitt, Richard P., A Comparison of the Advantages and Disadvantages
of Depleted Uranium and Tungsten Alloy As Penetrator Materials, Tank Ammo Section, Report
No. 107, Dover, NJ: US Army Armament Research and Development Command, June 1980,
p. 3
,
5-6
.
[201]
Environmental Assessment, Depleted Uranium (DU) Armor Penetrating
Munitions for the GAU-8 Automatic Cannon, Development and Operational Test and Evaluation,
Air Force Surgeon Generals Office, April 1975,
p. i
.
[202]
Davitt, Richard P., A Comparison of the Advantages and Disadvantages
of Depleted Uranium and Tungsten Alloy As Penetrator Materials, Tank Ammo Section, Report
No. 107, Dover, NJ: US Army Armament Research and Development Command, June 1980,
p. 5
.
[203]
Davitt, Richard P., A Comparison of the Advantages and Disadvantages
of Depleted Uranium and Tungsten Alloy As Penetrator Materials, Tank Ammo Section, Report
No. 107, Dover, NJ: US Army Armament Research and Development Command, June 1980,
p. 5
.
[204]
Letter to the Office of the Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses
from the Commander, Crane Division, Naval Surface Warfare Center, subject:
"Navy/Marine Corps Responses to Questions on Depleted Uranium Ammunition." March
17, 1998, Enclosure 1,
p. 1-2
.
[205]
US Army Environmental Policy Institute, Health and Environmental
Consequences of Depleted Uranium Use in the US Army: Technical Report, Atlanta, GA:
Georgia Institute of Technology, June 1995, Section 3.3 (Acquisition);
p. 26-32
.
[206]
Joint Technical Coordinating Group For Munitions Effectiveness
Special Report, Medical and Environmental Evaluation of Depleted Uranium, Vol I, Joint
Technical Coordinating Group for Munitions Effectiveness, April 1974,
p. v
.
[207]
Joint Technical Coordinating Group For Munitions Effectiveness
Special Report, Medical and Environmental Evaluation of Depleted Uranium, Vol I, Joint
Technical Coordinating Group for Munitions Effectiveness, April 1974,
p. vi-x
.
[208]
Environmental Assessment, Depleted Uranium (DU) Armor Penetrating
Munition for the GAU-8 Automatic Cannon, Development and Operational Test and Evaluation,
AF/SGPA, April 1975, Executive Summary,
p.
i
.
[209]
US Army Environmental Policy Institute, Health and Environmental
Consequences of Depleted Uranium Use in the US Army: Technical Report, Atlanta, GA:
Georgia Institute of Technology, June 1995,
p. 92-93
.
[210]
US Army Environmental Policy Institute, Health and Environmental
Consequences of Depleted Uranium Use in the US Army: Technical Report, Atlanta, GA:
Georgia Institute of Technology, June 1995,
p. 26
.
[211]
Lead Sheet #21853,
Interview of 174th Tactical Fighter Wing,
New York Air National Guard, Safety Officer and pilot during Gulf War
, February 23,
1999.
[212]
Letter to the Office of the Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses
from the Commander, Crane Division, Naval Surface Warfare Center, subject:
"Navy/Marine Corps Responses to Questions on Depleted Uranium Ammunition." March
17, 1998, Enclosure 1,
p. 1
.
[213]
Army Materiel Command, e-mail message, Subject:
"DU,"
November 7, 1997, @
11:58 AM; Director, Energetic Materials Research and Testing Center, New Mexico Institute
of Mining and Technology, e-mail message , Subject:
"Contact,"
November 3, 1998,
@ 9:04 PM; Director, Energetic Materials Research and Testing Center, New Mexico Institute
of Mining and Technology, e-mail message, Subject:
"Contact,"
November 6, 1998,
@ 1:27 AM; Senior Army Health Physicist at Picatinny Arsenal, e-mail message, Subject:
"7.62 and 50 cal DU,"
October 29, 1997, @ 4:07 PM.
[214]
Lead Sheet #19695,
Interview with president of Barrett
Firearms Manufacturing, Inc.
, October 26, 1998; Lead Sheet #19713,
Follow-up interview with president of
Barrett Firearms Manufacturing, Inc.
, October 27, 1998; Lead Sheet #19714,
Interview with Director of Medium Caliber,
Raufoss Technology AS
, October 27, 1999; Industrial Operations Command health
physicist, e-mail message, Subject:
"7.62
and 50 cal DU,"
October 29, 1997, @ 2:17 PM; Lead Sheet #19836,
Interview of Former Marine Central Command
ordnance officer
, October 28, 1998; Lead Sheet #24243,
Interview of Senior NCO at US Army Special
Operations "sniper school,"
Fort Bragg, NC, July 7, 1999.
[215]
Chief of the Radiation Protection Division, Air Force Medical
Operations Agency, e-mail message, Subject:
"Cruise Missiles,"
May 6,
1999.
[216]
Head of Radiological Controls and Health Branch, Chief of Navy
Operations, e-mail message, Subject:
"NO
DU in Navy Cruise Missiles,"
August 4, 1999.
[217]
US Army Environmental Policy Institute, Health and Environmental
Consequences of Depleted Uranium Use in the US Army: Technical Report, Atlanta, GA:
Georgia Institute of Technology, June 1995,
p. 25
.
[218]
Magness, Reed C., Environmental Overview for Depleted Uranium,
CRDC-TR-85030, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: Chemical Research & Development Center,
October 1985,
p. 10-12
.
[219]
Scales, Robert H. Jr., Certain Victory: The US Army in the Gulf War,
Simon & Schuster, Pocket Books, 1992, p. 293.
[220]
Dunnigan, James F. and Austin Bay, From Shield to Storm: High-Tech
Weapons, Military Strategy, and Coalition Warfare in the Persian Gulf, William Morrow
& Company, 1992, p. 294-295.
[221]
Final Report to Congress, Conduct of the Persian Gulf War,
Washington, DC: Department of Defense, April 1992,
p. 750
.
[222]
US Army Environmental Policy Institute, Health and Environmental
Consequences of Depleted Uranium Use in the US Army: Technical Report, Atlanta, GA:
Georgia Institute of Technology, June 1995,
p. 76
.
[223]
"Estimated Expenditures" spreadsheet faxed to
investigators by former theater ammunition officer, February 3, 1992,
p. 4
.
[224]
Based on weights per round from: US Army Environmental Policy
Institute, Health and Environmental Consequences of Depleted Uranium Use in the US Army:
Technical Report, Atlanta, GA: Georgia Institute of Technology, June 1995,
p. 39
.
[225]
Final Report to Congress, Conduct of the Persian Gulf War,
Washington, DC: Department of Defense, April 1992,
p. 664
.
[226]
Memorandum from Headquarters, Ogden Air Logistics Center, Department
of the Air Force, Subject:
"Gulf
War Depleted Uranium DU Munitions Expenditure"
April 30, 1997.
[227]
Lead Sheet #21853,
Interview of 174th Tactical Fighter Wing,
New York Air National Guard, Safety Officer and pilot during Gulf War
, February 23,
1999.
[228]
Lead Sheet #14246,
Interview of former USS Missouri executive
officer
, January 23, 1998.
[229]
US Navy Fact File,
"Phalanx
Close-In Weapons System,"
Public Affairs Office, Naval Sea Systems Command,
Washington, DC, May 1996.
[230]
M1A1 Main
Battle Tank
, United States Marine Corps Fact File, Headquarters, United States Marine
Corps, Division of Public Affairs, Washington, DC, May 1991.
[231]
Final Report to Congress, Conduct of the Persian Gulf War,
Washington, DC: Department of Defense, April 1992,
p. 671-3
.
[232]
Lead Sheet #5683,
Interview
of an officer from Headquarters, Marine Corps, Department of Aviation, Aviation Support
Logistics
, May 9, 1997.
[233]
Lead Sheet #5684,
Interview
of Master Sergeant from Headquarters, Marine Corps, Department of Aviation, Aviation
Support Logistics
, May 9, 1997.
[234]
Fax from Gulf War Veteran's Illnesses Unit, United Kingdom Ministry
of Defence, London, June 18, 1998,
p. 1
.
[235]
Testing for the Presence of Depleted Uranium in UK Veterans of the
Gulf Conflict: The Current Position, United Kingdom Ministry of Defence, London, March 19,
1999,
p. 9
.
[236]
Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense, Public Affairs, News
Release, "Military Probes Friendly Fire Incidents," Washington, DC, August 13,
1991,
p. 1
.
[237]
Lead Sheet #15493, Memorandum for the Office of the Special
Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses from former 11th Armored Cavalry Regiment engineer
officer, Subject: "Summary of Personal Involvement and Observations Concerning
Depleted Uranium at Camp Doha, Kuwait, 11 July - 25 August 1991," March 16, 1998,
p. 1-3
.
[238]
Lead Sheet #5721, Interview of Doha engineer, July 1, 1997,
p. 1
.
[239]
Lead Sheet #19410, Interview of former Bradley commander of C-23,
3-15th Infantry Battalion, October 12, 1998,
p. 1-2
; Lead Sheet #18427, Interview
of former driver of HQ-55, 1-34th Infantry Battalion, November 5, 1998,
p. 2
; and Lead Sheet #18236, Interview
of executive officer of D Company, 1-41st Infantry Battalion, August 26, 1998,
p. 1
.
[240]
Lead Sheet #24460, Interview of a Bradley hull mechanic from 4-7
Cavalry, July 22, 1999,
p. 1-2
;
Lead Sheet #24407, Interview of a Bradley system mechanic in 1-41st Infantry Battalion,
July 20, 1999,
p. 1-2
; Lead Sheet
#24435, Interview of a turret mechanic in 1-41st Infantry Battalion, July 21, 1999,
p. 1
.
[241]
Lead Sheet #15330, Interview of a Major in the Battle Damage
Assessment Team, March 5, 1998,
p. 1-2
.
[242]
Lead Sheet #24431, Interview of a senior Bradley turret mechanic in
4-7th Cavalry Squadron, July 20, 1999,
p.
2
.
[243]
US Army Armament Munitions and Chemical Command E-mail,
"M1A1 Tank Heavy Armor Dangers,"
December 11, 1990.
[244]
Memorandum from the Chief of the Logistics Operations. Branch,
Subject: "Safe Response to Incidences Involving Depleted Uranium Armor/Ammo,"
December 20, 1990,
p. 3
.
[245]
Lead Sheet #5685, Interview of a LAR from 1st AD, July 8, 1997,
p. 1-2
.
[246]
Lead Sheet #5742, Interview of an US Army Armament Munitions and
Chemical Command (now Industrial Operations Command) representative, July 9, 1997,
p. 1
.
[247]
Lead Sheet #5717, Interview of former supervisor of LARs in the
Gulf, August 14, 1997,
p. 1-2
.
[248]
Koffinke, Richard A. Jr., and Frederick T. Brown, US Army Battle
Damage Assessment Operations in Operation Desert Storm, Vol. II (U), ARL-TR-104, Aberdeen
Proving Ground, MD: Army Research Laboratory, March 1993,
p. 10-11
.
