Thi?t k? tro ch?i

Thi?t k? tro ch?i la ngh? thu?t ap d?ng thi?t k? va th?m m? đ? t?o ra m?t tro ch?i đ? gi?i tri ho?c cho m?c đich giao d?c, t?p th? d?c ho?c th? nghi?m. Cang ngay, cac y?u t? va nguyen t?c thi?t k? tro ch?i c?ng đ??c ap d?ng cho cac t??ng tac khac, d??i hinh th?c ch?i game .

Tro ch?i thi?t k? t?o ra cac m?c tieu, nguyen t?c va nh?ng thach th?c đ? xac đ?nh m?t tro ch?i h?i đ?ng qu?n tr? , th? tro ch?i , tro ch?i xuc x?c , tro ch?i casino , nh?p vai , th? thao , tro ch?i video , tro ch?i chi?n tranh ho?c tro ch?i mo ph?ng s?n xu?t t??ng tac h?p d?n gi?a cac thanh vien c?a no va co th? la khan gi?.

V? m?t h?c thu?t, thi?t k? tro ch?i la m?t ph?n c?a nghien c?u tro ch?i , trong khi ly thuy?t tro ch?i nghien c?u vi?c ra quy?t đ?nh chi?n l??c (ch? y?u trong cac tinh hu?ng phi tro ch?i). Cac tro ch?i co l?ch s? l?y c?m h?ng t? nghien c?u tinh d?ch trong cac l?nh v?c xac su?t , tri tu? nhan t?o , kinh t? va ly thuy?t t?i ?u hoa . Ap d?ng thi?t k? tro ch?i cho chinh no la m?t ch? đ? nghien c?u hi?n t?i trong metadesign .

L?ch s? [ s?a | s?a ma ngu?n ]

Th? thao (xem l?ch s? th? thao ), c? b?c va cac tro ch?i tren ban t??ng ?ng đ??c bi?t đ?n đa t?n t?i it nh?t chin nghin, sau nghin, ^[1] va b?n nghin n?m. ^[2]

Quy trinh dan gian [ s?a | s?a ma ngu?n ]

Tro ch?i ban ch?i hi?n nay co g?c co th? đ??c b?t ngu?n t? th?i c? đ?i bao g?m c? vua , c? vay , Pachisi, backgammon , m?t ch??c , mancala, va tro ch?i chuy?n (b?t que). Cac quy t?c c?a cac tro ch?i nay khong đ??c ma hoa cho đ?n th?i hi?n đ?i đ?u tien va cac tinh n?ng c?a chung d?n d?n phat tri?n va thay đ?i theo th?i gian, thong qua quy trinh dan gian . Vi đi?u nay, nh?ng tro ch?i nay khong đ??c coi la co m?t nha thi?t k? th?c th? ho?c la k?t qu? c?a m?t qua trinh thi?t k? theo ngh?a hi?n đ?i.

Sau s? n?i len c?a xu?t b?n tro ch?i th??ng m?i vao cu?i th? k? 19, nhi?u tro ch?i tr??c đay đa phat tri?n qua cac quy trinh dan gian đa tr? thanh tai s?n th??ng m?i, th??ng la cac b?ng ghi đi?m tuy ch?nh ho?c tai li?u chu?n b? s?n. Vi d?, cac tro ch?i ph?m vi cong c?ng t??ng t? Generala , Yacht va Yatzy đa d?n đ?n tro ch?i th??ng m?i Yahtzee vao gi?a nh?ng n?m 1950.

Ngay nay, nhi?u tro ch?i th??ng m?i, ch?ng h?n nh? Taboo, Balderdash , Pictionary , ho?c Time Up!, đ??c truy?n l?i t? cac tro ch?i truy?n th?ng. đi?u ch?nh cac tro ch?i truy?n th?ng đ? tr? thanh tai s?n th??ng m?i t? nhan la m?t vi d? v? thi?t k? tro ch?i.

T??ng t?, nhi?u mon th? thao, nh? bong đa va bong chay , la k?t qu? c?a cac qua trinh dan gian, trong khi nh?ng mon th? thao khac đ??c thi?t k?, nh? bong r? , đ??c James Naismith phat minh vao n?m 1891.

Ph??ng ti?n m?i [ s?a | s?a ma ngu?n ]

Ti?n b? cong ngh? đa d?n đ?n nhi?u ph??ng ti?n m?i cho tro ch?i trong su?t l?ch s?.

