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Ng? h? ? Wikipedia ti?ng Vi?t B??c t?i n?i dung

Ng? h?

Bach khoa toan th? m? Wikipedia
(đ?i h??ng t? H? ngon ng? )
Phan b? n?m 2005 c?a cac ng? h? chinh tren th? gi?i (vai tr??ng h?p la nhom ngon ng? đ?a ly, khong d?a tren "di truy?n"). Cac nhanh con c?a cac ng? h? đ??c l??c b?.
N?u mu?n chi ti?t h?n, xem Distribution of languages on Earth .

Ng? h? hay ng? t?c , con g?i la h? ngon ng? hay nhom ngon ng? , la m?t t?p h?p cac ngon ng? đ??c g?p l?i d?a tren quan h? "di truy?n" (? đay đang dung v?i ngh?a bong ch? khong lien quan gi đ?n sinh h?c), [1] ngh?a la cac đ?c đi?m đ??c k? th?a t? m?t ngon ng? chung duy nh?t g?i la ngon ng? nguyen th?y ( proto-language ) hay ngon ng? t? tien . Cac ngon ng? phat sinh t? ngon ng? chung đo đ??c cac nha ngon ng? h?c g?i la cac ngon ng? con gai ( daughter language ). S? d? g?i la h? ngon ng? b?i vi no ph?n anh mo hinh cay trong nghien c?u ngon ng? h?c l?ch s? , co đi?m g?n gi?ng v?i gia ph? ho?c cay phat sinh ch?ng lo?i dung trong sinh h?c ti?n hoa .

Theo Ethnologue , s? l??ng ngon ng? s?ng c?a con ng??i tren th? gi?i la 7.139, phan b? ? 142 ng? h? khac nhau. [2] [3] "Ngon ng? s?ng" la nh?ng ngon ng? v?n đ??c s? d?ng lam ph??ng ti?n giao ti?p chinh trong m?t nhom ng??i; ngon ng? ch?t la ngon ng? khong con ng??i noi; ngon ng? tuy?t ch?ng la ngon ng? khong con ng??i noi va khong co ngon ng? h?u du?. Ngoai ra, con m?t s? it cac ngon ng? ch?a đ??c nghien c?u chuyen sau đ? đ??c phan lo?i; đoi khi, con co c? cac ngon ng? ch?a đ??c bi?t đ?n va ch? đ??c noi b?i m?t c?ng đ?ng bi?t l?p nao đo.

S? phan lo?i va s?p x?p cac ngon ng? tren cac nhanh c?a m?t ng? h? ph?i d?a tren c? s? nganh ngon ng? h?c so sanh . Cac ngon ng? ch? em la cac ngon ng? co quan h? "di truy?n", b?t ngu?n t? m?t t? tien chung. Nh?ng ng??i noi cung m?t ng? h? thi đ??c g?i la m?t c?ng đ?ng ngon ng? . S? phan tach ngon ng? g?c thanh cac ngon ng? con x?y ra b?i s? tach bi?t đ?a ly ho?c tach bi?t cac c?ng đ?ng ngon ng?. T? đo ma cac nhanh d?n d?n phat tri?n thanh cac ph??ng ng? r?i thanh cac đ?n v? ngon ng? rieng bi?t. Cac ca nhan thu?c cac c?ng đ?ng ngon ng? khac nhau co th? ti?p nh?n ngon ng? t? m?t ng? h? khac thong qua qua trinh d?ch chuy?n ngon ng? . [4]

Cac ngon ng? ch? em b?o l?u m?t s? đ?c đi?m nh?t đ?nh t? t? tien; t?c la cac đ?c đi?m c?a ngon ng? nguyen th?y ma khong do s? tinh c? ho?c s? vay m??n t? ngon ng? khac (con g?i la s? h?i t? ngon ng?). Cac nha ngon ng? h?c phan lo?i nhanh/nhom c?a m?t ng? h? d?a tren nh?ng đ?i m?i đ??c chia s?; t?c la cac đ?c đi?m chung c?a m?t s? ngon ng? nh?ng khong ph?i t?t c? ngon ng? trong ng? h?. Vi d?, ng? t?c German đ??c nhom l?i do chung chia s? v?n t? v?ng va cac đ?c đi?m ng? phap gi?ng nhau, khong hi?n di?n ? ti?ng ?n-Au nguyen th?y (ngon ng? t? tien c?a ng? t?c German va m?t s? ng? t?c khac). Nh?ng đ?c đi?m nay đ??c g?i la nh?ng đ?i m?i x?y ra rieng ? ti?ng Proto-German (ngon ng? t? tien c?a duy nh?t ng? t?c German va c?ng chinh la h?u du? c?a ti?ng Proto-?n-Au).