[249]
Interviews of BRL Battle Damage Assessment Team members, Lead Sheet
#5681, August 13, 1997,
p. 1
; Lead
Sheet #15330, March 5, 1998,
p. 1-2
;
Lead Sheet #20024, November 6, 1998,
p.
2
; Lead Sheet #19645, October 23, 1998,
p. 1
; Lead Sheet #19683, October 23,
1998,
p. 1
; Lead Sheet #19841,
October 29, 1998,
p. 1-2
; Lead
Sheet #14142, January 14, 1998,
p. 1-2
;
Lead Sheet #14204, January 19, 1998,
p.
1-2
; Lead Sheet #20450, November 25, 1998,
p. 1-3
; Lead Sheet #14194, January 19,
1998,
p. 1-2
; Lead Sheet #19017,
September 9, 1998,
p. 1
; and Lead
Sheet #19482, October 16, 1998,
p. 1-2
.
[250]
Interview of former TACOM BDAT members, Lead Sheet #18504, August
10, 1998,
p. 1-2
; and Lead Sheet
#18910, August 31, 1998,
p. 1-2
.
[251]
Office of the Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, e-mail
message, Subject: "Verification of Dosimetry Data," December 10, 1998,
p. 1
; and Letter from Deputy Special
Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, Subject: Dosimetry Results for Battle Damage Assessment
Team Members, December 17, 1998,
p. 1
.
[252]
Letter from Chief, Dosimetry Branch, US Army Radiation Standards and
Dosimetry Laboratory, Subject: Dosimetry Results for Battle Damage Assessment Team
Members, December 17, 1998,
p. 1
.
[253]
Letter from Deputy Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses,
Subject: Dosimetry Results for Battle Damage Assessment Team Members, December 17, 1998,
p. 1
; and Letter from Chief, Dosimetry
Branch, US Army Radiation Standards and Dosimetry Laboratory, Subject: Dosimetry Results
for Battle Damage Assessment Team Members, March 8, 1999,
p. 1
.
[254]
Lead Sheet #14316, Interview of 144th Services and Supply Company,
New Jersey Army National Guard, noncommissioned officer, January 28, 1998,
p. 1
.
[255]
US Army Technical Bulletin (TB) 9-1300-278 is: "Guidelines For
Safe Response to Handling, Storage, and Transportation Accidents Involving Army Tank
Munitions or Armor Which Contain Depleted Uranium."
[256]
US Army Environmental Policy Institute, Health and Environmental
Consequences of Depleted Uranium Use in the US Army: Technical Report, Atlanta, GA:
Georgia Institute of Technology, June 1995,
p. 81
.
[257]
United States General Accounting Office, Report to the Chairman,
Subcommittee on Regulation, Business Opportunities, and Energy, Committee on Small
Business, House of Representatives, Operation Desert Storm-Army Not Adequately Prepared to
Deal With Depleted Uranium Contamination, GAO/NSIAD-93-90, Washington, DC, January 1993,
p. 17
.
[258]
Lead Sheet #5681, Interview of OIC of the BRL Battle Damage
Assessment Team, August 13, 1997,
p. 1
;
and Koffinke, Richard A. Jr., and Frederick T. Brown, US Army Battle Damage Assessment
Operations in Operation Desert Storm, Vol. II (U), ARL-TR-104, Aberdeen Proving Ground,
MD: Army Research Laboratory, March 1993,
p. 12-13
.
[259]
Lead Sheet #14200, Interview of the Platoon Leader of the Operations
Center of the 144th Services and Supply Company NJARNG Storage Yard at KKMC, January 19,
1998,
p. 1
.
[260]
Lead Sheet #19404, Interview of NCOIC of 556th Maintenance Company
team who worked at the Storage Yard at KKMC, October 9, 1998,
p. 1
.
[261]
USACHPPM, Health Risk Assessment Consultation No. 26-MF-7555-00D,
"Depleted Uranium-Human Exposure Assessment and Health Risk Characterization in
Support of the Environmental Exposure Report 'Depleted Uranium in the Gulf' of the Office
of the Special Assistant to the Secretary of Defense for Gulf War Illnesses, Medical
Readiness and Military Deployments (OSAGWI)," September 2000,
p. U-1
.
[262]
US Army Training Circular No. 3-15, "Nuclear Accident and
Incident Response and Assistance (NAIRA)," December 27, 1988, p. 4-5.
[263]
Letter to Deputy Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, Office of
the Secretary of Defense from Chem-Nuclear Systems, LLC, November 29, 1999,
p. 1-2
.
[264]
Project Final Report, Southwest Asia, Project #48075, Contract:
DAAA09-87-G0013, Volume I, undated,
p.
13
.
[265]
Koffinke, Richard A. Jr., and Frederick T. Brown, US Army Battle
Damage Assessment Operations in Operation Desert Storm, Vol. II (U), ARL-TR-104, Aberdeen
Proving Ground, MD: Army Research Laboratory, March 1993,
p. 12-13
.
[266]
Memorandum for AMSMC-TM from the DU Team SWA, Subject: "DU Team
Accomplishments," April 12, 1991,
p.
1
.
[267]
Radiological Team Report, US Army Armaments, Munitions, and Chemical
Command. Undated.
[268]
Memorandum for AMSMC-TM from the DU Team SWA, Subject: "DU Team
Accomplishments," April 12, 1991,
p.
1
.
[269]
Memorandum for US Army Armament Munitions and Chemical Command
-Southwest Asia from AMSMC-SF, Subject: "Contaminated Vehicle Retrograde
Actions," May 23, 1991,
p. 1
.
[270]
Lead Sheet #5700, Interview with RADCON team member, July 11, 1997,
p. 2
.
[271]
Memorandum for SCR AMC-SWA, Subject: "Decontamination and
Retrograde Movement of Destroyed T-72 Tank," (Undated),
p. 1
.
[272]
Lead Sheet #5680, Interview of US Army major in charge of surveying
captured Iraqi equipment collected for shipment to the US, August 1, 1997,
p. 1
.
[273]
Lead Sheet #5698, Interview of former US Army Armament Munitions and
Chemical Command team member, August 8, 1997,
p. 2
; and Lead Sheet #5699, Interview
of US Army Armament Munitions and Chemical Command Team Chief, July 25, 1997,
p. 2-3
.
[274]
Letter to US Army Communications-Electronics Command Office of the
Chief of Staff, July 26, 1991,
p. 1
.
[275]
Lead Sheet #5993, Interview of former Communications-Electronics
Command Team Member, September 10, 1997,
p. 1
.
[276]
Lead Sheet #5997, Interview of Communications-Electronics Command
team head, July 16,1997,
p. 1
.
[277]
Interviews with RADCON personnel deployed to the Gulf, Lead Sheet
#5698, August 4, 1997,
p. 1
; Lead
Sheet #5699, July 7, 1997,
p. 2-3
;
Lead Sheet #5700, July 11, 1997,
p. 1
;
Lead Sheet #5701, July 2, 1997,
p. 2
;
Lead Sheet #5703, July 1, 1997,
p. 1
;
and Lead Sheet #5719, July 2, 1997,
p.
1
.
[278]
Lead Sheet #6653, Interview of former Contracting Officer's
Representative overseeing final cleaning and clearing at Camp Doha, October 29, 1997,
p. 2
.
[279]
Lead Sheet #15493, Memorandum for the Office of the Special
Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses from former 11th Armored Cavalry Regiment engineer
officer, Subject: "Summary of Personal Involvement and Observations Concerning
Depleted Uranium at Camp Doha, Kuwait, 11 July - 25 August 1991," March 16, 1998,
p. 3
.
[280]
"VIIth Corps Deployment After Action Report, Defense of
Northern Kuwait," (Undated),
p. 11
.
[281]
Message to Army Central Command, Subject: Army Requirements for
Captured Iraqi Materiel, March 11, 1991,
p. 1
.
[282]
Department of Defense, National Ground Intelligence Center,
Identification Guide for Radioactive Sources in Foreign Material, AST-1500Z-100-93, US
Army Foreign Science and Technology Center, Charlottesville, VA, March 1993.
[283]
Lead Sheet #17782, Interview of former 900th Maintenance Company
E-7, July 6, 1998,
p. 1
; Lead Sheet
#17792, Interview of former 900th Maintenance Company E-5, July 6, 1998,
p. 1
; and Lead Sheet #17817, Interview
of former 900th Maintenance Company E-6, July 6, 1998,
p. 1
.
[284]
Lead Sheet #5737, Interview of former new equipment training team
E-7, July 24, 1997,
p. 1
; and Lead
Sheet #5738, Interview of former New Equipment Training Team E-6, July 24, 1997,
p. 1
.
[285]
Lead Sheet #5979, Interview of the Program Manager for Ground
Systems Integration at Warren, MI July 9, 1997,
p. 1
.
[286]
Lead Sheet #5679, Interview of former colonel involved in friendly
fire investigations, August 7, 1997,
p.
2
.
[287]
Lead Sheet #5697, Interview of production manager of Dammam welding
operation, August 14, 1997,
p. 1
.
[288]
Lead Sheet #14141, Interview of New Equipment Training Team E-6,
January 14, 1998,
p. 1
; Lead Sheet
#17784, Interview of former 900th Maintenance Company, Section Chief, July 6, 1998,
p. 1
; and Lead Sheet #17789, Interview
of former 900th Maintenance Company E-5, July 6, 1998,
p. 1
.
[289]
E-mail from a senior metallurgist involved in M1 upgrade R&D
efforts, "Welding Uranium," July 8, 1998,
p. 1
.
[290]
Lead Sheet #13021, Interview of combat engineer from 61st Combat
Support Detachment, October 16, 1997,
p.
1-2
.
[291]
Lead Sheet #7013, Interview of former platoon leader in 61st Combat
Support Detachment November 14, 1997,
p.
1
.
[292]
Lead Sheet #7092, Interview of radio telephone operator from 61st
Combat Support Detachment, November 19, 1997,
p. 1
.
[293]
Lead Sheet #7013, Interview of former platoon leader in 61st Combat
Support Detachment November 14, 1997,
p.
1-2
; Lead Sheet #7072, Interview of commander of ordnance storage area, November 17,
1997,
p. 1
; and Lead Sheet #7155,
Interview of commander of 101st Ordnance Battalion, November 25, 1997,
p. 1
.
[294]
Lead Sheet #14251, Interview of munitions expert from Picatinny
Arsenal, January 26, 1998,
p. 1
.
[295]
Lead Sheet #6892, Interview of theater ammunition officer, November
6, 1997,
p. 1
.
[296]
These Quality Assurance Specialists Ammunition Specialists (QUASAS)
were experts in the storage and transportation of ammunition.
[297]
Lead Sheet #6991, Interview of the head QUASAS in theater, November
12, 1997,
p. 1
; and Lead Sheet
#6996, Interview of the 2nd COSCOM QUASAS, November 12, 1997,
p. 1
.
[298]
Lead Sheet #22559, Interview of former commander of the 1229th
Transportation Company Maryland National Guard, April 2, 1999,
p. 1
.