May in co th? in ra nhi?u x?p đ? ch?i bai , ph?ng theo cac o M?t ch??c đ??c s?n xu?t hang lo?t, d?n đ?n nhi?u tro ch?i bai m?i. Cac b?n đ? mo t? đ?a hinh chinh xac đ??c s?n xu?t d??i d?ng th?ch b?n va t?ng mi?n phi cho cac s? quan Ph? đa giup ph? bi?n tro ch?i chi?n tranh . đong sach gia r? (nhan in b?c xung quanh bia c?ng ) d?n đ?n nhi?u board game co th? s?n xu?t hang lo?t v?i nhi?u b?ng tuy ch?nh. đuc t??ng b?ng chi khong t?n kem (đuc r?ng) đa gop ph?n vao s? phat tri?n c?a tro ch?i chi?n tranh thu nh? . Xuc x?c co th? tuy ch?nh, gia r?, d?n đ?n tro ch?i xuc x?c poker . đ?a bay đem đ?n đ?a gon va Ultimate . May tinh ca nhan đa gop ph?n vao s? ph? bi?n c?a tro ch?i may tinh , d?n đ?n tinh kh? d?ng r?ng rai c?a may ch?i tro ch?i đi?n t? va tro ch?i đi?n t? . đi?n tho?i thong minh đa d?n đ?n s? gia t?ng c?a tro ch?i di đ?ng .

Cac tro ch?i đ?u tien trong m?t ph??ng ti?n m?i th??ng la b?n chuy?n th? c?a cac tro ch?i c? h?n. Pong , m?t trong nh?ng tro ch?i đi?n t? đ?u tien đ??c ph? bi?n r?ng rai, ph?ng theo bong ban . Cac tro ch?i sau nay th??ng s? khai thac cac tinh ch?t đ?c bi?t c?a m?t ph??ng ti?n m?i. đi?u ch?nh cac tro ch?i c? h?n va tai t?o tro ch?i g?c cho cac ph??ng ti?n m?i đ?u la nh?ng vi d? v? thi?t k? tro ch?i.

Ly thuy?t [ s?a | s?a ma ngu?n ]

Nghien c?u tro ch?i ho?c ly thuy?t tro ch?i la m?t nganh h?c lien quan đ?n nghien c?u quan tr?ng v? tro ch?i, thi?t k? tro ch?i, ng??i ch?i va vai tro c?a h? trong xa h?i va v?n hoa. Tr??c cu?i th? k? 20, vi?c nghien c?u h?c thu?t v? tro ch?i r?t hi?m va ch? gi?i h?n trong cac l?nh v?c nh? l?ch s? va nhan h?c . Khi cu?c cach m?ng tro ch?i đi?n t? b?t đ?u vao đ?u nh?ng n?m 1980, m?c quan tam h?c thu?t đ?i v?i tro ch?i c?ng t?ng theo, d?n đ?n m?t l?nh v?c d?a tren cac ph??ng phap lu?n va tr??ng phai t? t??ng đa d?ng. Nh?ng ?nh h??ng nay co th? đ??c đ?c tr?ng r?ng rai theo ba cach: cach ti?p c?n khoa h?c xa h?i , cach ti?p c?n khoa h?c nhan v?n, va cach ti?p c?n cong nghi?p va k? thu?t. ^[3]

Ra quy?t đ?nh chi?n l??c [ s?a | s?a ma ngu?n ]

Ly thuy?t tro ch?i la m?t nghien c?u v? cach ra quy?t đ?nh chi?n l??c. C? th?, no la "nghien c?u mo hinh toan h?c xung đ?t va h?p tac gi?a nh?ng ng??i ra quy?t đ?nh h?p ly thong minh". ^[4] M?t thu?t ng? thay th? đ??c đ? xu?t "nh? m?t cai ten mo t? r?ng h?n cho nganh h?c" la ly thuy?t quy?t đ?nh t??ng tac. ^[5] đ?u tien, ch? đ? đ? c?p đ?n tro ch?i co t?ng b?ng khong , sao cho m?t ng??i nh?n đ??c chinh xac s? l? rong c?a ng??i tham gia khac ho?c nh?ng ng??i tham gia. ^[6] Tuy nhien, ngay nay, ly thuy?t tro ch?i ap d?ng cho m?t lo?t cac quan h? hanh vi va đa phat tri?n thanh m?t thu?t ng? o cho khia c?nh logic c?a khoa h?c quy?t đ?nh.

