See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167?1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371?1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629?1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513?1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

JOHN See also:

• QUINCY
• QUINCY, JOSIAH (1744?1775)

QUINCY See also:

• ADAMS
• ADAMS, ANDREW LEITH (1827-1882)
• ADAMS, CHARLES FRANCIS (1807-1886)
• ADAMS, HENRY (1838? )
• ADAMS, HENRY CARTER (1852? )
• ADAMS, HERBERT (i858? )
• ADAMS, HERBERT BAXTER (1850?1901)
• ADAMS, JOHN (1735?1826)
• JOHN QUINCY ADAMS (1767-1848)
• ADAMS, SAMUEL (1722-1803)
• ADAMS, THOMAS (d. c. 1655)
• ADAMS, WILLIAM (d. 162o)

ADAMS (1767-1848)   , eldest son of See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

President See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167?1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371?1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629?1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513?1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John See also:

• ADAMS
• ADAMS, ANDREW LEITH (1827-1882)
• ADAMS, CHARLES FRANCIS (1807-1886)
• ADAMS, HENRY (1838? )
• ADAMS, HENRY CARTER (1852? )
• ADAMS, HERBERT (i858? )
• ADAMS, HERBERT BAXTER (1850?1901)
• ADAMS, JOHN (1735?1826)
• ADAMS, JOHN QUINCY (1767-1848)
• ADAMS, SAMUEL (1722-1803)
• ADAMS, THOMAS (d. c. 1655)
• ADAMS, WILLIAM (d. 162o)

Adams , See also:

• SIXTH

sixth president of the See also:

• UNITED

United States, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742?1791)

born on the 11th of See also:

• JULY

July 1767, In tnat See also:

• PART

part of See also:

• BRAINTREE

Braintree that is now See also:

• QUINCY
• QUINCY, JOSIAH (1744?1775)

Quincy , See also:

• MASSACHUSETTS (an Indian name, originally applied to a tribe of Indians)

Massachusetts , and was named after John Quincy (1689-1767), his See also:

• MOTHER

mother 's grandfather, who was for many years a prominent member of the Massachusetts legislature . In 1778, and again in 178o, See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777?1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683?1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young Adams accompanied his See also:

• FATHER

father to See also:

• EUROPE

Europe ; studying in See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris in 1778-1779 and at the university of See also:

• LEIDEN

Leiden in 1780 . In 178o, also, he began to keep that See also:

• DIARY

diary which forms so conspicuous a See also:

• RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record of the doings of himself and his .contemporaries . In 1781, at the See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of fourteen, he accompanied See also:

• FRANCIS
• FRANCIS (FRarrcols) OF SALES, ST (1567-1622)
• FRANCIS (Lat. Franciscus, Ital. Francesco, Span. Francisco, Fr. Francois, Ger. Franz)
• FRANCIS, SIR PHILIP (174o-1818)

Francis See also:

• DANA, CHARLES ANDERSON (1819?'897)
• DANA, FRANCIS (1743-1811)
• DANA, JAMES DWIGHT (1813-1895)

Dana (1743-1811), See also:

• AMERICAN

American See also:

• ENVOY (Fr. envoye, " sent ")

envoy to See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia , as his private secretary; but Dana was not received by the See also:

• RUSSIAN

Russian See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government , and in 1782 Adams joined his father at Paris, where he acted as " additional secretary " to the American commissioners in the negotiation of the treaty of See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace which concluded the See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War of American See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

Independence . Instead of accompanying his father to See also:

• LONDON

London , he, of his own choice, returned to Massachusetts, graduated at Harvard See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

College in 1787, three years later was admitted to practise at the See also:

• BAR
• BAR (0. Fr. barre, Late Lat. barra, origin unknown)
• BAR, CONFEDERATION OF
• BAR, FRANCOIS DE (1538-1606)
• BAR, THE

bar and at once opened an See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office in See also:

• BOSTON
• BOSTON, THOMAS (1676-1732)

Boston . A See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of papers written by him in which he controverted some of See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas See also:

• PAINE, ROBERT TREAT (1731?1814)
• PAINE, THOMAS (1737?1809)

Paine 's doctrines in the Rights of See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

Man , and later another series in which he ably supported the neutral policy of the - See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration toward See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844? )

France and See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England , led to his See also:

• APPOINTMENT, POWER OF

appointment by See also:

• WASHINGTON
• WASHINGTON (or WASHINGTON COURT HOUSE)
• WASHINGTON, BOOKER TALIAFERRO (c. 1859? )
• WASHINGTON, BUSHROD (1762-1829)
• WASHINGTON, GEORGE (1732-1799)