[299]
Lead Sheet #24742, Interview of former driver in 1229th
Transportation Company, August 25, 1999,
p. 1
; and Lead Sheet #22668, Interview
of former first sergeant of the 1229th Transportation Company, Maryland National Guard,
April 20, 1999,
p. 1
.
[300]
Lead Sheet #22551, Interview of former executive officer of the 87th
Maintenance Battalion, April 2, 1999,
p.
1
.
[301]
Lead Sheet #23347, Interview of former commander of the 3rd
Explosive Ordnance Detachment, March 13, 1999,
p. 1
.
[302]
3rd Explosive Ordnance Detachment (EOD) Incident Journal, April 30,
1991,
p. 5
.
[303]
Lead Sheet #15601, Interview of US Air Force bomb disposal
specialist, March 26, 1998,
p. 1
.
[304]
Lead Sheet #25311, Interview of on-scene commander, November 11,
1999,
p. 1
.
[305]
Air Force Form 2434,
Munitions Configuration and Expenditure
Document, 23 CAMS
, February 27, 1991.
[306]
Lead Sheet #19833,
Interview of munitions specialist at KKMC
,
August 2, 1999.
[307]
Lead Sheet #25311,
Interview of on-scene commander
,
November 11, 1999.
[308]
Lead Sheet #12226, Interview of US Air Force munitions specialist,
August 19, 1997,
p. 1
.
[309]
Lead Sheet #24555, Interview of senior NCO, Armament Division, Hill
AFB, UT, August 28, 1997,
p. 1
.
[310]
Lead Sheet #12226, Interview of US Air Force munitions specialist,
August 19, 1997,
p. 1
.
[311]
Atkinson, Rick, Crusade: The Untold Story of the Persian Gulf War,
New York, NY: Houghton Mifflin, 1993, p. 466.
[312]
US Army Environmental Policy Institute, Health and Environmental
Consequences of Depleted Uranium Use in the US Army: Technical Report, Atlanta, GA:
Georgia Institute of Technology, June 1995,
p. 76
.
[313]
Koffinke, Richard A. Jr., and Frederick T. Brown,
US Army Battle Damage Assessment
Operations in Operation Desert Storm, Vol. II (U)
, ARL-TR-104, Aberdeen Proving
Ground, MD: Army Research Laboratory, March 1993.
[314]
Memorandum for the Commanding General, 3rd Armored Division,
Subject: "Investigation of the Circumstances Surrounding the Combat Damage to Alpha
Troop 4-7 CAV," March 14, 1991,
p. 2
.
[315]
Memorandum for Commanding General, VII Corps, Subject:
Investigation of Possible
Fratricide by 3rd Armored Division Units
, March 16, 1991.
[316]
Chandler, E. Allen Jr., "A Troop, 4/7th Cavalry, Contact with
Iraqi Tanks, February 26, 1991," Fort Leavenworth, KS: Center for Army Lessons
Learned, Gulf War Collection, SSG AAR4-147, May 29, 1991,
p. 2
.
[317]
Battle scenario and damage information were taken from Memorandum
for the Commanding General, 3rd Armored Division, Subject:
"Investigation of the
Circumstances Surrounding the Combat Damage to Alpha Troop 4-7 CAV,"
March 14,
1991.
[318]
Koffinke, Richard A. Jr., and Frederick T. Brown, US Army Battle
Damage Assessment Operations in Operation Desert Storm, Vol. II (U), ARL-TR-104, Aberdeen
Proving Ground, MD: Army Research Laboratory, March 1993,
p. 352
.
[319]
Koffinke, Richard A. Jr., and Frederick T. Brown, US Army Battle
Damage Assessment Operations in Operation Desert Storm, Vol. II (U), ARL-TR-104, Aberdeen
Proving Ground, MD: Army Research Laboratory, March 1993,
p. 360
.
[320]
Lead Sheet #13232, Interview of A-24 Bradley driver, A Troop, 4/7th
Cavalry, October 22, 1997,
p. 2
;
Lead Sheet #13248, Interview of A-24 observer, October 23, 1998,
p. 3
; Lead Sheet #18678,
Interview of A-25 driver
, September 4,
1998; Lead Sheet #19101, Interview of A-26 commander, October 19, 1998,
p. 2
; Lead Sheet #19133, Interview of
A-25 crew member, September 22, 1998,
p.
2
; Lead Sheet #19267, Interview of A-25 crew member, November 4, 1998,
p. 2
; and Lead Sheet #19175, Interview
of A-25 crew member, October 23, 1998,
p.
2
.
[321]
Koffinke, Richard A. Jr., and Frederick T. Brown, US Army Battle
Damage Assessment Operations in Operation Desert Storm, Vol. II (U), ARL-TR-104, Aberdeen
Proving Ground, MD: Army Research Laboratory, March 1993,
p. 371
.
[322]
Koffinke, Richard A. Jr., and Frederick T. Brown, US Army Battle
Damage Assessment Operations in Operation Desert Storm, Vol. II (U), ARL-TR-104, Aberdeen
Proving Ground, MD: Army Research Laboratory, March 1993,
p. 380
.
[323]
Lead Sheet #13175, Interview of platoon sergeant, 3rd Platoon, A
Troop, 4/7th Cavalry, October 14, 1997,
p.
1-2
; Lead Sheet #18402, Interview of A-31 gunner, November 9, 1998,
p. 2
; Lead Sheet #18424,
Interview of A-36 commander
, September
16, 1998; Lead Sheet #18426,
Interview
of A-36 crew member
, August 6, 1998; Lead Sheet #13247,
Interview of A-31 commander
, September
16, 1998; Lead Sheet #18586,
Interview
of A-36 crew member
, August 17, 1998; and Lead Sheet #18527, Interview of A-31 driver,
August 19, 1998,
p. 2
.
[324]
Lead Sheet #18430, Interview of an A-36 crew member, A Troop, 4/7th
Cavalry, November 13, 1998,
p. 3
.
[325]
Lead Sheet #13175, Interview of platoon sergeant, 3rd Platoon, A
Troop, 4/7th Cavalry, October 14, 1997,
p.
2
.
[326]
Lead Sheet #18527, Interview of A-31 driver, August 19, 1998,
p. 2
.
[327]
Koffinke, Richard A. Jr., and Frederick T. Brown, US Army Battle
Damage Assessment Operations in Operation Desert Storm, Vol. II (U), ARL-TR-104, Aberdeen
Proving Ground, MD: Army Research Laboratory, March 1993,
p. 361
.
[328]
Memorandum for the Commanding General, 3rd Armored Division,
Subject: "Investigation of the Circumstances Surrounding the Combat Damage to Alpha
Troop 4-7 CAV," March 14, 1991,
p. 2
; Koffinke, Richard A.
Jr., and Frederick T. Brown, US Army Battle Damage Assessment Operations in Operation
Desert Storm, Vol. II (U), ARL-TR-104, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: Army Research
Laboratory, March 1993,
p. 370
;
Lead Sheet #19108, Interview of A-22 crew member, October 21, 1998,
p. 2
; Lead Sheet #18675, Interview of
A-22 driver, November 12, 1998,
p. 2-3
;
and Lead Sheet #13202,
Interview of
A-22 commander
, October 20, 1997.
[329]
Lead Sheet #18675, Interview of A-22 driver, November 12, 1998,
p. 3
.
[330]
Lead Sheet #13202, Interview of A-22 Bradley commander, A Troop,
4/7th Cavalry, October 20, 1997,
p. 2
.
[331]
"USAAVNC Army Aviation in Desert Shield-Storm 13, Recon and
Security," Fort Leavenworth, KS: Center for Army Lessons Learned, Operations Desert
Shield - Desert Storm - Gulf War, 1990-1991,
p. 307
.
[332]
Battle scenario and damage information were taken from
"Analysis of 1-37 Armor's
Battle Damage Incident,"
Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: Ballistic Research
Laboratory, (Undated).
[333]
Koffinke, Richard A. Jr., and Frederick T. Brown, US Army Battle
Damage Assessment Operations in Operation Desert Storm, Vol. II (U), ARL-TR-104, Aberdeen
Proving Ground, MD: Army Research Laboratory, March 1993,
p. 162
.
[334]
Lead Sheet #19327, Interview of C-12 Abrams commander, October 6,
1998,
p. 2
; Lead Sheet #19328,
Interview of C-12 Abrams driver, October 21, 1998,
p. 1-2
; Lead Sheet #19329, Interview
of C-12 Abrams loader, October 29, 1998,
p. 2-3
; and Lead Sheet #19330,
Interview of C-12 Abrams gunner, October 19, 1998,
p. 2
.
[335]
Battle scenario and damage information were taken from
"Analysis of 1-37 Armor's Battle Damage Incident," Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD:
Ballistic Research Laboratory, (Undated),
p. 2
.
[336]
All battle scenario and damage information for the Battle of Norfolk
(except as otherwise noted) was taken from: Memorandum for the Commanding General, 1st
Infantry Division, Subject:
"Informal
Investigation of the Night Attack Conducted by 3rd Brigade on February 26-27, 1991,"
March 10, 1991.
[337]
Koffinke, Richard A. Jr., and Frederick T. Brown, US Army Battle
Damage Assessment Operations in Operation Desert Storm, Vol. II (U), ARL-TR-104, Aberdeen
Proving Ground, MD: Army Research Laboratory, March 1993,
p. 136
,
144
.
[338]
Lead Sheet #20358,
Interview of 2nd Platoon Leader, B
Company, 1-41st Infantry
, November 24, 1998.
[339]
Lead Sheet #24000, Interview of occupant of B-21, June 24, 1999,
p. 1
.
[340]
Lead Sheet #18930, Interview of veteran who rescued soldiers from
B-21, 1-41st Infantry, November 12, 1998,
p. 3
; and Lead Sheet #18661, Interview
of veteran who rescued soldiers from B-21, 1-41st Infantry, August 18, 1998,
p. 2
.
[341]
Koffinke, Richard A. Jr., and Frederick T. Brown, US Army Battle
Damage Assessment Operations in Operation Desert Storm, Vol. II (U), ARL-TR-104, Aberdeen
Proving Ground, MD: Army Research Laboratory, March 1993,
p. 85
.
[342]
Koffinke, Richard A. Jr., and Frederick T. Brown, US Army Battle
Damage Assessment Operations in Operation Desert Storm, Vol. II (U), ARL-TR-104, Aberdeen
Proving Ground, MD: Army Research Laboratory, March 1993,
p. 94
.
[343]
Lead Sheet #25304,
Interview of artillery forward observer on
B-26, 1-41st Infantry
, November 10, 1999; Lead Sheet #20497, Interview of occupant of
B-26, 1-41st Infantry, December 1, 1998,
p. 2
; and Lead Sheet #18928, Interview
of veteran who rescued soldiers from B-26, 1-41st Infantry, November 24, 1998,
p. 3
.
[344]
Lead Sheet #9557,
Interview
of B-26 driver, 1-41st Infantry
, August 13, 1998.
[345]
Lead Sheet #8944, Interview of B Company commander, 1-41st Infantry,
December 29, 1998,
p. 2
.
