Victor Gruen

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Victor Gruen
Sinh Viktor David Grunbaum
( 1903-07-18 ) 18 thang 7, 1903
Vien , Ao
M?t 14 thang 2, 1980 (1980-02-14) (76 tu?i)
Vien, Ao
Qu?c t?ch   Hoa K?
Dan t?c Do Thai
H?c v? H?c vi?n M? thu?t Vien
Ngh? nghi?p Ki?n truc s?
Ph?i ng?u
  • Elsie Krummeck (khong ro ngay thang)
  • Alice Kardos (khong ro ngay thang)
  • Lazette E. McCormick Van Houten
    (c??i 1951, m?t 1962)
  • Kemija Salihefendic-Abazz (khong ro ngay thang)
Cha m?
  • Adolf Grunbaum (cha)
  • Elisabeth Lea Levy (m?)

Victor David Gruen , ten khai sinh la Viktor David Grunbaum [1] (18 thang 7 n?m 1903 ? 14 thang 2 n?m 1980), la m?t ki?n ??truc s? g?c Ao n?i ti?ng la ng??i tien phong trong vi?c thi?t k? trung tam th??ng m?i ? Hoa K? . [2] Ong c?ng đ??c ghi nh?n vi cac đ? xu?t h?i sinh đo th? đ??c mo t? trong cac tac ph?m c?a minh va ap d?ng trong nh?ng quy ho?ch t?ng th? nh? Fort Worth, Texas (1955), Kalamazoo, Michigan (1958) va Fresno, California (1965). La m?t ng??i ?ng h? vi?c đi b? h?n đi o to trong cac loi đo th?, ong c?ng đa thi?t k? Kalamazoo Mall ? trung tam th??ng m?i ngoai tr?i danh cho ng??i đi b? đ?u tien ? Hoa K?. [3] [4]

đ?u đ?i [ s?a | s?a ma ngu?n ]

Victor Gruen sinh ngay 18 thang 7 n?m 1903 trong m?t gia đinh Do Thai trung l?u ? Vien, Ao. [5] [6] Ong theo h?c ki?n ??truc t?i H?c vi?n M? thu?t Vien . [7] [8] [9] La m?t nha xa h?i ch? ngh?a , t? n?m 1926 đ?n n?m 1934, ong đi?u hanh nha hat " kabarett chinh tr? t?i Naschmarkt ". Vao th?i đi?m đo, ong quen bi?t va lam b?n v?i Felix Slavik ? th? tr??ng t??ng lai c?a Vien. [10]

S? nghi?p [ s?a | s?a ma ngu?n ]

La m?t ki?n ??truc s?, ong lam vi?c cho Peter Behlings, va n?m 1933 đa m? cong ty ki?n ??truc c?a rieng minh t?i Vien. [1] Cong ty c?a ong chuyen tu s?a c?a hang va c?n h?. [11]

Khi đ?c sap nh?p Ao vao n?m 1938, ong di c? sang Hoa K? "v?i m?t t?m b?ng ki?n ??truc s?, tam đo la va khong bi?t ti?ng Anh." đ?n New York , ong đ?i ten t? Grunbaum sang Gruen va b?t đ?u v? phac th?o. Sau thanh cong c?a thi?t k? cho c?a hang ban đ? da Lederer tren đ?i l? Fifth Avenue , ong nh?n đ??c them hoa h?ng cho thi?t k? c?a hang, bao g?m Ciro's tren Fifth Avenue, Steckler's tren Broadway, Paris Decorators tren Bronx Concourse va m??i m?t chi nhanh c?a chu?i qu?n ao Grayson's. [12]

Video
Buildings that Changed America #8 Southdale Center (Nh?ng toa nha đa lam thay đ?i Hoa K? #8 Southdale Center) , WTTW [13]

