From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Not to be confused with the neighboring province of
Shanxi
.
Shaanxi
(
help
·
info
)
(
simplified Chinese
:
?
西
;
traditional Chinese
:
陝
西
;
pinyin
:
Sh?nx?
;
Wade?Giles
: Shan-hsi;
Postal map spelling
:
Shensi
) is a
province
in the central part of
Mainland China
, and it includes portions of the
Loess Plateau
on the middle reaches of the
Yellow River
in addition to the
Qinling
Mountains across the southern part of this province. Shaanxi is the historical home, along with
Gansu
of the
dialect
of the
Dungans
,
Hui people
who emigrated out of China to
Central Asia
.
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]
Name
By regular
Hanyu Pinyin
rules, if tone marks are not written, both Shaanxi and the neighbouring province of
Shanxi
, to the east of Shaanxi, should be spelled "Shanxi"; the difference is in
tone
: Sh?nx? and Sh?nx?. To make the difference clear without tonal marks, the spelling "Shaanxi" was contrived (following the
romanization system
of
Yuen Ren Chao
) for the province of Sh?nx?, while "Shanxi" is used for the province of Sh?nx?.
Shaanxi
is the official spelling on
Chinese Government's official web portal
. This makes "Shaanxi" the only name of Chinese provinces that has not been romanized according to pinyin rules.
[
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]
History
Shaanxi is considered one of the cradles of Chinese civilization. Thirteen feudal dynasties established their capitals in the province during a span of more than 1,100 years, from the Zhou Dynasty to the Tang Dynasty.
The province's principal city and current capital,
Xi'an
, is one of the
four great ancient capitals of China
and is the eastern terminus of the
Silk Road
, which leads to
Europe
,
Arabia
and
Africa
.
Under the Han Dynasty, the
Northern Silk Road
was expanded to advance exploration and military purposes to the west. This Northern Silk Road is the northernmost of the
Silk Roads
and is about 2600 kilometres in length. It connected the ancient Chinese capital of Xi'an to the west over the
Wushao Ling Pass
to
Wuwei
and emerging in
Kashgar
before linking to ancient
Parthia
.
[
1
]
Under the
Ming dynasty
, Shaanxi was incorporated into
Gansu
but was again separated in the
Qing dynasty
.
One of the most devastating
earthquakes
in history occurred near
Hua Shan
, in south-eastern part of Shaanxi Province on January 23, 1556, killing an estimated 830,000 people (see
1556 Shaanxi earthquake
).
Many Chinese from Shaanxi immigrated to
Xinjiang
during the
Qing dynasty
. There they were classified as merchants if they were free.
[
2
]
When
Jahangir Khoja
seized
Kashgar
in 1826 he captured several Chinese, who were taken to Kokand and sold. The
Tajiks
bought two
Chinese slaves
from Shaanxi, they were held as slaves for a year before being returned by the Tajik Beg Ku-bu-te to China.
[
3
]
The end of the short-lived
Jiangxi Soviet
signalled the beginning of the
Long March
by
Mao Zedong
and the
Chinese Communists
to the
Shaanxi Soviet
at Yan'an.
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]
Geography
The geography of the area is described as
desert
in the north along the border with
Inner Mongolia
, the Loess Plateau in the central part of the province, the Qinling mountains running east to west in the south central part, and subtropical climate south of the Qinling mountains.
Going clockwise, Shaanxi borders Shanxi (E, NE),
Henan
(E),
Hubei
(SE),
Chongqing
Municipality (S),
Sichuan
(SW), Gansu (W),
Ningxia
(NW), and Inner Mongolia (N). In terms of number of bordering provincial-level divisions, Shaanxi ties Inner Mongolia.
The northern part of Shaanxi is cold in the winters and very hot in the summers, with dry winter and spring seasons. Its southern portion generally receives more rain. Annual mean temperature is roughly between 8
°C
and 16 °C, with January temperatures ranging from ?11 °C to 3.5 °C and July temperatures ranging from 21 °C to 28 °C.
Other cities include:
Baoji
,
Hanzhong
,
Lintong
,
Tongchuan
,
Xianyang
,
Yan'an
and
Ankang
.
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]
Administration
Shaanxi consists of nine
prefecture-level cities
and one sub-provincial city:
See
List of administrative divisions of Shaanxi
for a complete list of
county
-level divisions.
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]
Politics
The politics of Shaanxi is structured in a triple party-government system like all other governing institutions in mainland China.
The
Governor of Shaanxi
is the highest ranking official in the People's Government of Shaanxi. However, in the province's dual party-government governing system, the Governor is considered to have less power than the Shaanxi
Communist Party of China
Provincial Committee Secretary (中共?西省委??), colloquially termed the "Shaanxi
CPC Party Chief
"; since the Governor is always ranked as the First-Deputy Secretary in the Shaanxi Communist Party of China Provincial Committee.
