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Th?n tho?i

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đ?i v?i cac đ?nh ngh?a khac, xem Th?n tho?i (đ?nh h??ng) .

Th?n tho?i , hay con đ??c g?i la huy?n tho?i , la sang t?o c?a tri t??ng t??ng t?p th? toan dan, ph?n anh khai quat hoa hi?n th?c d??i d?ng nh?ng v? th?n đ??c nhan cach hoa ho?c nh?ng sinh th? co linh h?n [1] , ma du đ?c bi?t, phi th??ng đ?n m?y v?n đ??c đ?u oc ng??i nguyen th?y ngh? va tin la hoan toan co th?c.

Cac th?n tho?i tren th? gi?i
Tren : Zeus va Thetis trong Th?n tho?i Hy L?p
N? Oa trong Th?n tho?i Trung Qu?c ,
Loki trong Th?n tho?i B?c Au
Gi?a : Necronomicon trong th?n tho?i Cthulhu
Teshun trong th?n tho?i Hittite
Macha trong th?n tho?i Ai Lan
D??i : Krishna trong th?n tho?i Hindu
Amaterasu trong th?n tho?i Nh?t B?n
Horus trong th?n tho?i Ai C?p .

đ?c đi?m [ s?a | s?a ma ngu?n ]

Tuy th?n tho?i t?n t?i nh? nh?ng truy?n k? v? th? gian, nh?ng no khong h?n la m?t th? lo?i ngon t? , ma la nh?ng y ni?m va bi?u t??ng nh?t đ?nh v? th? gi?i . Ben c?nh đo, c?m quan th?n tho?i noi chung khong ch? b?c l? b?ng truy?n k? ma con b?c l? trong nh?ng hinh th?c khac nh? hanh đ?ng ( nghi l? , l? th?c, đi?u r?n d?y), cac bai ca, v? đi?u v.v.

đ?c đi?m c?a th?n tho?i th? hi?n ro nh?t trong v?n hoa nguyen th?y , n?i ma v? tri c?a th?n tho?i trong tam th?c c?ng đ?ng co th? coi t??ng đ??ng v?i "v?n hoa tinh th?n" hay "khoa h?c" c?a th?i c?n, hi?n đ?i.

Trong đ?i s?ng c?a cac c?ng đ?ng ng??i nguyen th?y, th?n tho?i la m?t h? th?ng ma nh? no, con ng??i tri giac va mo t? th? gi?i b?ng cac bi?u t??ng (c?a h? th?ng ?y). Do đo, co th? coi th?n tho?i la y th?c nguyen h?p c?a xa h?i nguyen th?y. Ti?n trinh l?ch s? v? sau, du đa phan chia th?n tho?i thanh cac hinh thai y th?c xa h?i khac nh? ton giao , ngh? thu?t , v?n h?c , khoa h?c , t? t??ng chinh tr? v.v., thi cac hinh thai ?y v?n b?o l?u trong chung hang lo?t mo hinh th?n tho?i, đ??c c? c?u, tai ch? đ? đ?a vao cac c?u truc m?i.

Th?n tho?i h?c [ s?a | s?a ma ngu?n ]

Bai chi ti?t: Th?n tho?i h?c

Trong khoa h?c nghien c?u, thu th?p va gi?i ngh?a th?n tho?i, th?n tho?i h?c , cac nha khoa h?c đa t?ng g?p nh?ng kho kh?n nh?t đ?nh khi khong xac l?p đ??c gi?i h?n c?a cac h? th?n tho?i. Th??ng cac gi?i h?n ?y đ??c ng??i ta g?n v?i vi?c trong tac ph?m co noi đ?n cac sinh th? sieu nhien (th?n thanh, anh hung, ma qu? v.v.). Theo cach hi?u nay, ch? c?n v?ch ra trong tac ph?m co nh?ng ten tu?i va hinh t??ng c?a th?n tho?i (nh? th?n thanh va cac anh hung trong cac tac ph?m v?n h?c c? Huy L?p, v?n h?c trung-c?n đ?i chau Au). Ben c?nh đo, co th? s? d?ng tieu chu?n v? c?u truc , do h?u h?t ph?m vi c?a th?n tho?i co ch?t li?u t? đ?i s?ng con ng??i nh?ng đ??c l?a ch?n va gan cho nh?ng ng? ngh?a rieng bi?t ch? co trong v?n c?nh th?n tho?i (nh? cac b? ph?n c?a con ng??i: đ?u, m?t, b? ph?n sinh d?c v.v.; cac đ?ng v?t: s? t?, r?n, đ?i bang; cac loai cay: s?i, đa, cau, g?o; cac hinh d?ng ky hi?u: con s?, vong tron, ch? th?p, vanh khuyen v.v.).