[346]
Lead Sheet #19068, Interview of B-26 Bradley gunner, B Company,
1-41st Infantry, December 1, 1998,
p. 4
.
[347]
Lead Sheet #13206,
Interview of B-32 Bradley commander, B
Company, 1-41st Infantry
, October 21, 1997.
[348]
Lead Sheet #24052,
Interview of occupant of B-26, 1-41st
Infantry
, June 30, 1999.
[349]
Koffinke, Richard A. Jr., and Frederick T. Brown, US Army Battle
Damage Assessment Operations in Operation Desert Storm, Vol. II (U), ARL-TR-104, Aberdeen
Proving Ground, MD: Army Research Laboratory, March 1993,
p. 145
.
[350]
Koffinke, Richard A. Jr., and Frederick T. Brown, US Army Battle
Damage Assessment Operations in Operation Desert Storm, Vol. II (U), ARL-TR-104, Aberdeen
Proving Ground, MD: Army Research Laboratory, March 1993,
p. 151
.
[351]
Lead Sheet #19156,
Interview of B-33 Bradley occupant, B
Company, 1-41st Infantry
, September 22, 1998; Lead Sheet #19104, Interview of B-33
Bradley driver, B Company, 1-41st Infantry, November 9, 1998,
p. 2
; Lead Sheet #19069, Interview of
B-26 gunner, 1-41st Infantry, September 22, 1998,
p. 2
; and Lead Sheet #19111, Interview
of B-26 occupant, September 24, 1998,
p.
1
.
[352]
Lead Sheet #19268, Interview of B-33 Bradley assistant gunner, B
Company, 1-41st Infantry, November 4, 1998,
p. 2
; Lead Sheet #19269, Interview of
B-26 dismount squad leader, 1-41st Infantry, November 2, 1998,
p. 2
; and Lead Sheet #25514,
Interview of B-33 vehicle commander,
1-41st Infantry
, December 6, 1999.
[353]
Lead Sheet #19156, Interview of B-33 Bradley occupant, B Company,
1-41st Infantry, September 22, 1998,
p.
2
.
[354]
Koffinke, Richard A. Jr., and Frederick T. Brown, US Army Battle
Damage Assessment Operations in Operation Desert Storm, Vol. II (U), ARL-TR-104, Aberdeen
Proving Ground, MD: Army Research Laboratory, March 1993,
p. 145
.
[355]
Koffinke, Richard A. Jr., and Frederick T. Brown, US Army Battle
Damage Assessment Operations in Operation Desert Storm, Vol. II (U), ARL-TR-104, Aberdeen
Proving Ground, MD: Army Research Laboratory, March 1993,
p. 189
,
201
.
[356]
Lead Sheet #8740, Interview of D-21 occupant, July 28, 1998,
p. 2
; Lead Sheet #19066,
Interview of D-21 gunner
, October 19,
1998; and Lead Sheet #8106, Interview of D-21 occupant, October 10, 1997,
p. 2
.
[357]
Lead Sheet #13171,
Interview of D Company sergeant first
class, 1-41st Infantry
, October 16, 1997.
[358]
Lead Sheet #19132, Interview of D-26 occupant, October 27, 1998,
p. 2
; and Lead Sheet #8741, Interview
of D-26 occupant, December 4, 1998,
p.
2
.
[359]
Koffinke, Richard A. Jr., and Frederick T. Brown, US Army Battle
Damage Assessment Operations in Operation Desert Storm, Vol. II (U), ARL-TR-104, Aberdeen
Proving Ground, MD: Army Research Laboratory, March 1993,
p. 202
,
212
.
[360]
Lead Sheet #19109, Interview of D-26 soldier, October 26, 1998,
p. 2
.
[361]
Lead Sheet #13219, Interview of D Company Bradley driver, 1-41st
Infantry, October 27, 1997,
p. 1-2
;
and Lead Sheet #13171, Interview of D Company sergeant first class, 1-41st Infantry,
October 16, 1997,
p. 1-2
.
[362]
Memorandum for the Commanding General, 1st Infantry Division,
Subject: "Informal Investigation of the Night Attack Conducted by 3rd Brigade on
February 26-27, 1991," March 10, 1991,
p. 2
.
[363]
Koffinke, Richard A. Jr., and Frederick T. Brown, US Army Battle
Damage Assessment Operations in Operation Desert Storm, Vol. II (U), ARL-TR-104, Aberdeen
Proving Ground, MD: Army Research Laboratory, March 1993,
p. 116
.
[364]
Memorandum for the Commanding General, 1st Infantry Division,
Subject: "Informal Investigation of the Night Attack Conducted by 3rd Brigade on
February 26-27, 1991," March 10, 1991,
p. 2-3
.
[365]
Lead Sheet #20337, Interview of B-66 commander, December 8, 1998,
p. 2
.
[366]
Lead Sheet #20356, Interview of B-66 loader, December 10, 1998,
p. 2
.
[367]
Lead Sheet #18428, Interview of B-66 driver, December 14, 1998,
p. 2
.
[368]
Koffinke, Richard A. Jr., and Frederick T. Brown, US Army Battle
Damage Assessment Operations in Operation Desert Storm, Vol. II (U), ARL-TR-104, Aberdeen
Proving Ground, MD: Army Research Laboratory, March 1993,
p. 70
.
[369]
Memorandum for SRC, AMCCOM-SWA, Subject: "Vehicle Assessment
Report Depleted Uranium Contamination," May 14, 1991,
p. 7
, paragraph A.
[370]
Lead Sheet #19106, Interview of B-22 driver, October 28, 1998,
p. 3
.
[371]
Lead Sheet #19313,
Interview of B-22 gunner
, October 5,
1998.
[372]
Lead Sheet #19314,
Interview of B-22 loader
, October 6,
1998.
[373]
Lead Sheet #19103, Interview of B-22 commander, October 2, 1998,
p. 2
.
[374]
From the
battle
damage assessment report
referenced above, we know B-22's serial number was L10340.
According to Lead Sheet #6455,
Interview
with the Abrams item manager
, October 17, 1997, tank L10340 was sent to Barnwell in
the June 10, 1991, shipment.
[375]
Koffinke, Richard A. Jr., and Frederick T. Brown,
US Army Battle
Damage Assessment Operations in Operation Desert Storm
, Vol. II (U), ARL-TR-104,
Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: Army Research Laboratory, March 1993,
p. 95
.
[376]
Lead Sheet #18931, Interview of driver of A-14, November 19, 1998,
p. 5
; Lead Sheet #18932, Interview of
A-14 loader, November 4, 1998,
p. 2
;
Lead Sheets
#18933
and
#24740
, Interviews of A-14 commander,
September 2, 1998 and August 25, 1999.
[377]
Koffinke, Richard A. Jr., and Frederick T. Brown,
US Army Battle
Damage Assessment Operations in Operation Desert Storm
, Vol. II (U), ARL-TR-104,
Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: Army Research Laboratory, March 1993,
p. 77
.
[378]
Lead Sheet #13378, Interview of A-31 tank commander, November 3,
1998,
p. 3-4
; Lead Sheet #19337,
Interview of loader for A-31, October 6, 1998,
p. 1-2
; and Lead Sheet #19341,
Interview of A-31 driver, November 6, 1998,
p. 2
.
[379]
Memorandum for SRC, AMCCOM-SWA, Subject "Vehicle Assessment
Report Depleted Uranium Contamination," May 14, 1991,
p. 7
, paragraph A.
[380]
Lead Sheets
#19333
and
#24762
, Interviews of A-31
gunner, October 7, 1998 and August 27, 1999.
[381]
From the
battle
damage assessment report
referenced above, we know A-31's serial number was L10337.
According to Lead Sheet #6455,
Interview
with the Abrams item manager
, October 17, 1997, tank L10337 was sent to Snelling in
the June 10, 1991, shipment.
[382]
Koffinke, Richard A. Jr., and Frederick T. Brown,
US Army Battle
Damage Assessment Operations in Operation Desert Storm
, Vol. II (U), ARL-TR-104,
Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: Army Research Laboratory, March 1993,
p. 101
.
[383]
Lead Sheet #9230,
Interview
of A-33 tank commander, A Company, 3-66th Armor
, October 23, 1997; Lead Sheet #13378,
Interview of 3rd platoon leader, A Company, 3-66th Armor, November 3, 1998,
p. 3
; and Lead Sheet #9231, Interview
of A-33 gunner, A Company, 3-66th Armor, December 9, 1998,
p. 2
.
[384]
Memorandum for SRC, AMCCOM-SWA, Subject "Vehicle Assessment
Report Depleted Uranium Contamination," May 14, 1991,
p. 10
, paragraph K.
[385]
Lead Sheet #24937,
Interview of A Company commander, 3-66
Armor
, September 29, 1999; and Lead Sheet #24868,
Interview of battalion commander, 3-66th
Armor Battalion
, September 7, 1999.
[386]
Battle scenario and damage information (except where otherwise
noted) were taken from the Memorandum from 3d Battalion, 15th Infantry to the assistant
chief of staff, G3, 24th ID, M FSGA, Subject:
"Battle Damage Assessment,"
June 14, 1991.
[387]
Koffinke, Richard A. Jr., and Frederick T. Brown,
US Army Battle
Damage Assessment Operations in Operation Desert Storm
, Vol. II (U), ARL-TR-104,
Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: Army Research Laboratory, March 1993,
p. 319
.
[388]
Koffinke, Richard A. Jr., and Frederick T. Brown,
US Army Battle
Damage Assessment Operations in Operation Desert Storm
, Vol. II (U), ARL-TR-104,
Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: Army Research Laboratory, March 1993,
p. 327
; and Memorandum from 3d
Battalion, 15th Infantry, to the assistant chief of staff, G3, 24th ID, M FSGA, Subject:
"Battle Damage Assessment," June 14, 1991,
p. 11
.
[389]
Memorandum from 3d Battalion, 15th Infantry, to the assistant chief
of staff, G3, 24th ID, M FSGA, Subject: "Battle Damage Assessment," June 14,
1991,
p. 3
.
[390]
Interviews with C-11 occupants, C Company, 3-15th Infantry,
including: Lead Sheet #19173, October 5, 1998,
p. 1
; Lead Sheet #13203, October 20,
1997,
p. 1-2
; Lead Sheet #18429,
September 2, 1998,
p. 1
; Lead Sheet
#13170, October 15, 1997,
p. 1-2
;
Lead Sheet #13262, October 23, 1997,
p.
1-2
; and
Lead Sheet #13168
,
October 22, 1997.
[391]
Lead Sheet #13168, Interview of C-11 commander, C Company, 3-15th
Infantry, October 22, 1997,
p. 2
;
and Lead Sheet #13262, Interview of C-11 driver, C Company, 3-15th Infantry, October 23,
1997,
p. 2
.
[392]
Lead Sheet #13168, Interview of C-11 commander, C Company, 3-15th
Infantry, October 22, 1997,
p. 2
.