N?m 1941, ong chuy?n đ?n Los Angeles va tai hon. [9] M?t th?p k? sau vao n?m 1951, ong thanh l?p cong ty ki?n ??truc "Victor Gruen Associates", khong lau n?a tr? thanh m?t trong nh?ng v?n phong quy ho?ch l?n th?i b?y gi?. Sau chi?n tranh, ong đa thi?t k? m?t c? s? mua s?m ngoai tr?i đ?u tien ? ngo?i o co ten Northland Mall g?n Detroit vao n?m 1954. Sau thanh cong c?a d? an đ?u tien, ong đa thi?t k? cong trinh n?i ti?ng nh?t c?a minh cho cac ch? c?a hang c?a Dayton Department, đo chinh la trung tam th??ng m?i kin đ?u tien c?a Hoa K? mang ten Southdale Mall v?i di?n tich 800.000 foot vuong (74.000 m 2 ) ? Edina, Minnesota . Khai tr??ng vao n?m 1956, Southdale đong vai tro la trung tam c?a m?t c?ng đ?ng chinh th?c va đa thanh cong v? m?t th??ng m?i, nh?ng thi?t k? ban đ?u ch?a bao gi? đ??c hoan thi?n vi cac toa nha chung c?, tr??ng h?c, c? s? y t?, cong vien va h? khong đ??c xay d?ng. B?i ong đa phat minh ra trung tam th??ng m?i hi?n đ?i, cay but Malcolm Gladwell c?a t? The New Yorker cho r?ng "Victor Gruen co th? la ki?n ??truc s? co ?nh h??ng nh?t c?a th? k? 20." [12]

Cho đ?n gi?a th?p nien 1970, v?n phong c?a ong đa thi?t k? h?n n?m m??i trung tam mua s?m ? Hoa K?. Gruen la ki?n ??truc s? chinh cho m?t d? an phat tri?n nha ? cao c?p đ??c xay d?ng tren khu đ?t r?ng 48 m?u Anh (190.000 m 2 ) c?a Boston ? khu ph? West End c? c?a Massachusetts. Toa đ?u tien trong s? toa thap va qu?ng tr??ng Gruen đ??c hoan thanh vao n?m 1962. Cong trinh nay, mang ten Charles River Park, đ??c nhi?u ng??i coi la s? t??ng t??ng l?i cach tan nh?n v? m?t khu dan c? c? c?a ng??i nh?p c? [14] (Gans, O'Conner, The Hub). N?m 1956, Gruen phac th?o m?t quy ho?ch ph?c h?i toan di?n cho qu?n kinh doanh trung tam ? Fort Worth, Texas , nh?ng h?u h?t cac thanh ph?n c?a quy ho?ch khong bao gi? đ??c th?c hi?n. [15] Ti?n s? ETH Ing. Walid Jabri, ki?n ??truc s? va k? s? k?t c?u, đa thi?t k? khu ph?c h?p kinh doanh Center Gefinor r?ng 55.000 met vuong, đ??c xay d?ng vao cu?i nh?ng n?m 1960 tren đ??ng Rue Clemenceau ? Beirut , Lebanon, ? đay Victor Gruen thi?t k? khu th??ng m?i hoan ch?nh ? t?ng tr?t va t?ng l?ng sau khi hoan thanh ph?n than. [16] Gruen c?ng đa thi?t k? Greengate Mall ? Greensburg, Pennsylvania , khai tr??ng vao n?m 1965 va Lakehurst Mall ? Waukegan, Illinois , khai tr??ng n?m 1971. [17]

N?m 1968, ong tr? v? Vien va tham gia vao vi?c chuy?n đ?i d?n n?i thanh sang ph? đi b? nh?ng ch? co m?t s? ph?n đ??c th?c hi?n, bao g?m Karntner Straße va Graben . [18]

Trong m?t bai phat bi?u t?i Luan đon vao n?m 1978, Gruen đa khong ch?p nh?n s? phat tri?n trung tam th??ng m?i vi đa tuyen b? y t??ng c?a minh la "con hoang": [12] [19] "Toi t? ch?i tr? ti?n c?p d??ng cho nh?ng phat tri?n kh?n n?n đo." [20] Ong qua đ?i vao ngay 14 thang 2 n?m 1980 [21] ? Vien. [9]

Gia đinh [ s?a | s?a ma ngu?n ]