C?u truc c?a m?t ng? h? [ s?a | s?a ma ngu?n ]

Ng? h? co th? đ??c chia thanh cac đ?n v? nh? h?n, đ??c g?i la cac nhanh vi ph??ng phap s? d?ng mo hinh cay trong ngon ng? h?c l?ch s? . M?t ng? h? đ??c g?i la đ?n nganh khi va ch? khi t?t c? cac ngon ng? thanh vien co ngu?n g?c t? m?t t? tien chung va t?t c? cac ngon ng? h?u du? đa đ??c ch?ng th?c c?a t? tien đo đ?u đ??c bao g?m trong ng? h?. (Thu?t ng? nay t??ng đ??ng v?i Nhanh trong sinh h?c.) M?t s? thu?t ng? con đ??c s? d?ng đ? ch? nhanh ngon ng? nh? h?n trong gi?i ngon ng? h?c Vi?t Nam la: ng? chi, ng? t?c, v.v

M?t s? nha phan lo?i h?c h?n ch? dung thu?t ng? h? ngon ng?, nh?ng v?n ch?a co quy ??c v? v?n đ? nay. Nh?ng ng??i dung thu?t ng? nh? v?y c?ng chia nh? cac nhanh thanh cac nhom (groups) r?i chia ti?p thanh cac ph?c h?p (complexes). H? cao nh?t th??ng đ??c g?i la nganh ( phylum ho?c stock ). Cac nhanh cang g?n nhau thi cac ngon ng? cang co m?i quan h? g?n g?i v?i nhau. T?c la n?u ngon ng? g?c tach ra lam b?n nhanh va m?t ngon ng? ch? em xu?t hi?n ? nhanh th? t? đo, thi hai ngon ng? ch? em nay co quan h? m?t thi?t v?i nhau h?n la ngon ng? t? tien chung đo.

Thu?t ng? macrofamily (lien h?) ho?c superfamily (sieu h?) đoi khi c?ng đ??c ap d?ng cho cac nhom ngon ng? đ??c đ? xu?t đ? g?p cac ng? h? l?n l?i. Tuy v?y c?ng ph?i noi r?ng, h?u h?t nh?ng sieu h? ngon ng? nay th??ng khong co c? s? hay b?ng ch?ng thuy?t ph?c d?a tren ngon ng? h?c.

Day ph??ng ngon [ s?a | s?a ma ngu?n ]

Bai chi ti?t: Day ph??ng ng?

M?t s? ng? h? g?n g?i, va nhi?u nhanh trong cac ng? h? l?n h?n, t?o nen m?t day ph??ng ng? ( dialect continuum ) khi?n ranh gi?i gi?a m?t ph??ng ng? va m?t ngon ng? tr? nen lu m?. Tuy nhien, khi s? khac bi?t ngon ng? gi?a cac vung ? hai đ?u c?c c?a day lien t?c tr? nen qua l?n đ?n m?c khong con tinh thong hi?u l?n nhau (mutual intelligibility), vi d?: ngoi lang A hi?u ti?ng noi c?a ngoi lang B, ngoi lang B hi?u ti?ng noi c?a ngoi lang C, nh?ng ngoi lang A l?i khong tai nao hi?u đ??c ti?ng noi c?a ngoi lang C, thi day lien t?c khong con đ??c coi la m?t ngon ng? đ?n l? n?a.

Ngon ng? tach bi?t [ s?a | s?a ma ngu?n ]

Bai chi ti?t: Ngon ng? tach bi?t

H?u het cac ngon ng? tren th? gi?i đ?u thu?c m?t ng? h? l?n hay nh? nao đo. Nh?ng ngon ng? khong co h? hang (ho?c ch?a đ??c ch?ng minh m?t cach thuy?t ph?c la thu?c v? m?t ng? h? nao đo) đ??c g?i la ngon ng? tach bi?t /bi?t l?p ( language isolate ), v? c? b?n la m?t ng? h? ch? bao g?m m?t duy nh?t ngon ng? ?y. Hi?n co kho?ng 129 ngon ng? tach bi?t đ??c bi?t đ?n. [5] Vi d? nh? ti?ng Basque ? chau Au, ti?ng Purepecha ? mi?n tay Mexico, v.v. T?t nhien, nh?ng ngon ng? nay hoan toan co kh? n?ng thu?c v? m?t ng? h? l?n h?n, nh?ng do th?i gian phan tach đa t? r?t xa x?a nen chung khong con đ? l?i d?u v?t nao; do v?y, nh?ng ngon ng? nay s? v?n đ??c coi la tach bi?t ch?ng nao ta khong co cac b?ng ch?ng m?i.