Washington as See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister to the See also:

• NETHERLANDS

Netherlands in May 1794 . There was little for him to do at the See also:

• HAGUE, THE (in Dutch, 's Gravenhage, or, abbreviated, den Haag; in Fr. La Haye; and in Late Lat. Haga Comitis)

Hague , but in the See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence of a minister at London, he transacted certain public business with the See also:

• ENGLISH

English See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign secretary . In 1796 Washington appointed him minister to See also:

• PORTUGAL

Portugal , but before his departure thither his father John Adams became president and changed his destination to See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725?1799)

Berlin (1797) . While there, he'negotiated (1799) a treaty of amity and, See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

commerce with See also:

• PRUSSIA
• PRUSSIA (Ger. Preussen; Lat. Borussia)

Prussia . On Thomas See also:

• JEFFERSON
• JEFFERSON, JOSEPH (1829-1905)
• JEFFERSON, THOMAS (1743-1826)

Jefferson 's See also:

• ELECTION
• ELECTION (from Lat. eligere, to pick out)

election to the See also:

• PRESIDENCY

presidency in 1800, the See also:

• ELDER (0. Eng. ellarn; Ger. Holunder; Fr. sureau)
• ELDER (Gr. 1rpev(3iTepos)

elder Adams recalled his son, who returned See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home in 18o, . The next See also:

• YEAR

year , he was elected to the Massachusetts See also:

• SENATE (Lat. senatus, from root sen-, as in senex, old; the root is the Sanskrit sana, cf. Gr. 'vos; the same element appears in senor, seigneur, seneschal)

senate , and in 1803 was sent to Washington as a member of the Senate of the United States . Up to this See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time , John Quincy Adams was regarded as belonging to the Federalist party, but he now found its See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general policy displeasing to him, was frowned upon, as the son of his father, by the followers of See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772?1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800?1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858? )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9?186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803?1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824? )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808?1884)

Alexander See also:

• HAMILTON
• HAMILTON (GRAND or ASHUANIPI)
• HAMILTON, ALEXANDER (1757-1804)
• HAMILTON, ANTHONY, or ANTOINE (1646-1720)
• HAMILTON, ELIZABETH (1758?1816)
• HAMILTON, EMMA, LADY (c. 1765-1815)
• HAMILTON, JAMES (1769-1831)
• HAMILTON, JAMES HAMILTON, 1ST DUKE OF (1606-1649)
• HAMILTON, JOHN (c. 1511?1571)
• HAMILTON, MARQUESSES AND DUKES OF
• HAMILTON, PATRICK (1504-1528)
• HAMILTON, ROBERT (1743-1829)
• HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM
• HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM (1730-1803)
• HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM ROWAN (1805-1865)
• HAMILTON, THOMAS (1789-1842)
• HAMILTON, WILLIAM (1704-1754)
• HAMILTON, WILLIAM GERARD (1729-1796)

Hamilton , and found himself nearly powerless as an unpopular member of an unpopular minority .

He was not now, and indeed never was, a strict party man . On the first important question that came before him in the Senate, the acquisition of See also:

• LOUISIANA

Louisiana , he voted with the Republicans, regardless of the opposition of his own See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section . In See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1807 he warmly seconded Jefferson's See also:

• SUGGESTION

suggestion of an See also:

• EMBARGO (a Spanish word meaning " stoppage ")

embargo and vigorously urged instant See also:

• ACTION

action , saying: "The president has recommended the measure on his high responsibility . I would not consider, I would not deliberate; I would See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act !" Within five See also:

• HOURS, CANONICAL

hours the Senate had passed the Embargo See also:

• BILL

Bill and sent it to the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

House . The support of a measure so unpopular in New England caused him to be hated by the Federalists there and cost him his seat in the Senate; his successor was chosen on the 3rd of See also:

• JUNE

June 1808, several months before the usual time of filling the vacancy, and five days later Adams resigned . In the same year he attended the Republican congressional See also:

• CAUCUS

caucus which nominated See also:

• MADISON
• MADISON, JAMES (1751?1836)

Madison for the presidency, and thus definitely joined the Republicans . From 1806 to 1809 Adams was See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

professor of See also:

• RHETORIC (Gr. psroperctj TEXvq, the art of the orator)

rhetoric and See also:

• ORATORY (Lat. oratorio, sc. ors; from orare, to speak or pray)

oratory at Harvard . In 1809 President Madison sent Adams to Russia to represent the United States . He arrived at St See also:

• PETERSBURG

Petersburg at the psycho-logical moment when the See also:

• TSAR, or CZAR

tsar had made up his mind to break with See also:

• NAPOLEON

Napoleon . Adams therefore met with a favourable reception and a disposition to further the interests of American commerce in every possible way . On the outbreak of the war between the United States and England in 1812, he was still at St Petersburg . In See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September of that year, the Russian government suggested that the tsar was willing to act as mediator between the two belligerents .