Gruen la con c?a Adolf Grunbaum va Elisabeth Lea Levy. [22] Ong co b?n ng??i v? (khong theo th? t?): Elsie Krummeck, Alice Kardos, Kemija Salihefendic-Abazz va Lazette E. McCormick Van Houten. [23] [24] Ong c??i Van Houten vao n?m 1951 va co hai ng??i con, h? chung s?ng v?i nhau cho đ?n khi ba qua đ?i vao n?m 1962. [5]

?nh h??ng [ s?a | s?a ma ngu?n ]

Xem them: Hi?u ?ng Gruen

Cu?n sach The heart of our cities: The urban crisis: diagnosis and cure c?a Gruen la m?t ?nh h??ng l?n đ?i v?i nh?ng hoai b?o quy ho?ch thanh ph? c?a Walt Disney va cac y t??ng ban đ?u c?a ong cho cong vien gi?i tri Epcot . [25] [26] Ten c?a ong đ??c đ?t cho hi?u ?ng Gruen , đ??c đ?nh ngh?a la tac đ?ng c?a b? c?c trung tam th??ng m?i len y đ?nh mua s?m c?a ng??i tieu dung, lam m?t đi k? ho?ch mua s?m ban đ?u va khi?n h? d? chi tieu t? phat nhi?u h?n. Tuy nhien, ong khong thich cac k? thu?t tam ly nh? v?y. [4] [19] [27]

Gruen v. Gruen [ s?a | s?a ma ngu?n ]

N?m 1963, vao sinh nh?t l?n th? 21 c?a minh, con trai c?a Gruen la lu?t s? ng??i New York Michael S. Gruen (khi ?y la sinh vien đ?i h?c Harvard ) đ??c t?ng b?c tranh "Schloss Kammer am Attersee II" c?a Gustav Klimt . Trong khi quy?n s? h?u b?c tranh đ??c trao cho ng??i con vao n?m 1963, Gruen v?n ti?p t?c treo no trong phong khach va th?m chi tr? ti?n b?o hi?m va s?a ch?a. Sau cai ch?t c?a ong vao n?m 1980, ng??i v? Kemija đa t? ch?i giao b?c tranh cho Michael, d?n đ?n m?t v? ki?n mang tinh b??c ngo?t t?i Toa an T?i cao va Toa an phuc th?m New York. Toa an phuc th?m phan quy?t r?ng c? s? c?a qua t?ng, bao g?m c? nguyen đ?n co trach nhi?m ch?ng minh đ? v?t trong nha la m?t mon qua va cac y?u t? c?n thi?t c?a m?t mon qua theo m?t tieu chu?n ro rang va thuy?t ph?c. Kemija Gruen tuyen b? r?ng n?u b?c tranh đ??c t?ng sau khi qua đ?i, ngay c? khi s? s?p x?p nh? v?y đ??c th?c hi?n nhi?u n?m tr??c đo, thi di chuc (khong ph?i m?t la th?) s? mang tinh h??ng d?n nh? đ?nh đo?t. Michael Gruen cu?i cung đa đ??c trao 2,5 tri?u đo la. [28]

T??ng ni?m [ s?a | s?a ma ngu?n ]

Ngay 18 thang 7 n?m 2015 (t?c ngay sinh c?a ong), Ngay Gruen đ??c t? ch?c th??ng nien l?n đ?u tien t?i Bayfair Center , San Leandro, California đ? t??ng ni?m ong. [29] [30]

Trung tam th??ng m?i đa thi?t k? [ s?a | s?a ma ngu?n ]

Thi?t k? b?i Gruen Associates [ s?a | s?a ma ngu?n ]

Tac ph?m ch?n l?c [ s?a | s?a ma ngu?n ]

  • Victor Gruen, Larry Smith (1960) Shopping towns USA: The planning of shopping centers New York: Reinhold
  • Victor Gruen (1965) The heart of our cities: The urban crisis: diagnosis and cure London: Thames and Hudson
  • Victor Gruen (1973) Centers for the urban environment: Survival of the cities New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold

Chu thich [ s?a | s?a ma ngu?n ]