[393]
Koffinke, Richard A. Jr., and Frederick T. Brown,
US Army Battle
Damage Assessment Operations in Operation Desert Storm
, Vol. II (U), ARL-TR-104,
Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: Army Research Laboratory, March 1993,
p. 328
,
338
; and Memorandum from 3d Battalion,
15th Infantry to the assistant chief of staff, G3, 24th ID, M FSGA, Subject: "Battle
Damage Assessment," June 14, 1991,
p.
14
.
[394]
Lead Sheet #19363,
Interview of C-23 driver
, October 7,
1998.
[395]
Lead Sheet #19455, Interview of C-22 dismount squad leader, October
14, 1998,
p. 1-2
; Lead Sheet
#19410, Interview of C-23 commander, October 12, 1998,
p. 1
; and Lead Sheet #19394, Interview
of C-23 dismount squad leader, October 8, 1998,
p. 1-2
.
[396]
Lead Sheet #19394, Interview of C-23 dismount squad leader, October
8, 1998,
p. 1-2
; Lead Sheet #19410,
Interview of C-23 commander, October 12, 1998,
p. 1-2
; Lead Sheet #19571, Interview
of C-23 loader, November 12, 1998,
p. 2
;
Lead Sheet #25299, Interview of C-23 occupant, November 10, 1999,
p. 1-2
; and Lead Sheet #19331,
Interview of C-23 occupant, October 6, 1998,
p. 1-2
.
[397]
Koffinke, Richard A. Jr., and Frederick T. Brown,
US Army Battle
Damage Assessment Operations in Operation Desert Storm
, Vol. II (U), ARL-TR-104,
Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: Army Research Laboratory, March 1993,
p. 339
.
[398]
Koffinke, Richard A. Jr., and Frederick T. Brown,
US Army Battle
Damage Assessment Operations in Operation Desert Storm
, Vol. II (U), ARL-TR-104,
Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: Army Research Laboratory, March 1993,
p. 348
; and Memorandum from 3d
Battalion, 15th Infantry, to the assistant chief of staff, G3, 24th ID, M FSGA, Subject:
"Battle Damage Assessment," June 14, 1991,
p. 13
.
[399]
Lead Sheet #19455, Interview of C-22 dismount squad leader, October
14, 1998,
p. 1-2
; Lead Sheet
#19420, Interview of C-22 dismount infantryman, October 15, 1998,
p. 2
; Lead Sheet #19937, Interview of
C-22 gunner, November3, 1998,
p. 1
;
Lead Sheet #22326, Interview of C-22 combat engineer, March 26, 1999,
p. 1
; and Lead Sheet #22329, Interview
of C-23 combat engineer, March 26, 1999,
p. 1
.
[400]
Gulf War Collection, Group VII Corps, SG Historian: SG AAR4-098,
Part 4 (Major Subordinate Command Historical Reports),Volume 12D, 1st (US) Armored
Division (AD): Enclosure G,
Iron
Soldier Hero Vignettes
, Undated.
[401]
Battle scenario and damage information were taken from
Fratricide Assessment #1-27:
4-66 Armor
. Fort Leavenworth, KS: Center for Army Lessons Learned, Operation Desert
Shield - Desert Storm - Gulf War, Undated.
[402]
Lead Sheet #19176, Interview of HQ-55 commander, November 9, 1998,
p. 4
; Lead Sheet #18427, Interview of
HQ-55 driver, November 5, 1998,
p. 2
;
Lead Sheet #19051,
Interview of HQ-55
crew member
, September 15, 1998; Lead Sheet #18419,
Interview of HQ-55 gunner
, August 12,
1998; and Lead Sheet #18664, Interview of HQ-55 crew member, December 2, 1998,
p. 18
.
[403]
Fratricide
Assessment #1-22: 4-66 Armor
. Fort Leavenworth, KS: Center for Army Lessons Learned,
Operation Desert Shield - Desert Storm - Gulf War, Undated.
[404]
Lead Sheet #20357, Interview of HQ-54 commander, December 2, 1998,
p. 2
; Lead Sheet #18425, Interview of
HQ-54 gunner, August 17, 1998,
p. 1
;
and Lead Sheet #19201, Interview of HQ-54 loader, November 4, 1998,
p. 2
.
[405]
Gulf War Collection; Group VII Corps; SG Historian: SG AAR4-098;
Part 4 (Major Subordinate Command Historical Reports),Volume 12D. 1st (US) Armored
Division (AD): Enclosure G,
Iron
Soldier Hero Vignettes
, Undated.
[406]
Lead Sheet #16645, Interview of HQ-231 Bradley crew member, May 19,
1998,
p. 2
; Lead Sheet #18441,
Interview of HQ-232 gunner, August 14, 1998,
p. 1-2
.
[407]
Koffinke, Richard A. Jr., and Frederick T. Brown,
US Army Battle
Damage Assessment Operations in Operation Desert Storm
, Vol. II (U), ARL-TR-104,
Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: Army Research Laboratory, March 1993,
p. 245
,
254
.
[408]
Lead Sheet #16645, Interview of HQ-231 Bradley crew member, May 19,
1998,
p. 2
; Lead Sheet #18441,
Interview of HQ-232 gunner, August 14, 1998,
p. 1
; Lead Sheet #18404, Interview of
HQ-232 commander, August 19, 1998,
p. 1
;
Lead Sheet #18609, Interview of HQ-232 driver, August 19, 1998,
p. 1
; and Lead Sheet #18929, Interview
of HQ-232 observer, September 14, 1998,
p.
1
.
[409]
Lead Sheet #26633, Interview with platoon leader, G Troop, 2nd
Armored Cavalry Regiment, April 24, 2000,
p. 1
and Lead Sheet #26634, Interview
with fire support officer, G Troop, 2nd Armored Cavalry Regiment, April 24, 2000,
p. 1
.
[410]
Koffinke, Richard A. Jr., and Frederick T. Brown,
US Army Battle
Damage Assessment Operations in Operation Desert Storm
, Vol. II (U), ARL-TR-104,
Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: Army Research Laboratory, March 1993,
p. 349
,
351
. The G-16 driver and commander
both stated the bumper number was G-16, not G-14 as recorded in the battle damage
assessment report.
[411]
Lead Sheet #7178,
Interview
of the G Troop commander
, December 8, 1997.
[412]
Lead Sheet #18442, Interview of the G-16 driver, October 19, 1998,
p. 1-2
; Lead Sheets #18588 and #25312,
Interviews with the vehicle commander for G-16, August 17, 1998,
p. 1
, and November 13, 1999,
p. 1-2
.; Lead Sheet #26551, Interview
with observer for G-16, April 14, 2000,
p.
1
; Lead Sheet #7178, Interview of G Troop commander, December 8, 1997,
p. 1
; Lead Sheet #26633, Interview
with G Troop platoon leader, 2nd Armored Cavalry Regiment, April 24, 2000,
p. 1
; and Lead Sheet #26634, Interview
with G Troop fire support officer, 2nd Armored Cavalry Regiment, April 24, 2000,
p. 1
; Battle Damage Assessment,
"Summary of G Troop, 2nd
Squadron, 2nd Armored Cavalry Regiment Battle Damage Incident,"
undated.
[413]
Lead Sheet #14195, Interview of former commander, Marine 1st Force
Reconnaissance Company, January 19, 1998,
p. 1-2
.
[414]
Lead Sheet #14145, Interview of former Marine Force Reconnaissance
captain, January 14, 1998,
p. 1-2
.
[415]
Lead Sheet #14195, Interview of former commander, Marine 1st Force
Reconnaissance Company, January 19, 1998,
p. 1-2
.
[416]
Lead Sheet #15421,
Interview of former Navy SEAL corpsman
attached to Marine 1st Force Reconnaissance Company
, March 10, 1998.
[417]
Lead Sheet #14246,
Interview of USS Missouri executive
officer
, January 23, 1998.
[418]
Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense, Public Affairs, News
Release, Subject: "Military Probes Friendly Fire Incidents," Washington, DC,
August 13, 1991,
p. 5
.
[419]
Lead Sheet #15358, Interview of former 11th Armored Cavalry Regiment
commander, March 6, 1998,
p. 2
.
[420]
US Army Safety Center, Army Accident Report 910711001, September 20,
1991, 18 July 1991 Interview of Regimental Quartermaster S-4,
p. 4
.
[421]
US Army Safety Center, Army Accident Report 910711001, September 20,
1991, 18 July 1991 Interview of Regimental XO,
p. 3
.
[422]
Memorandum for Commanding General, ARCENT FORWARD, Subject: "AR
15-6 Report of Investigation, Fire/Explosion at Doha, Kuwait, 11 July 1991," July 27,
1991,
p. 8
.
[423]
Lead Sheet #6473, Interview of former Echo Troop, 2/11th Armored
Cavalry Regiment NCO, October 20, 1997,
p.
1
.
[424]
Memorandum for Commanding General, ARCENT FORWARD, Subject: "AR
15-6 Report of Investigation, Fire/Explosion at Doha, Kuwait, 11 July 1991," July 27,
1991,
p. 1-2
.
[425]
Letter from the Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom) to the Countess
of Mar, February 2, 1998,
p. 6
.
[426]
US Army Safety Center, Ft. Rucker, Accident Report 910711001,
"History of Events," September 20, 1991,
p. 1-3
.
[427]
Lead Sheet #15493, Memorandum for the Office of the Special
Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses from former 11th Armored Cavalry Regiment engineer
officer, Subject: "Summary of Personal Involvement and Observations Concerning
Depleted Uranium at Camp Doha, Kuwait, 11 July - 25 August 1991," March 16, 1998,
p. 2
.
[428]
US Army Safety Center, Ft. Rucker, Accident Report 910711001,
"History of Events," September 20, 1991,
p. 3
.
[429]
US Army Safety Center, Ft. Rucker, Accident Report 910711001,
"History of Events," September 20, 1991,
p. 3-4
.
[430]
US Army Safety Center, Ft. Rucker, Accident Report 910711001,
"Estimated Cost of Destroyed Ammunition," September 20, 1991,
p. 1
.
[431]
Lead Sheet #15358,
Interview of former 11th Armored Cavalry
Regiment commander
, March 6, 1998.
[432]
Lead Sheet #15493, Memorandum for the Office of the Special
Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses from former 11th Armored Cavalry Regiment engineer
officer, Subject: "Summary of Personal Involvement and Observations Concerning
Depleted Uranium at Camp Doha, Kuwait, 11 July - 25 August 1991," March 16, 1998,
p. 2
.
[433]
Lead Sheet #6002, Interview of former 146th Ordnance Detachment
(EOD) commander, September 11, 1997,
p.
1
.
[434]
Lead Sheet #5720, Interview of former 11th Armored Cavalry Regiment
engineer officer, August 2, 1997,
p.
1-2
.
[435]
Lead Sheet #15523, Interview of former 54th Chemical Troop
commander, March 19, 1998,
p. 1
.
[436]
"Doha Fire, SUPCOM LOC Sequence of Events Log," July 11,
1991,
p. 2
.
[437]
"Doha Fire, SUPCOM LOC Sequence of Events Log," July 11,
1991,
p. 2
,
5
.