Shaanxi was established as a provincial government since
Qing Dynasty
. On 10 January 1950, the People's Government of Shaanxi was established in
Xi'an
.
Ma Minfang
was then appointed as the first Governor of Shaanxi.
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]
Economy
Shaanxi's nominal GDP for 2009 was 818.7 billion RMB (
US$
112 billion) and GDP per capita was 21,729 RMB (US$3,179), ranking 14th in the PRC.
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]
Economic and technological development zones
- Baoji
Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone
Established in 1992, Baoji Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone was approved as a national hi-tech zone by State Council. It has a long-term planned area of 40 square kilometers. The transportation system around the zone includes Xi'an-Xianyang International Airport and National Highway 310. Its encouraged industries are auto parts, electronics, IT, pharmaceuticals and bioengineering industries and new materials.
[
4
]
- Shaanxi
Xi'an
Export Processing Zone
Shaanxi Xi'an Export Processing Zone (XEPZ) was approved on 21June 2002 by the State Council for its establishment and has been put into operation since 5 April 2004. As the first state-level export processing zone in northwest China, XEPZ has become one of the 7 pioneer EPZs with the function of bonded logistics in China. XEPZ is under the leadership of the Administrative Committee of Xi'an Economic and Technological Development Zone (XETDZ), which is designated by Xi'an municipal government to exercise economic and administrative power within the zone. XEPZ is a special economic zone. By now, there are more than 40 enterprises home and abroad settled in XEPZ, and the pillar industries featuring aviation, machinery, electronics and new energy have taken shape.
[
5
]
- Xi'an
Economic & Technological Development Zone
Established in 1993, Xi'an Economic and Technology Development Zone was approved as a national zone in 2000. The zone is only 20 minutes away from Xi'an Xianyang International Airport, and several National Highways pass through here. It has formed four pillar industries, including automotive, electronics, food, and new materials industries. So far, the zone has attracted more than 1,700 enterprises.
[
6
]
- Xi'an
High-tech Industrial Development Zone
Xi'an HTDZ opened its gates in 1991. It was established as a "pivotal location" for investment by high-tech industry companies in central and northwest China. Established in 1991, Xi‘an Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone is a national high-tech zone. The zone is surrounded by several National Highways and it is within 30 minutes of Xi'an International Airport. Furthermore, it is ranked in the top three high-tech zones in China.
[
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]
Xi'an Software Park, established in December 1998, is the professional park for Xi'an to develop scale software and service outsourcing industries. The park has been appraised as a software industry base under the National Torch Program, national software industry base, national software export base, city demonstrational area of national service outsourcing base and it is one of the four parks with "double bases" of software in China currently. Xi'an Software Park assembles 90% of enterprises engaging in software and service outsourcing in Xi'an. There are nearly 780 companies, of which foreign-funded enterprises account for 170, and over 71,000 jobholders in the park by the end of 2008.
[
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]
- Yangling
Agriculture Hi-Tech Industrial Zone
Yangling Agriculture Hi-Tech Industrial Zone was approved as a national-level hi-tech development zone by State Council in 1997. It is only 82 km from Xi'an to the east and 70 km from Xi'an Xianyang International Airport.
[
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]
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Demographics
Nearly all the people in Shaanxi are ethnic
Han Chinese
, with pockets of
Hui
population in the northwestern region (adjacent to Ningxia). The southern part of Shaanxi, known as
Guanzhong
, where the provincial capital Xi'an is located, is more populated compared to the northern part.
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Culture
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]
Tourism
Banpo
Neolithic village, near Xi'an
Daqin Pagoda
Imperial mausoleums
Zhao Mausoleum
Huashan
(Mount Hua), one of the five most famous mountains in China.
Taibaishan
(Mount Taibai), the highest peak of the
Qinling
Range.
Mausoleum and Terracotta Army Museum
of the
First Qin Emperor
in Xi'an (
World Heritage Site
) The city of
Xi'an
: City Walls, Great Mosque,
Bell Tower and Drum Tower
,
Forest of Stone Steles Museum
,
Shaanxi History Museum
, Wild Goose Pagoda
Yan'an
, the destination of the
Long March
and the center of Chinese Communist revolution from 1935 to 1948
Biang Biang Noodles
, one of the "ten strange wonders of Shaanxi" (陝西十大怪)
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]
Media
- Shaanxi Radio
serves Xi'an and the surrounding Shaanxi province area with music, and news.
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]
Education
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]
Universities and colleges
Note: Institutions without full-time bachelor programs are not listed.
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]
National
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]
COSTIND 中?人民共和??防科?技?工?委??