  1. ^ a b “Infoplease: Gruen, Victor ” . Columbia Encyclopedia (b?ng ti?ng Anh). L?u tr? b?n g?c ngay 21 thang 12 n?m 2007 . Truy c?p ngay 2 thang 5 n?m 2020 .
  2. ^ Mars, Roman. “99% Invisible-163- The Gruen Effect” (b?ng ti?ng Anh) . Truy c?p ngay 6 thang 5 n?m 2015 .
  3. ^ Wall, Alex (2006). Victor Gruen: From Urban Shop to New City (b?ng ti?ng Anh). Barcelona: Actar. ISBN   978-84-95951-87-8 .
  4. ^ a b Weiss-Sussex, Godela (ngay 30 thang 11 n?m 2006). Bianchini, Franco (bien t?p). Urban Mindscapes of Europe . Series:European Studies Series (b?ng ti?ng Anh). Amsterdam, New York, NY: Brill Academic Publishers , Rodopi . tr.  92 . ISBN   9789042021044 .
  5. ^ a b “Victor David Gruen (1903-1980)” . Find A Grave Memorial (b?ng ti?ng Anh) . Truy c?p ngay 3 thang 5 n?m 2020 .
  6. ^ “The Birthday of the Father of the Modern Mall on Gruen Day!” . Trip to the Mall . 18 thang 7 n?m 2015. L?u tr? b?n g?c ngay 6 thang 8 n?m 2019 . Truy c?p ngay 3 thang 5 n?m 2020 .
  7. ^ Wilson, Jon (5 thang 3 n?m 2013). The Golden Era in St. Petersburg: Postwar Prosperity in The Sunshine City (b?ng ti?ng Anh). Arcadia Publishing. ISBN   1614238928 .
  8. ^ Johnson, Steven (1 thang 12 n?m 2016). Wonderland: How Play Made the Modern World (b?ng ti?ng Anh). Pan Macmillan. ISBN   1509837280 .
  9. ^ a b c Richter, Hannes (2016). “Victor Gruen” . Austrian Information (b?ng ti?ng Anh). L?u tr? b?n g?c ngay 10 thang 12 n?m 2018 . Truy c?p ngay 2 thang 5 n?m 2020 .
  10. ^ Gruen, Victor (30 thang 5 n?m 2017). Baldauf, Anette (bien t?p). Shopping Town: Designing the City in Suburban America (b?ng ti?ng Anh). U of Minnesota Press. ISBN   1452954186 .
  11. ^ Caves, R. W. (2004). Encyclopedia of the City (b?ng ti?ng Anh). Routledge. tr. 325.
  12. ^ a b c Gladwell, Malcolm (15 thang 3 n?m 2004). “The Terrazzo Jungle” . The New Yorker (b?ng ti?ng Anh). L?u tr? b?n g?c ngay 3 thang 10 n?m 2019 . Truy c?p ngay 2 thang 5 n?m 2020 .
  13. ^ “#8 Southdale Center” . 10 Buildings that Changed America (b?ng ti?ng Anh). WTTW. 2013 . Truy c?p ngay 12 thang 12 n?m 2013 .
  14. ^ Campbell, Robert (26 thang 5 n?m 1995). “Charles River Park at 35” . Gi?i Pulitzer (b?ng ti?ng Anh). B?n g?c l?u tr? ngay 21 thang 10 n?m 2008 . Truy c?p ngay 2 thang 5 n?m 2020 .
  15. ^ “The Gruen Plan for "A Greater Fort Worth Tomorrow " ” . Fort Worth Library Digital Archives (b?ng ti?ng Anh) . Truy c?p ngay 2 thang 5 n?m 2020 .
  16. ^ Auzias and Labourdette. Le Petit Fute Beyrouth , tr. 158
  17. ^ a b c Maierbrugger, Arno (4 thang 11 n?m 2008). “Dubai Mall: A milestone harks back to humble origins” . Gulf News (b?ng ti?ng Anh). Dubai. L?u tr? b?n g?c ngay 3 thang 5 n?m 2020 . Truy c?p ngay 3 thang 5 n?m 2020 .
  18. ^ Hofer, Sebastian (ngay 31 thang 1 n?m 2010). “Einkaufsquelle: Der Wiener Victor Gruen veranderte mit der Shopping Wall die Welt” . Profil (b?ng ti?ng đ?c). B?n g?c l?u tr? ngay 25 thang 11 n?m 2012 . Truy c?p ngay 2 thang 5 n?m 2020 .