Tham kh?o [ s?a | s?a ma ngu?n ]

^ Bose, M. L. (1998). Social And Cultural History Of Ancient India (revised & Enlarged Edition) . Concept Publishing Company. tr. 179. ISBN 978-81-7022-598-0 .
^ Soubeyrand, Catherine. “The Game of Senet” . Truy c?p ngay 25 thang 10 n?m 2014 .
^ Konzack, Lars (2007). "Rhetorics of Computer and Video Game Research" in Williams & Smith (ed.) The Players' Realm: Studies on the Culture of Video Games and gaming. McFarland.
^ Roger B. Myerson (1991). Game Theory: Analysis of Conflict, Harvard University Press, p. 1 . Chapter-preview links, pp. vii?xi .
^ R. J. Aumann ( [1987] 2008). "game theory," Introduction, The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics , 2nd Edition. Abstract.
^ Leonard, Robert (2010), Von Neumann, Morgenstern, and the Creation of Game Theory , New York: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9780521562669

đ?c them [ s?a | s?a ma ngu?n ]

Bates, Bob (2004). Game Design (?n b?n 2). Thomson Course Technology. ISBN 978-1-59200-493-5 .
Baur, Wolfgang. Complete Kobold Guide to Game Design . Open Design LLC 2012. ISBN 978-1936781065
Burgun, Keith. Game Design Theory: A New Philosophy for Understanding Games . Publisher: A K Peters/CRC Press 2012. ISBN 978-1466554207
Costikyan, Greg. Uncertainty in Games . MIT Press 2013. ISBN 978-0262018968
Elias, George Skaff. Characteristics of Games . MIT Press 2012. ISBN 978-0262017138
Hofer, Margaret. The Games We Played: The Golden Age of Board & Table Games . Princeton Architectural Press 2003. ISBN 978-1568983974
Huizinga, Johan. Homo Ludens: A Study of the Play-Element in Culture . Beacon Press 1971. ISBN 978-0807046814
Kankaanranta, Marja Helena. Design and Use of Serious Games (Intelligent Systems, Control and Automation: Science and Engineering) . Springer 2009. ISBN 978-9048181414 .
Moore, Michael E.; Novak, Jeannie (2010). Game Industry Career Guide . Delmar: Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-1-4283-7647-2 .
Norman, Donald A. The Design of Everyday Things . Basic Books 2002. ISBN 978-0465067107 .
Oxland, Kevin (2004). Gameplay and design . Addison Wesley. ISBN 978-0-321-20467-7 .
Peek, Steven. The Game Inventor's Handbook . Betterway Books 1993. ISBN 978-1558703155
Peterson, Jon. Playing at the World . Unreason Press 2012. ISBN 978-0615642048 .
Salen Tekinbad, Katie. Rules of Play: Game Design Fundamentals . The MIT Press 2003. ISBN 978-0262240451 .
Schell, Jesse. The Art of Game Design: A book of lenses . CRC Press 2008. ISBN 978-0123694966
Somberg, Guy (6 thang 9 n?m 2018). Game Audio Programming 2: Principles and Practices . CRC Press 2019. ISBN 9781138068919 . B?n g?c l?u tr? ngay 9 thang 4 n?m 2022 . Truy c?p ngay 18 thang 10 n?m 2019 .
Tinsman, Brian. The Game Inventor's Guidebook: How to Invent and Sell Board Games, Card Games, Role-Playing Games, & Everything in Between! Morgan James Publishing 2008. ISBN 978-1600374470
Woods, Stewart. Eurogames: The Design, Culture and Play of Modern European Board Games . McFarland 2012. 978-0786467976
Zubek, Robert (August 2020). Elements of Game Design. The MIT Press. ISBN 9780262043915

[1] Bose, M. L. (1998). Social And Cultural History Of Ancient India (revised & Enlarged Edition) . Concept Publishing Company. tr. 179. ISBN 978-81-7022-598-0 .

[Soubeyrand-2] Soubeyrand, Catherine. “The Game of Senet” . Truy c?p ngay 25 thang 10 n?m 2014 .

[3] Konzack, Lars (2007). "Rhetorics of Computer and Video Game Research" in Williams & Smith (ed.) The Players' Realm: Studies on the Culture of Video Games and gaming. McFarland.

[4] Roger B. Myerson (1991). Game Theory: Analysis of Conflict, Harvard University Press, p. 1 . Chapter-preview links, pp. vii?xi .

[5] R. J. Aumann ( [1987] 2008). "game theory," Introduction, The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics , 2nd Edition. Abstract.

[6] Leonard, Robert (2010), Von Neumann, Morgenstern, and the Creation of Game Theory , New York: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9780521562669

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