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Military
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Provincial
7 西北大? ?西省 西安市 本科
http://www.nwu.edu.cn/
8 延安大? ?西省 延安市 本科
http://www.yau.edu.cn/
9 西安理工大? ?西省 西安市 本科
http://www.xaut.edu.cn/
10 西安建筑科技大? ?西省 西安市 本科
http://www.xauat.edu.cn/
11 西安科技大? ?西省 西安市 本科
http://www.xust.edu.cn/
12 西安石油大? ?西省 西安市 本科
http://www.xapi.edu.cn/
13 西安工程大? ?西省 西安市 本科
http://www.xaist.edu.cn/
XIAN TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
14 西安外??大? ?西省 西安市 本科
http://www.xisu.edu.cn/
15 ?西科技大? ?西省 咸?市 本科
http://www.sust.edu.cn/
16 西安???院 ?西省 西安市 本科
http://www.xiyou.edu.cn/
17 ?西中??院 ?西省 咸?市 本科
http://www.sntcm.edu.cn/
18 西安??院 ?西省 西安市 本科
http://www.xiyi.edu.cn/
19 渭南?范?院 ?西省 渭南市 本科
http://www.wntc.edu.cn/
20 ?林?院 ?西省 ?林市 本科
http://www.ylc.net.cn/
21 ?西理工?院 ?西省 ?中市 本科
http://www.snut.edu.cn/
22 咸??范?院 ?西省 咸?市 本科
http://www.xysfxy.cn/
23 ??文理?院 ?西省 ??市 本科
http://www.bjwlxy.edu.cn/
24 西安???院 ?西省 西安市 本科
http://www.xaufe.edu.cn/
25 西北政法大? ?西省 西安市 本科
http://www.nwupl.cn/
26 西安?育?院 ?西省 西安市 本科
http://www.xaipe.edu.cn/
27 西安美??院 ?西省 西安市 本科
http://www.xafa.edu.cn/
28 西安音??院 ?西省 西安市 本科
http://www.xacom.edu.cn/
29 西安文理?院 ?西省 西安市 本科
http://www.xawl.org/
30 安康?院 ?西省 安康市 本科
http://www.aktc.net.cn/
31 商洛?院 ?西省 商州市 本科
http://www.slxy.cn
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Private (Administrated by Provincial Department of Education)
Note: Institutions without full-time bachelor programs are not listed.
33 西安培??院 省?育? 西安市 本科
http://www.peihua.cn/
34 西安???院 省?育? 西安市 本科
http://www.eurasia.edu/
35 西安外事?院 省?育? 西安市 本科
http://www.xaiu.com/
36 西安???院 省?育? 西安市 本科
http://www.xfuedu.org/
30 西京?院 省?育? 西安市 本科
http://www.xijing.com.cn/
38 *
Xi'an Siyuan University
(西安思源?院)
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Sports
Professional sports teams based in Shaanxi include:
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References
- ^
Silk Road, North China
, C.Michael Hogan, the Megalithic Portal, ed. A. Burnham
- ^
James A. Millward (1998).
Beyond the pass: economy, ethnicity, and empire in Qing Central Asia, 1759-1864
. Stanford University Press. p. 138.
ISBN
0804729336
.
http://books.google.com/books?id=MC6sAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA138&dq=han+enslaved+begs+turkestani&hl=en&ei=QFMITcqxAcHflgfD3byyAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCMQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=han%20enslaved%20begs%20turkestani&f=false
. Retrieved 2010-11-28
.
- ^
James A. Millward (1998).
Beyond the pass: economy, ethnicity, and empire in Qing Central Asia, 1759-1864
. Stanford University Press. p. 298.
ISBN
0804729336
.
http://books.google.com/books?id=MC6sAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA298&dq=shanxi+merchants+slaves+tajik&hl=en&ei=YFMITfuMBoX6lwffx5yYAg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false
. Retrieved 2010-11-28
.
- ^
RightSite.asia | Baoji Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone
- ^
RightSite.asia | Shaanxi Xi'an Export Processing Zone
- ^
RightSite.asia | Xi'an Economic & Technological Development Zone
- ^
RightSite.asia | Xi'an High-tech Industrial Development Zone
- ^
RightSite.asia | Xi’an Software Park
- ^
RightSite.asia | Yangling Agriculture Hi-Tech Industrial Zone
- ^
Qian, Cai.
General Yue Fei
. Trans. Honorable Sir T.L. Yang. Joint Publishing (H.K.) Co., Ltd., 1995 (
ISBN 978-962-04-1279-0
)
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External links
Coordinates
:
35°11′N
109°04′E
? / ?
35.183°N 109.067°E
? /
35.183; 109.067