  19. ^ a b Frank, Jacqui (ngay 6 thang 12 n?m 2016). “There's a psychological phenomenon that explains why you lose track of time in shopping malls” (Video) . Business Insider (b?ng ti?ng Anh) . Truy c?p 1 thang 5 n?m 2020 .
  20. ^ Byrnes, Mark. “Victor Gruen Wanted to Make Our Suburbs More Urban. Instead, He Invented the Mall” . The Atlantic Cities (b?ng ti?ng Anh). Atlantic Media . B?n g?c l?u tr? ngay 19 thang 7 n?m 2013 . Truy c?p ngay 2 thang 5 n?m 2020 .
  21. ^ Dukeminier, Jesse; Krier, James E.; Alexander, Gregory S.; Schill, Michael; Strahilevitz, Lior Jacob (2017). Property: Concise Edition . Aspen Casebook Series (b?ng ti?ng Anh) (?n b?n 2). Wolters Kluwer Law & Business. tr. 172. ISBN   1454888016 .
  22. ^ Malherek, Joseph (thang 11 n?m 2016). “Victor Gruen's Retail Therapy: Exiled Jewish Communities and the Invention of the American Shopping Mall as a Postwar Ideal” (PDF) . The Leo Baeck Institute Year Book (b?ng ti?ng Anh) (xu?t b?n 3 thang 3 n?m 2016). 61 (1): 219?232. doi : 10.1093/leobaeck/ybw001 .
  23. ^ “Victor Gruen” . MyHeritage (b?ng ti?ng Anh). L?u tr? b?n g?c ngay 3 thang 5 n?m 2020 . Truy c?p ngay 3 thang 5 n?m 2020 .
  24. ^ “Victor David Gruen” . Geni.com (b?ng ti?ng Anh) . Truy c?p ngay 3 thang 5 n?m 2020 .
  25. ^ Gennaway, Sam (2014). “E.P.C.O.T and the heart of our cities” (b?ng ti?ng Anh). L?u tr? b?n g?c ngay 12 thang 9 n?m 2019 . Truy c?p ngay 2 thang 5 n?m 2020 .
  26. ^ Patches, Matt (20 thang 5 n?m 2015). “Inside Walt Disney's Ambitious, Failed Plan to Build the City of Tomorrow” . Esquire (b?ng ti?ng Anh). L?u tr? b?n g?c 5 thang 3 n?m 2020 . Truy c?p ngay 2 thang 5 n?m 2020 .
  27. ^ Hardwick, M. Jeffrey (ngay 18 thang 8 n?m 2015). Mall Maker: Victor Gruen, Architect of an American Dream (b?ng ti?ng Anh). University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN   9780812292992 .
  28. ^ “Michael S. Gruen, Respondent, v. Kemija Gruen, Appellant” (PDF) (b?ng ti?ng Anh). B?n g?c (PDF) l?u tr? ngay 12 thang 6 n?m 2018 . Truy c?p ngay 2 thang 5 n?m 2020 .
  29. ^ Quito, Anne (17 thang 7 n?m 2015). “The father of the American shopping mall hated what he created” (b?ng ti?ng Anh). Quartz. B?n g?c l?u tr? ngay 30 thang 3 n?m 2020 . Truy c?p ngay 3 thang 5 n?m 2020 .
  30. ^ Tseng, Helen Shewolfe. “Gruen Day” (b?ng ti?ng Anh). L?u tr? b?n g?c ngay 27 thang 8 n?m 2018 . Truy c?p ngay 3 thang 5 n?m 2020 .
  31. ^ “Lakehurst Mall of Waukegan, Illinois” . Lakehurstmall.net (b?ng ti?ng Anh) . Truy c?p ngay 1 thang 5 n?m 2020 .
  32. ^ “Why Duany is Wrong About the Importance of Public Participation” . Newgeography.com (b?ng ti?ng Anh) . Truy c?p ngay 1 thang 5 n?m 2020 .

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