Trong nh?ng n? l?c tim v? b?n ch?t c?a th?n tho?i, h?c gi? đ?c E. Cassirer phan tich th?n tho?i nh? la "hinh th?c t??ng tr?ng" [1] va cho r?ng ? nh?ng giai đo?n phat tri?n nh?t đ?nh c?a nhan lo?i, th?n tho?i la h? th?ng ph? quat duy nh?t ma b?ng cac thu?t ng? c?a no ng??i ta tri giac th? gi?i. [1] Ti?p n?i tinh th?n nay, nh?ng nha nghien c?u Nga t?p trung tim hi?u ch?nh th? th? gi?i quan c?a th?n tho?i. Ben c?nh đo la xu h??ng đ?t th?n tho?i vao v?n c?nh ?ng x? c?a cac nhom ng??i, kh?o sat th?n tho?i nh? m?t h? th?ng đ??c mo hinh hoa trong đ?u oc cac ca th? đa h?p thanh nhom.

Th?n tho?i va v?n h?c [ s?a | s?a ma ngu?n ]

Th?n tho?i kha g?n g?i v?i v?n h?c khi c? hai đ?u co tinh hinh t??ng trong n?i dung. Tuy v?y, th?n tho?i mang tinh hinh t??ng m?t cach vo y th?c, khac bi?t v?i nh?ng sang tac v?n h?c. S. S. Averintzev cho r?ng, s? khac nhau gi?a th?n tho?i va v?n h?c co th? k? ra ? vai ph??ng di?n [1] : th? nh?t, th?n tho?i la s?n ph?m sang t?o t?p th? ? th?i k? trong y th?c ch?a hinh thanh s? ph?n t? (reflexion), trong khi đo v?n h?c đa tach kh?i folklore la s? ph?n t? c?a ch? th? tac gi?. Th? hai, cac hinh t??ng c?a th?n tho?i đ??c "đ? v?t hoa", ch?a s? d?ng cac th? phap ngh? thu?t nh? ?n d? , phung d? hay cac hinh th?c chuy?n ngh?a khac c?a v?n h?c. Th? ba, v?n h?c h??ng t?i nh?ng tieu chu?n th?m m? mang tinh t? tr?, trong khi đo th?n tho?i con ch?a bi?t đ?n vi?c tach ph?m vi th?m m? ra kh?i cai kh?i cac nguyen t? t? phat ch?a phan l?p c?a y th?c. B?i v?y th?n tho?i, v?i t?t c? tinh nguyen h?p t? t??ng c?a no trong t? duy nguyen th?y, ch?ng nh?ng la thi ca nguyen th?y ma con la ton giao nguyen th?y, tri?t h?c nguyen th?y, khoa h?c nguyen th?y v.v.

Co th? noi, v?n h?c g?n bo m?t thi?t v?i th?n tho?i, khong ch? v? m?t ngu?n g?c (thong qua truy?n c? tich va s? thi dan gian) ma con v? ki?u ph?n anh th?c t?i (tinh hinh t??ng). Chinh vi v?y, v?n h?c v? sau th??ng khong t? b? cac c? s? th?n tho?i. V?n h?c c? đ?i, Ph?c h?ng, lang m?n, hi?n th?c đ?u s? d?ng cac hinh m?u, motip th?n tho?i, th? phap th?n tho?i hoa, th?m chi c? ki?u sang tac huy?n tho?i [1] (ch? ngh?a huy?n tho?i, ch? ngh?a hi?n th?c huy?n ?o v.v.). M?t lo?t motip v?n h?c đ??c x?p vao motip th?n tho?i va m? r?ng đ?n c? nh?ng motip khong th?n bi, nh?ng đ??c xem la g?n v?i nh?ng m?u g?c (archetype) c?a t? duy th?n tho?i. Du v?y, v?n h?c v? nguyen t?c khong ph?i la th?n tho?i; va cac quy lu?t đ?c thu c?a v?n h?c khong ph?i ch? la đem ph?i h?p v?i cac m?u g?c c?a th?n tho?i.

Xem them [ s?a | s?a ma ngu?n ]

Chu thich [ s?a | s?a ma ngu?n ]

  1. ^ a b c d e M?c t? Th?n tho?i , trong 150 thu?t ng? v?n h?c , L?i Nguyen An bien so?n, Nha xu?t b?n đ?i h?c Qu?c gia Ha N?i, H. 2003, trang 299-301.
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  • Bascom, William . "The Forms of Folklore: Prose Narratives". ' Sacred Narrative: Readings in the Theory of Myth . Ed. Alan Dundes. Berkeley: University of California Press , 1984. 5-29.
  • Bulfinch, Thomas . Bulfinch's Mythology . Whitefish: Kessinger, 2004.
  • Doty, William. Myth: A Handbook . Westport: Greenwood, 2004.
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Tham kh?o [ s?a | s?a ma ngu?n ]

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  • Lucien Levy-Bruhl
    • Mental Functions in Primitive Societies (1910)
    • Primitive Mentality (1922)
    • The Soul of the Primitive (1928)
    • The Supernatural and the Nature of the Primitive Mind (1931)
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    • The Mystic Experience and Primitive Symbolism (1938)
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  • Daniel-Henri Pageaux: Huy?n tho?i [ lien k?t h?ng ] . đ?c: http://phebinhvanhoc.com.vn/?p=9662 [ lien k?t h?ng ]
  • Iu.M. Lotman, B.A.Uspenski. Huy?n tho?i ? ten g?i ? v?n hoa: http://phebinhvanhoc.com.vn/?p=2432
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