[438]
Lead Sheet #15358, Interview of former 11th Armored Cavalry Regiment
commander, March 6, 1998,
p. 1- 3
.
[439]
702D Transportation Battalion (Provisional) Battalion Operations
Diary, Saudi Arabia (Part 1 of 2); Gulf War Collection, Group Swain Papers, SSG
After-action Report, SSG 3rd-051, 12 July 1991,
p. 4-13
.
[440]
Lead Sheet #15454, Interview of former 11th Armored Cavalry Regiment
engineering officer, March 11, 1998,
p.
1-2
.
[441]
"Doha Fire, SUPCOM LOC Sequence of Events Log," July 11,
1991,
p. 5
.
[442]
Lead Sheet #15517, Interview of former 11th Armored Cavalry Regiment
regimental NBC officer, March 18, 1998,
p.
1-2
.
[443]
"Doha Fire, SUPCOM LOC Sequence of Events Log," July 11,
1991,
p. 6
.
[444]
"Doha Fire, SUPCOM LOC Sequence of Events Log," July 11,
1991,
p. 5
.
[445]
Lead Sheet #6002, Interview of former 146th Ord. Det (EOD)
commander, September 11, 1997,
p. 1-2
.
[446]
Lead Sheet #5728, Interview of former 11th Armored Cavalry Regiment
chemical officer, July 10, 1997,
p. 1-2
.
[447]
Lead Sheet #5724, Interview of former 54th Chemical Troop commander,
July 7, 1997,
p. 1
.
[448]
"Doha Fire, SUPCOM LOC Sequence of Events Log," July 11,
1991,
p. 9
.
[449]
Lead Sheet #15523, Interview of former 54th Chemical Troop
commander, March 19, 1998,
p. 2
.
[450]
Lead Sheet #5997, Interview of Communications-Electronics Command
team head, July 16,1997,
p. 2
.
[451]
Lead Sheet #6002, Interview of former 146th Ordnance Detachment
(EOD) commander, Oct 6, 1997,
p. 1
.
[452]
Lead Sheet #5732, Interview of former 146th Ordnance Detachment
(EOD) SFC, September 25, 1997,
p. 1-2
.
[453]
Lead Sheet #15493, Memorandum for the Office of the Special
Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses from former 11th Armored Cavalry Regiment engineer
officer, Subject: "Summary of Personal Involvement and Observations Concerning
Depleted Uranium at Camp Doha, Kuwait, 11 July - 25 August 1991," March 16, 1998,
p. 2-3
.
[454]
Lead Sheet #6002, Interview of former 146th Ordnance Detachment
(EOD) commander, October 6, 1997,
p. 1
.
[455]
Lead Sheet #6002, Interview of former 146th Ordnance Detachment
(EOD) commander, October 6, 1997,
p. 2
.
[456]
Lead Sheet #6481, Interview of former 146th Ordnance Detachment
(EOD) sergeant first class, October 20,1997,
p. 2
.
[457]
Lead Sheet #15493, Memorandum for the Office of the Special
Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses from former 11th Armored Cavalry Regiment engineer
officer, Subject: "Summary of Personal Involvement and Observations Concerning
Depleted Uranium at Camp Doha, Kuwait, 11 July - 25 August 1991," March 16, 1998,
p. 2-3
; and Lead Sheet #5721,
Interview of former 58th Combat Engineer Company NCO, July 1, 1997,
p. 1
.
[458]
Lead Sheet #6002, Interview of former 146th Ordnance Detachment
(EOD) commander, October 6, 1997,
p. 2
.
[459]
Lead Sheet #6653, Interview of former US Army Contracting Officer
Representative to Environmental Chemical Corporation, October 31, 1997,
p. 2
.
[460]
Lead Sheet #5724, Interview of former 54th Chemical Troop commander,
July 7, 1997,
p. 1-2
.
[461]
Lead Sheet #5731, Interview of former 54th Chemical Troop
reconnaissance platoon NCO, July 15, 1997,
p. 1
.
[462]
Lead Sheet #5730, Interview of former 1st Reconnaissance Platoon
leader, 54th Chemical Troop, July 14, 1997,
p. 1
.
[463]
Lead Sheet #5724, Interview of former 54th Chemical Troop commander,
July 7, 1997,
p. 1-2
.
[464]
Lead Sheet #15492, Interview of former 54th Chemical Troop
reconnaissance platoon leader, March 25, 1998,
p. 1
.
[465]
Lead Sheet #15523, Interview of former 54th Chemical Troop
commander, March 19, 1998,
p. 1
.
[466]
Lead Sheet #5731, Interview of former 54th Chemical Troop
reconnaissance platoon NCO, July 15, 1997,
p. 1
.
[467]
Lead Sheet #5728, Interview of former 11th Armored Cavalry Regiment
chemical officer, July 10, 1997,
p. 1
;
Lead Sheet #5730, Interview of former 54th Chemical Troop Reconnaissance Platoon leader,
July 14, 1997,
p. 2
; and Lead Sheet
#5731, Interview of former 54th Chemical Troop Reconnaissance Platoon sergeant, July 15,
1997,
p. 2
.
[468]
Lead Sheet #5724, Interview of former 54th Chemical Troop commander,
July 7, 1997,
p. 2
.
[469]
Lead Sheet #15523, Interview of former 54th Chemical Troop
commander, March 19, 1998,
p. 2
.
[470]
Lead Sheet #5739, Interview of former 146th Ordnance Detachment
(EOD) staff sergeant, July 25, 1997,
p.
2
.
[471]
Lead Sheet #6653, Interview of former 146th Ordnance Detachment
(EOD) sergeant first class, October 29, 1997,
p. 2
.
[472]
Lead Sheet #6481, Interview of former 146th Ordnance Detachment
(EOD) sergeant first class, October 20, 1997,
p. 2
.
[473]
Lead Sheet #6499, Interview of Environmental Chemical Corporation
contract team member, October 21, 1997,
p.
1
.
[474]
Guidelines For Safe Response to Handling, Storage, and
Transportation Accidents Involving Army Tank Munitions or Armor Which Contain Depleted
Uranium, Department of the Army TB 9-1300-278 Washington, DC: Headquarters, Department of
the Army, July 21, 1996,
p. 1-2
.
[475]
Lead Sheet #5698, Interview of former US Army Armament Munitions and
Chemical Command team member, July 7, 1997,
p. 2
; and Lead Sheet #5699, Interview
of US Army Armament Munitions and Chemical Command team head, July 25, 1997,
p. 3
.
[476]
US Army Environmental Policy Institute, Health and Environmental
Consequences of Depleted Uranium Use in the US Army: Technical Report, Atlanta, GA:
Georgia Institute of Technology, June 1995,
p. 39
.
[477]
Memorandum for Record,
telephone report from SWA Radiation
Protection Office, on update of status of Doha accident site
, July 18, 1991.
[478]
Lead Sheet #5698, Interview of former US Army Armament Munitions and
Chemical Command team member, August 8, 1997,
p. 2
; and Lead Sheet #5699, Interview
of US Army Armament Munitions and Chemical Command team head, July 25, 1997,
p. 3
.
[479]
Lead Sheet #5699, Interview of US Army Armament Munitions and
Chemical Command team head, July 25, 1997,
p. 3
.
[480]
Lead Sheet #6473, Interview of former Echo Troop, 2/11th Armored
Cavalry Regiment NCO, October 20, 1997,
p.
2
.
[481]
Lead Sheet #5699, Interview of US Army Armament Munitions and
Chemical Command team head, July 25, 1997,
p. 3
; and Lead Sheet #5997, Interview
of Communications-Electronics Command team head, July 16, 1997,
p. 1
.
[482]
Memorandum for Commander, 22nd Support Command, APO NY, Subject:
"Damage Assessment at Camp
Doha,"
August 5, 1991.
[483]
Lead Sheet #6002, Interview of former 146th Ordnance Detachment
(EOD) commander, September 11, 1997,
p.
2
.
[484]
Lead Sheet #6481,
Interview
of former 146th Ordnance Detachment (EOD) sergeant first class
, October 20, 1997.
[485]
Lead Sheet #5728, Interview with 11th Armored Cavalry Regiment
regimental chemical officer, July 10, 1997,
p. 1
; Lead Sheet #5730, Doha 54th
Chemical Troop, July 14, 1997,
p. 2
;
and Lead Sheet #5732, Interview with 146th Ordnance Detachment sergeant first class, July
15, 1997,
p. 2
.
[486]
Lead Sheet #5699, Interview of US Army Armament Munitions and
Chemical Command team head, July 25, 1997,
p. 3
.
[487]
Lead Sheet #15854, Interview of Army Central Command radiation
protection officer, April 6, 1998,
p. 2
;
Lead Sheet #15358, Interview of former 11th Armored Cavalry Regiment commander, March 6,
1998,
p. 3
; and Lead Sheet #15493,
Memorandum for the Office of the Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses from former 11th
Armored Cavalry Regiment engineer officer, Subject: "Summary of Personal Involvement
and Observations Concerning Depleted Uranium at Camp Doha, Kuwait, 11 July - 25 August
1991," March 16, 1998,
p. 2-3
.
[488]
Lead Sheet #5720, Interview of former 11th Armored Cavalry Regiment
regimental engineer, July 7, 1997,
p. 2
.
[489]
Lead Sheet #5993, Interview of former Communications-Electronics
Command team member, September 10, 1997,
p. 1
.
[490]
Memorandum for commander, Task Force Victory (Fwd), Subject:
"Camp Doha Accident Survey Update," August 2, 1991,
p. 1
.
[491]
Lead Sheet #5993, Interview of former Communications-Electronics
Command team member, September 10, 1997,
p. 1
; and Lead Sheet #5997, Interview
of former Communications-Electronics Command team chief, July 16, 1997,
p. 1
.
[492]
Lead Sheet #15493, Memorandum for the Office of the Special
Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses from former 11th Armored Cavalry Regiment engineer
officer, Subject: "Summary of Personal Involvement and Observations Concerning
Depleted Uranium at Camp Doha, Kuwait, 11 July - 25 August 1991," March 16, 1998,
p. 3
.
[493]
Lead Sheet #6653, Interview of former US Army contracting officer's
representative to Environmental Chemical Corporation, October 31, 1997,
p. 2
.
[494]
Lead Sheet #6653, Interview of former US Army contracting officer's
representative to Environmental Chemical Corporation, October 31, 1997,
p. 2
.
[495]
Lead Sheet #6653, Interview of former US Army contracting officer's
representative to Environmental Chemical Corporation, October 31, 1997,
p. 2
.
[496]
Lead Sheet #6653, Interview of former US Army contracting officer's
representative to Environmental Chemical Corporation, October 31, 1997,
p. 2
.
[497]
Information in sections on "Post-M1A1 Retrograde Radiation
Control and Clean up Activity" and "The Final Clean up" is taken from Lead
Sheet #6653, Interview of former US Army contracting officer's representative to
Environmental Chemical Corporation, October 31, 1997,
p. 1-3
; and Lead Sheet #6499,
Interview of Environmental Chemical Corporation Contract Explosive Ordnance Disposal Team
member, October 21, 1997,
p. 1-2
.