Madison precipitately accepted this proposition and sent See also:

• ALBERT
• ALBERT (1490'1545)
• ALBERT (149o-1568)
• ALBERT (1522?1557)
• ALBERT (FRANCIS CHARLES AUGUSTUS ALBERT EMMANUEL) (1819?1861)
• ALBERT (FRIEDRICH RUDOLF ALBRECHT)
• ALBERT, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS
• ALBERT, MADAME (c. 2805?2846)

Albert See also:

• GALLATIN, ALBERT (1761-1849)

Gallatin and See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358?1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843? )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573?1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842?1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James See also:

• BAYARD, PIERRE TERRAIL, SEIGNEUR DE (1473?1524)
• BAYARD, THOMAS FRANCIS (1828-1898)

Bayard to act as commissioners with Mr Adams; but England would have nothing to do with it . In See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1814, however, these See also:

• GENTLE (through the Fr. gentil, from Lat. gentilis, belonging to the same gens, or family)

gentle -men, with See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174?1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "?" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841? )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736?1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850? )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry See also:

• CLAY (from O. Eng. claeg, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Klei)
• CLAY, CASSIUS MARCELLUS (1810-1903)
• CLAY, CHARLES (1801?1893)
• CLAY, FREDERIC (1838?1889)
• CLAY, HENRY (1777?1852)

Clay and See also:

• JONATHAN
• JONATHAN (Heb. " Yah [weh] gives ")

Jonathan See also:

• RUSSELL (FAMILY)
• RUSSELL, ISRAEL COOK (1852- )
• RUSSELL, JOHN (1745-1806)
• RUSSELL, JOHN (d. 1494)
• RUSSELL, JOHN RUSSELL, 1ST EARL (1792-1878)
• RUSSELL, JOHN SCOTT (1808?1882)
• RUSSELL, LORD WILLIAM (1639?1683)
• RUSSELL, SIR WILLIAM HOWARD
• RUSSELL, THOMAS (1762-1788)
• RUSSELL, WILLIAM CLARK (1844? )

Russell , began negotiations with English commissioners which resulted in the See also:

• SIGNATURE (through Fr. from Lat. signature, signare, to sign, signum, mark, token, sign)

signature of the treaty of See also:

• GHENT (Flem. Gent, Fr. Gand)

Ghent on the 24th of December of that year . After this Adams visited Paris, where he witnessed the return of Napoleon from See also:

• ELBA (Gr. AiWaXla; Lat. Ilva)

Elba , and then went to London, where, with Henry Clay and Albert Gallatin, he negotiated (1815) a " See also:

• CONVENTION (Lat. conventio, an assembly or agreement, from convenire, to come together)
• CONVENTION, THE NATIONAL

Convention to Regulate Commerce and See also:

• NAVIGATION (from Lat. navis, ship, and agere, to move)

Navigation ." Soon after-wards he became U.S. minister to See also:

• GREAT

Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain , as his father had been before him, and as his son, See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles Francis Adams, was after him . After accomplishing little in London, he returned to the United States in the summer of 1817 to become secretary of See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state in the See also:

• CABINET

cabinet of President See also:

• MONROE
• MONROE, JAMES (1758-1831)

Monroe . As secretary of state, Adams played the leading part in two most important episodes,?the acquisition of See also:

• FLORIDA

Florida and the promulgation of the Monroe See also:

• DOCTRINE

Doctrine . Ever since the acquisition of Louisiana successive administrations had sought to include a part at least of Florida in that See also:

• PURCHASE

purchase . In 1819, after See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838? )

long negotiations, Adams succeeded in bringing the See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish minister to the point of See also:

• SIGNING

signing a treaty in which the Spaniards abandoned all claims to territory See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east of the See also:

• MISSISSIPPI

Mississippi , and the United States relinquished all claim to what is now known as See also:

• TEXAS

Texas . Before the Spanish government ratified the treaty in 1820, See also:

• MEXICO
• MEXICO (Span. Mejico, or Mexico,)
• MEXICO, FEDERAL DISTRICT OF
• MEXICO, GULF OF

Mexico , including Texas, had thrown off See also:

• ALLEGIANCE (Mid. Eng. ligeaunce; med. Lat. ligeantia, &c.; the al- was probably added through confusion with another legal term, allegeance, an allegation; the Fr. allegeance comes from the English; the word is formed from " liege," of which the derivatio

allegiance to the mother See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country , and the United States had occupied Florida by force of arms . The Monroe Doctrine (q.v.) rightly bears the name of the president who in 1823 assumed the responsibility for its promulgation; but it was primarily the See also:

• WORK

work of John Quincy Adams . The eight years of Monroe's presidency (1817?1825) are known as the " Era of See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

Good Feeling." As his second See also:

• TERM

term See also:

• DREW
• DREW, SAMUEL (1765-1833)

drew to a See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close , there was a great lack of good feeling among his See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official advisers, three of whom?Adams, secretary of state, See also:

• CALHOUN, JOHN CALDWELL (1782-185o)

Calhoun , secretary of war, and See also:

• CRAWFORD, EARLS OF
• CRAWFORD, FRANCIS MARION (1854?1909)
• CRAWFORD, THOMAS (1814?1857)
• CRAWFORD, WILLIAM HARRIS (1772?1834)

Crawford , secretary of the See also:

• TREASURY

treasury ?aspired to succeed him in his high office . In addition, Henry Clay and See also:

• ANDREW (Gr. 'AvBp4as, manly)
• ANDREW, JOHN ALBION (1818-1867)

Andrew See also:

• JACKSON
• JACKSON, ANDREW (1767-1845)
• JACKSON, CYRIL (1746-1819)
• JACKSON, FREDERICK GEORGE (186o? )
• JACKSON, HELEN MARIA (1831?1885)
• JACKSON, MASON (c. 1820-1903)
• JACKSON, THOMAS (1579-1640)
• JACKSON, THOMAS JONATHAN (1824-1863)
• JACKSON, WILLIAM (1730-1803)

Jackson were also candidates . Calhounwas nominated for the See also:

• VICE

vice -presidency .

Of the other four, Jackson received 99 electoral votes, Adams 84, Crawford 41, and Clay 37; as no one had a See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority , the decision was made by the House of Representatives, which was confined in its choice to the three candidates who had received the largest number of votes . Clay, who was See also:

• SPEAKER

speaker of the House of Representatives, and had for years assumed a censorious attitude toward Jackson, See also:

• CAST (from the verb meaning " to throw "; the word is Scand. in origin, cf. Dan. kaste, and Swed. kasta; " cast " in Middle Eng. took the place of the A.S. weor pan, cf. Ger. werf en)

cast his See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence for Adams and thereby secured his election on the first See also:

• BALLOT (from Ital. ballotta, dim. of balla, a ball)

ballot . A few days later Adams offered Clay the secretaryship of state, which was accepted . The wholly unjust and baseless See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge of " bargain and corruption " followed, and the See also:

• FEUD

feud thus created between Adams and Jackson greatly influenced the See also:

• HISTORY

history of the United States . Up to this point Adams's career had been almost uniformly successful, but his presidency (1825?1829) was in most respects a failure, owing to the virulent opposition of the Jacksonians; in 1828 Jackson was elected president over Adams . It was during his administration that irreconcilable See also:

• DIFFERENCES, CALCULUS OF (Theory of Finite Differences)

differences See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed between the followers of Adams and the followers of See also:

• JACK

Jack -son, the former becoming known as the See also:

• NATIONAL

National Republicans, who with the See also:

• ANTI, or CAMPA

Anti -Masons were the precursors of the Whigs . In 1829 Adams retired to private See also:

• LIFE

life in the See also:

• TOWN

town of Quincy; but only for a brief See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis;, way, road)

period , for in 1830, largely by Anti-Masonic votes, he was elected a member of the national House of Representatives . On its being suggested to him that his See also:

• ACCEPTANCE (Lat. acceptare, frequentative form of accipere, to receive)

acceptance of this position would degrade an ex-president, Adams replied that no See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person could be degraded by serving the See also:

• PEOPLE

people as a representative in See also:

• CONGRESS (Lat. congressus, coming together, from congredi; cum, with, and gradus, step)

congress or, he added, as a selectman of his town . His service in congress from 1831 until his See also:

• DEATH

death is, in some respects, the most noteworthy part of his career . Through-out he was conspicuous as an opponent of the See also:

• EXTENSION (Lat. ex, out ; tendere, to stretch)

extension of See also:

• SLAVERY

slavery , though he was never technically an abolitionist, and in particular he was the See also:

• CHAMPION (Fr. champion, Late Lat. campio from campus; a field or open space, i.e. one " who takes the field " or fights; cf. Ger. Kampf, battle, and Kampfer, fighter)

champion in the House of Representatives of the right of See also:

• PETITION (Lat. for " seeking " or " praying ")

petition at a time when, through the influence of the See also:

• SOUTHERN

Southern members, this right was, in practice, denied by that See also:

• BODY

body . His prolonged fight for the See also:

• REPEAL (O.F. rapel, modern rappel, from rapeler, rappeler, revoke, re and appeler, appeal)

repeal of the so-called" Gag See also:

• LAWS

Laws " is one of the most dramatic contests in the history of congress . The agitation for the abolition of slavery, which really began in See also:

• EARNEST (probably a corruption of the obsolete arles or erles, adapted from Lat. equivalent arrha, due to a confusion with the adjective " earnest," serious, O. Eng. eornust, cognate with Ger. ernst)

earnest with the See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment of the Liberator by See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William See also:

• LLOYD, EDWARD (1845? )
• LLOYD, WILLIAM (1627?1717)
• LLOYD, WILLIAM WATKISS (1813?1893)

Lloyd See also:

• GARRISON
• GARRISON, WILLIAM LLOYD (1805-1879)

Garrison in 1831, soon led to the sending of innumerable petitions to congress for the abolition of slavery in the See also:

• DISTRICT

District of See also:

• COLUMBIA

Columbia , over which the Federal government had See also:

• JURISDICTION
• JURISDICTION, CRIMINAL LAW, DIVORCE

jurisdiction , and for other action by congress with respect to that institution .

These petitions were generally sent to Adams for presentation . They aroused the anger of the See also:

• PRO

pro -slavery members of congress, who, in 1836, brought about the passage of the first " Gag See also:

• RULE

Rule ," the See also:

• PINCKNEY, CHARLES (1757?1824)
• PINCKNEY, CHARLES COTESWORTH (1746?1825)
• PINCKNEY, THOMAS (1750-1828)

Pinckney See also:

• RESOLUTION

Resolution , presented by Henry L . Pinckney, of See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634?1716)

South Carolina . It provided that all petitions See also:

• RELATING

relating to slavery should be laid on the table without being referred to See also:

• COMMITTEE (from commute, an Anglo-Fr. past participle of commettre, Lat. committere, to entrust; the modern Fr. equivalent comite is derived from the Eng.)

committee or printed; and, in substance, this resolution was re-adopted at the beginning of each of the immediately succeeding sessions of congress, the See also:

• PATTON, FRANCIS LANDEY (1843- )

Patton Resolution being adopted in 1837, the See also:

• ATHERTON, or CHOWBENT

Atherton Resolution, or " Atherton Gag," in 1838, and the Twenty-first Rule in 184o and subsequently until repealed . Adams contended that these " Gag Rules " were a See also:

• DIRECT

direct violation of the First See also:

• AMENDMENT (through the O. Fr. amender, to correct, from Lat. mendum, a fault)

Amendment to the Federal Constitution, and refused to be silenced on the question, fighting for repeal with indomitable courage, in spite of the See also:

• BITTER, KARL THEODORE FRANCIS (1867? )

bitter denunciation of his opponents . Each year the number of anti-slavery petitions received and presented by him increased; perhaps the See also:

• CLIMAX, JOHN (c. 525?600 A.D.)

climax was in 1837, when Adams presented a petition from twenty-two slaves, and, when threatened by his opponents with censure, defended himself with remarkable keenness and ability . At each session, also, the majority against him decreased until in 1844 his See also:

• MOTION (Lat. motio, from movere, to move)
• MOTION, LAWS OF

motion to repeal the Twenty-first Rule was carried by a See also:

• VOTE

vote of 108 to 8o and his See also:

• BATTLE

battle was won . On the 21st of See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1848, after having suffered a previous stroke of See also:

• APOPLEXY (Gr. arov n i.a, from aroaMvvew, to strike down, to stun)

apoplexy , he See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell insensible on the See also:

• FLOOR (from O. Eng. flor, a word common to many Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch vloer, and Ger. Flur, a field, in the feminine, and a floor, masculine)

floor of the Representatives' chamber, and two days later died . Few men in American public life have possessed more See also:

• INTRINSIC (through Fr. intrinsique, from Lat. intrinsecus, inwardly; inter, within, secus, following, from root of sequi, to follow)

intrinsic See also:

• WORTH
• WORTH, CHARLES FREDERICK (1825-1895)

worth , more independence, more public spirit and more ability than Adams, but throughout his See also:

• POLITICAL

political career he was handicapped by a certain reserve, a certain austerity and coolness of manner, and by his consequent inability to See also:

• APPEAL

appeal to the imaginations and affections of the people as a whole . He had, indeed, few intimate political or See also:

• PERSONAL

personal See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends , and few men in American history have, during their lifetime, been regarded with so much hostility and attacked with so much rancour by their political opponents .