[498]
Lead Sheet #5720, Interview of former 11th Armored Cavalry Regiment
regimental engineer, July 7, 1997,
p. 3
;
and Lead Sheet #5739, Interview of 146th Ordnance Detachment (EOD) sergeant, July 28,
1997,
p. 2
.
[499]
Guidelines For Safe Response to Handling, Storage, and
Transportation Accidents Involving Army Tank Munitions or Armor Which Contain Depleted
Uranium, Department of the Army TB 9-1300-278 Washington, DC: Headquarters, Department of
the Army, September 1990,
p. 6-2
,
paragraph 6-2a.
[500]
Lead Sheet #5720, Interview of former 11th Armored Cavalry Regiment
regimental engineer, July 7, 1997,
p. 1
;
Lead Sheet #5721, Interview of former 58th Combat Engineer Company sergeant, July 1, 1997,
p. 1
; and Lead Sheet #5732,
Interview of former 146th Ordnance Detachment (EOD) NCO, July 15, 1997,
p. 2
.
[501]
Lead Sheet #5699, Interview of former US Army Armament Munitions and
Chemical Command team lead, July 25, 1997,
p. 3
.
[502]
Lead Sheet #5720, Interview of former 11th Armored Cavalry Regiment
regimental engineer, July 7, 1997,
p.
1-3
.
[503]
Lead Sheets
#5698
,
#5699
,
#5700
, and
#5997
, Interviews of US Army Armament
Munitions and Chemical Command and Communications-Electronics Command members.
[504]
Lead Sheet #5720, Interview of former 11th Armored Cavalry Regiment
regimental engineer, July 7, 1997,
p.
1-3
.
[505]
Lead Sheet #5997, Interview of Communications-Electronics Command
team chief, July 16, 1997,
p. 1
.
[506]
Lead Sheet #5678, Interview of Communications-Electronics Command
team chief, August 12, 1997,
p. 1
.
[507]
US Army Safety Center, Ft. Rucker, Accident Report 910711001,
"Estimated Cost of Destroyed
Ammunition,"
September 20, 1991.
[508]
Assumes all three tanks were loaded with 37 DU rounds.
[509]
AR 15-6 Investigation,
Investigating Officer
Statement, S-3, 1st Battalion, 64th Armor
, undated.
[510]
Memorandum for Commander, XVIII Airborne Corps, Subject: "Law
and Order Significant Activities (SIGACTS)," December 9, 1990,
p. 3
.
[511]
Memorandum for the Commanding General, Subject:
"Status of Collateral
Investigation Into Destruction of M1 Tank Assigned to 3/69 AR (Bumper #A66),"
December 17, 1990.
[512]
Memorandum for Record, Subject: "Trip Report to Saudi Arabia,
3d Company, 69th Armored Battalion, 1st Brigade, 24th Infantry Division, 6-22 December
1990," December 31, 1990,
p. 2-3
.
[513]
Memorandum for Record, Subject: "Trip Report to Saudi Arabia,
3d Company, 69th Armored Battalion, 1st Brigade, 24th Infantry Division, 6-22 December
1990," December 31, 1990,
p. 3
.
[514]
Lead Sheet #22545, Interview with senior US Army Armament Munitions
and Chemical Command Radiation Control Team health physicist, April 1, 1999,
p. 1
.
[515]
Memorandum for Record, Subject: "Trip Report to Saudi Arabia,
3d Company, 69th Armored Battalion, 1st Brigade, 24th Infantry Division, 6-22 December
1990," December 31, 1990,
p. 3
.
[516]
Memorandum for Record, Subject: "Trip Report to Saudi Arabia,
3d Company, 69th Armored Battalion, 1st Brigade, 24th Infantry Division, 6-22 December
1990," December 31, 1990,
p. 2
.
[517]
Lead Sheet #5719, Interview of the head of the US Army Armament
Munitions and Chemical Command radiation control team dispatched to the December 5, 1990
tank fire, July 2, 1997,
p. 1
.
[518]
Information Paper, Subject:
History and Status of Retrograde of M1
Battle Tank From Saudi Arabia
, March 4, 1991.
[519]
"Analysis
of 1-37 Armor's Battle Damage Incident,"
Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: Ballistic
Research Laboratory, Undated.
[520]
Memorandum for SRC, AMCCOM-SWA, Subject: "Vehicle Assessment
Report Depleted Uranium Contamination," May 14, 1991,
p. 9
.
[521]
Lead Sheet #6455,
Interview
of Program Manager, Abrams Tanks, US Army Tank Automotive Command
, October 17, 1997.
[522]
US Army Safety Center, Fort Rucker, AL,
Army Accident Report 910404001
, July
14, 1997.
[523]
Lead Sheet #24612, Interview of former 363rd senior Explosive
Ordnance Disposal sergeant, August 10, 1999,
p. 1
.
[524]
Lead Sheet #24618, Interview of former VII Corps safety
representative, August 11, 1999,
p. 1
.
[525]
Memorandum for SRC, AMCCOM-SWA, Subject: Vehicle Assessment Report
Depleted Uranium Contamination, May 14, 1991,
p. 11
.
[526]
Lead Sheet #20697, Interview of A-32 tank commander, December 10,
1998,
p. 2
.
[527]
Lead Sheet #21599, Interview of A-32 loader, February 9, 1999,
p. 1
.
[528]
Lead Sheet #20697, Interview of A-32 tank commander, December 10,
1998,
p. 2
.
[529]
Lead Sheet #20697, Interview of A-32 tank commander, December 10,
1998,
p. 2
.
[530]
Memorandum for SRC, AMCCOM-SWA, Subject: Vehicle Assessment Report
Depleted Uranium Contamination, May 14, 1991,
p. 9
.
[531]
Lead Sheet #5700, Interview of former chief planner, Low Level
Radiological Waste Disposal, Rock Island Arsenal and radiation control team member, July
11, 1997,
p.1
.
[532]
Memorandum for SRC, AMCCOM-SWA, Subject: "Vehicle Assessment
Report Depleted Uranium Contamination," May 14, 1991,
p. 9-10
.
[533]
Memorandum from US Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive
Medicine to the Office of the Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, Subject:
"Medical Notification Procedures," July 1, 1999,
p. 1
.
[534]
Health Physics Society, Bioassay Programs for Uranium, An American
National Standard, HPS N13.22-1995, McLean, VA: October 1995, p. 22.
[535]
The MPCa is the maximum permissible concentration for exposure for
540 hours during a single calendar quarter of 13 weeks.
[536]
Glissmeyer, J.A., J. Mishima, and R.L. Gilchrist,
Characterization
of Airborne Uranium from Test Firings of XM-744 (
sic
) Ammunition
, PNL-2944,
Richland, WA: Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratory, 1979,
p. 1
,
5
; and Parkhurst, M.A., J. R. Johnson,
J. Mishima, and J.L. Pierce,
Evaluation of DU Aerosol Data: Its Adequacy for Inhalation
Modeling
, PNL-10903, Richland, WA: Battelle Pacific Northwest National Laboratory,
December 1995, p. 4.4-4.5.
[537]
Chambers, Dennis R., Richard A. Markland, Michael K. Clary, and Roy
L. Bowman,
Aerosolization Characteristics of Hard Impact Testing of Depleted Uranium
Penetrators
, Technical Report ARBRL-TR-02435, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: Ballistic
Research Laboratory, October 1982,
p.
45-46
.
[538]
Jette, S.J., J. Mishima, and D.E. Haddlock,
Aerosolization of
M829A1 and XM900E1 Rounds Fired Against Hard Targets
, PNL-7452, Richland, WA: Battelle
Pacific Northwest Laboratory, August 1990,
p. 4.1
.
[539]
Parkhurst, M.A., J. R. Johnson, J. Mishima, and J.L. Pierce,
Evaluation
of DU Aerosol Data: Its Adequacy for Inhalation Modeling
, PNL-10903, Richland, WA:
Battelle Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, December 1995, p. 2.4-2.6.
[540]
Draft Depleted Uranium (DU) Hard Impact Aerosolization Test
Summary Report (Source Term and Resuspension Estimates)
, EAI Report A010/96/001D1, US
Army Armament Research, Development and Engineering Center, Picatinny Arsenal, NJ, October
1996.
[541]
Parkhurst, M.A., M.H. Smith, and J. Mishima,
Bradley Fighting
Vehicle Burn Test
, PNNL-12079, Richland, WA: Battelle Pacific Northwest National
Laboratory, March 1999,
p. iii-vi
,
6.1-6.5
.
[542]
Radiological Control Manual
, US Department of Energy,
DOE/EH-0256T Revision 1, Washington, DC, April 1994,
p. 2-12
.
[543]
Lead Sheet #15854, Interview of former Army health physicist, April
6, 1998,
p. 2
.
[544]
United States General Accounting Office, Report to the Chairman,
Subcommittee on Regulation, Business Opportunities, and Energy, Committee on Small
Business, House of Representatives,
Operation Desert Storm-Army Not Adequately Prepared
to Deal With Depleted Uranium Contamination
, GAO/NSIAD-93-90, Washington, DC, January
1993,
p. 35
.
[545]
Lead Sheet #5680,
Interview
of former US Army Armament Munitions and Chemical Command Operations Officer at KKMC
during the Gulf War
, August 1, 1997.
[546]
United States General Accounting Office, Report to the Chairman,
Subcommittee on Regulation, Business Opportunities, and Energy, Committee on Small
Business, House of Representatives,
Operation Desert Storm-Army Not Adequately Prepared
to Deal With Depleted Uranium Contamination
, GAO/NSIAD-93-90, Washington, DC, January
1993,
p. 34
.
[547]
Memorandum from the US Army Armament Munitions and Chemical Command
to US Army Training and Doctrine Command, Subject:
"Depleted Uranium (DU)
Contamination,"
May 24, 1991.
[548]
Commander, US Army Tank Automotive Command message , to J4, Army
Central Command Headquarters, Subject:
"Field
Processing of Tanks Contaminated with Depleted Uranium (DU),"
February 1991.
[549]
Memorandum from the US Army Armament Munitions and Chemical Command,
Subject:
"Tanks and Armored
Vehicles Contaminated with Depleted Uranium (DU),"
March 3, 1991.
[550]
US Army Armament Munitions and Chemical Command message to Army
Central Command Headquarters, Subject: "Depleted Uranium (DU) Contamination,"
March 7, 1991,
p. 3
.
[551]
Memorandum from the US Army Armament Munitions and Chemical Command
DU Team to US Army Armament Munitions and Chemical Command headquarters, Subject:
"Recommend That Safety Have Lead with
Support by the Command Surgeon,"
April 7, 1991.
[552]
Memorandum from the US Army Armament Munitions and Chemical Command
Safety Office to AMCCOM-SCR/SWA, Subject:
"Concept Plan for Disposal of
Depleted Uranium (DU) Contaminated Vehicles in Southwest Asia (SWA),"
April 11,
1991.
[553]
Lead Sheet #15330, Interview of battle damage assessment team major,
March 5, 1998,
p. 2
.
[554]
Lead Sheet #16157,
Interview of the Chief, Safety Division,
Army Test and Evaluation Command
, April 22, 1998.
[555]
Memorandum for the Office of the Special Assistant for Gulf War
Illnesses, Subject: "Revised Interim USACHPPM Report, Health Risk Assessment
Consultation No. 28-MF-7555-98, for OSAGWI Exposure Investigation Report, Depleted Uranium
in the Gulf," p. 1-2.
[556]
USACHPPM, Health Risk Assessment Consultation No. 26-MF-7555-00D,
"Depleted Uranium-Human Exposure Assessment and Health Risk Characterization in
Support of the Environmental Exposure Report 'Depleted Uranium in the Gulf' of the Office
of the Special Assistant to the Secretary of Defense for Gulf War Illnesses, Medical
Readiness and Military Deployments (OSAGWI)," September 2000,
p. vi-viii
.
[557]
Adapted from diagram in Report No. 87, NCRP (National Council on
Radiation Protection and Measurements), Bethesda, MD, 1987.
[558]
USACHPPM, Health Risk Assessment Consultation No. 26-MF-7555-00D,
"Depleted Uranium-Human Exposure Assessment and Health Risk Characterization in
Support of the Environmental Exposure Report 'Depleted Uranium in the Gulf' of the Office
of the Special Assistant to the Secretary of Defense for Gulf War Illnesses, Medical
Readiness and Military Deployments (OSAGWI)," September 2000,
p. J-1 - J-74
.
[559]
USACHPPM, Health Risk Assessment Consultation No. 26-MF-7555-00D,
"Depleted Uranium-Human Exposure Assessment and Health Risk Characterization in
Support of the Environmental Exposure Report 'Depleted Uranium in the Gulf' of the Office
of the Special Assistant to the Secretary of Defense for Gulf War Illnesses, Medical
Readiness and Military Deployments (OSAGWI)," September 2000,
p. 126
.
[560]
USACHPPM, Health Risk Assessment Consultation No. 26-MF-7555-00D,
"Depleted Uranium-Human Exposure Assessment and Health Risk Characterization in
Support of the Environmental Exposure Report 'Depleted Uranium in the Gulf' of the Office
of the Special Assistant to the Secretary of Defense for Gulf War Illnesses, Medical
Readiness and Military Deployments (OSAGWI)," September 2000,
p. J-43 to J-47
.
[561]
USACHPPM, Health Risk Assessment Consultation No. 26-MF-7555-00D,
"Depleted Uranium-Human Exposure Assessment and Health Risk Characterization in
Support of the Environmental Exposure Report 'Depleted Uranium in the Gulf' of the Office
of the Special Assistant to the Secretary of Defense for Gulf War Illnesses, Medical
Readiness and Military Deployments (OSAGWI)," September 2000,
p. 126
.
[562]
USACHPPM, Health Risk Assessment Consultation No. 26-MF-7555-00D,
"Depleted Uranium-Human Exposure Assessment and Health Risk Characterization in
Support of the Environmental Exposure Report 'Depleted Uranium in the Gulf' of the Office
of the Special Assistant to the Secretary of Defense for Gulf War Illnesses, Medical
Readiness and Military Deployments (OSAGWI)," September 2000,
p. J-70-J-72
.
[563]
USACHPPM, Health Risk Assessment Consultation No. 26-MF-7555-00D,
"Depleted Uranium-Human Exposure Assessment and Health Risk Characterization in
Support of the Environmental Exposure Report 'Depleted Uranium in the Gulf' of the Office
of the Special Assistant to the Secretary of Defense for Gulf War Illnesses, Medical
Readiness and Military Deployments (OSAGWI)," September 2000,
p. 130
.
[564]
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, US Public Health
Service, Department of Health & Human Services, Toxicological Profile for Uranium,
Atlanta, GA, September 1999,
p. 152
.
[565]
USACHPPM, Health Risk Assessment Consultation No. 26-MF-7555-00D,
"Depleted Uranium-Human Exposure Assessment and Health Risk Characterization in
Support of the Environmental Exposure Report 'Depleted Uranium in the Gulf' of the Office
of the Special Assistant to the Secretary of Defense for Gulf War Illnesses, Medical
Readiness and Military Deployments (OSAGWI)," September 2000,
p. J-59 - J-60
.
[566]
McDiarmid, Melissa A.,, et al., "Health Effects of Depleted
Uranium on Exposed Gulf War Veterans,"
Environmental Research
, Vol. 82, No.
2, February 2000, p. 168.
[567]
McDiarmid, Melissa A.,, et al., "Health Effects of Depleted
Uranium on Exposed Gulf War Veterans,"
Environmental Research
, Vol. 82, No.
2, February 2000, p. 168.
[568]
Jarvis, N. S. and A. Birchall,
LUDEP 2.0, Personal Computer
Program for Calculating Internal Doses Using the ICRP Publication 66, Respiratory Tract
Model
, Report NRPB-SR-287, National Radiological Protection Board, Oxford England,
Undated, p. 2.
[569]
Health Physics Society,
Bioassay Programs for Uranium: An
American National Standard
, HPS N13.22-1995, McLean, VA, p. 34.
[570]
Title 10, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 20.1201(e).
"Standards for Protection Against
Radiation,"
Subpart C.
[571]
Notice of Final Rule by Nuclear Regulatory Commission on the
certification of gaseous diffusion plants, Federal Register, Volume 59, September 23,
1994,
p. 48944
.
[572]
Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense, Public Affairs, News
Release, "Military Probes Friendly Fire Incidents," Washington, DC, August 13,
1991,
p. 1
.
[573]
Lead Sheet #13171,
Interview of former sergeant first class
in D Company, 1-41st Infantry
, October 16, 1997.
[574]
Fliszar, Richard W., Edward F. Wilsey, and Ernest W. Bloore,
Radiological
Contamination from Impacted Abrams Heavy Armor
, Technical Report BRL-TR-3068, Aberdeen
Proving Ground, MD: Ballistic Research Laboratory, December 1989.
[575]
USACHPPM, Health Risk Assessment Consultation No. 26-MF-7555-00D,
"Depleted Uranium-Human Exposure Assessment and Health Risk Characterization in
Support of the Environmental Exposure Report 'Depleted Uranium in the Gulf' of the Office
of the Special Assistant to the Secretary of Defense for Gulf War Illnesses, Medical
Readiness and Military Deployments (OSAGWI)," September 2000,
p. 109-111
.
[576]
USACHPPM, Health Risk Assessment Consultation No. 26-MF-7555-00D,
"Depleted Uranium-Human Exposure Assessment and Health Risk Characterization in
Support of the Environmental Exposure Report 'Depleted Uranium in the Gulf' of the Office
of the Special Assistant to the Secretary of Defense for Gulf War Illnesses, Medical
Readiness and Military Deployments (OSAGWI)," September 2000,
p. 34-35
.
[577]
USACHPPM, Health Risk Assessment Consultation No. 26-MF-7555-00D,
"Depleted Uranium-Human Exposure Assessment and Health Risk Characterization in
Support of the Environmental Exposure Report 'Depleted Uranium in the Gulf' of the Office
of the Special Assistant to the Secretary of Defense for Gulf War Illnesses, Medical
Readiness and Military Deployments (OSAGWI)," September 2000,
p. F-7-F-8
.
[578]
USACHPPM, Health Risk Assessment Consultation No. 26-MF-7555-00D,
"Depleted Uranium-Human Exposure Assessment and Health Risk Characterization in
Support of the Environmental Exposure Report 'Depleted Uranium in the Gulf' of the Office
of the Special Assistant to the Secretary of Defense for Gulf War Illnesses, Medical
Readiness and Military Deployments (OSAGWI)," September 2000,
p. 86-129
.
[579]
Lead Sheet #15330, Interview of former major in the Ballistics
Research Laboratory battle damage assessment team, November 23, 1999,
p. 3
.
[580]
USACHPPM, Health Risk Assessment Consultation No. 26-MF-7555-00D,
"Depleted Uranium-Human Exposure Assessment and Health Risk Characterization in
Support of the Environmental Exposure Report 'Depleted Uranium in the Gulf' of the Office
of the Special Assistant to the Secretary of Defense for Gulf War Illnesses, Medical
Readiness and Military Deployments (OSAGWI)," September 2000,
p. 160-161
.
[581]
USACHPPM, Health Risk Assessment Consultation No. 26-MF-7555-00D,
"Depleted Uranium-Human Exposure Assessment and Health Risk Characterization in
Support of the Environmental Exposure Report 'Depleted Uranium in the Gulf' of the Office
of the Special Assistant to the Secretary of Defense for Gulf War Illnesses, Medical
Readiness and Military Deployments (OSAGWI)," September 2000,
p. 134-135
.
[582]
Hooper, Frank J., et al., "Elevated Urine Uranium Excretion by
Soldiers with Retained Uranium Shrapnel,"
Health Physics
, Vol. 77, No. 5,
November 1999,
p. 517
.
[583]
Hooper, Frank J., et al., "Elevated Urine Uranium Excretion by
Soldiers with Retained Uranium Shrapnel,"
Health Physics
, Vol. 77, No. 5,
November 1999,
p. 518
.
[584]
McDiarmid, Melissa A.,, et al., "Health Effects of Depleted
Uranium on Exposed Gulf War Veterans,"
Environmental Research
, Vol. 82, No.
2, February 2000, Academic Press, Orlando, FL, p. 168.
[585]
McDiarmid, Melissa A.,, et al., "Health Effects of Depleted
Uranium on Exposed Gulf War Veterans,"
Environmental Research
, Vol. 82, No.
2, February 2000, Academic Press, Orlando, FL, p. 173.
[586]
USACHPPM, Health Risk Assessment Consultation No. 26-MF-7555-00D,
"Depleted Uranium-Human Exposure Assessment and Health Risk Characterization in
Support of the Environmental Exposure Report 'Depleted Uranium in the Gulf' of the Office
of the Special Assistant to the Secretary of Defense for Gulf War Illnesses, Medical
Readiness and Military Deployments (OSAGWI)," September 2000,
p. 134
,
O-18
.
[587]
USACHPPM, Health Risk Assessment Consultation No. 26-MF-7555-00D,
"Depleted Uranium-Human Exposure Assessment and Health Risk Characterization in
Support of the Environmental Exposure Report 'Depleted Uranium in the Gulf' of the Office
of the Special Assistant to the Secretary of Defense for Gulf War Illnesses, Medical
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Granulomas are a particular type of inflammatory nodule that
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[651]
Memorandum for Record, Subject: "Meeting with Dr. Melissa
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p. 1-2
.
[652]
Memorandum for Record, Subject: "Meeting with Dr. Melissa
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.
[653]
Facsimile from Department of Veterans Affairs, Medical Center and
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[654]
Sample letter from the Office of the Surgeon General, Department of
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2
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United States General Accounting Office, Report to Congressional
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2000,
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.
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United States General Accounting Office, Report to Congressional
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2000,
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Presidential Special Oversight Board for Department of Defense
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Interim Report
,
August 20, 1999,
p. 25-26
.
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