Ng??i ta th??ng hi?u l?m r?ng cac bi?t ng? đ??c phan lo?i nh? v?y la do chung ta khong co đ? d? li?u ngon ng? h?c. đi?u nay hoan toan sai, vi m?t ngon ng? bi?t l?p đ??c phan lo?i nh? v?y chinh la do ta đa bi?t qua đ? v? ngon ng? đo r?i, nen m?i đem đi so sanh v?i cac ngon ng? khac đ??c. [5]

M?t ngon ng? t?o thanh m?t nhanh rieng trong m?t ng? h?, ch?ng h?n nh? ti?ng Albania va ti?ng Armenia c?a ng? h? ?n-Au, đoi khi c?ng đ??c g?i la ngon ng? bi?t l?p, nh?ng y ngh?a c?a t? "bi?t l?p" trong tr??ng h?p nay hoan toan khac, ? đay nh?m nh?n m?nh s? tach bi?t c?a chung kh?i cac nhanh khac trong cung m?t ng? h?. Ng??c l?i, ti?ng Basque la m?t ngon ng? bi?t l?p tuy?t đ?i: no ch?a đ??c ch?ng minh lien quan đ?n b?t k? ngon ng? hi?n đ?i nao khac.

Ngon ng? nguyen th?y [ s?a | s?a ma ngu?n ]

Bai chi ti?t: Ngon ng? nguyen th?y

M?t ngon ng? nguyen th?y, s? ng? ( proto-language ) hay ngon ng? m? la t? tien c?a t?t c? cac ngon ng? trong m?t ng? h?. T? tien chung c?a m?t ng? h? hi?m khi đ??c ch?ng th?c v?i v?n li?u h?n hoi, vi nh?ng ngon ng? nay đ??c noi vao th?i đi?m c?ng đ?ng noi ch?a ghi chep l?i ho?c khong bi?t ghi chep. Tuy v?y, cac nha ngon ng? h?c co th? v?n d?ng ph??ng phap so sanh (so sanh nhi?u ngon ng? v?i nhau đ? tim ra cac quy lu?t, đi?m t??ng đ?ng r?i suy lu?n đ? tim ra ngu?n g?c chung) đ? ph?c d?ng l?i ngon ng? nguyen th?y. Ph??ng phap nay đ??c ap d?ng l?n đ?u tien b?i nha ngon ng? h?c August Schleicher vao th? k? 19. Vi d?, t? tien chung co th? đ??c ph?c d?ng c?a ng? h? ?n-Au đ??c g?i la ti?ng ?n-Au nguyen th?y v.v. Cac v?n li?u ghi chep th? ti?ng gi? đ?nh nay ch?a t?ng t?n t?i nh?ng nh? ph??ng phap so sanh, ta đa co th? suy đoan đ??c h? th?ng am thanh c?a ngon ng? đa ch?t t? lau nay.

Phan lo?i [ s?a | s?a ma ngu?n ]

Cac ng? h? l?n [ s?a | s?a ma ngu?n ]

Ethnologue 24 (2021) li?t ke cac ng? h? ch?a it nh?t 1% trong s? 7.139 ngon ng? đa bi?t tren th? gi?i sau đay:

  1. Niger?Congo (1.542 ngon ng?) (21,7%)
  2. Nam đ?o (1.257 ngon ng?) (17,7%)
  3. Lien New Guinea (482 ngon ng?) (6,8%)
  4. Han-T?ng (455 ngon ng?) (6,4%)
  5. ?n-Au (448 ngon ng?) (6,3%)
  6. Uc [ ch?a ro ] (381 ngon ng?) (5,4%)
  7. Phi-A (377 ngon ng?) (5,3%)
  8. Nin-Sahara [ ch?a ro ] (206 ngon ng?) (2,9%)
  9. Oto-Mangue (178 ngon ng?) (2,5%)
  10. Nam A (167 ngon ng?) (2,3%)
  11. Thai?Kadai (91 ngon ng?) (1,3%)
  12. Dravidia (86 ngon ng?) (1,2%)
  13. Tupi (76 ngon ng?) (1,1%)

Glottolog 4.4 (2021) li?t ke cac ng? h? l?n sau, g?m 8494 ngon ng?:

  1. đ?i Tay D??ng?Congo (1.403 ngon ng?)
  2. Nam đ?o (1.274 ngon ng?)
  3. ?n-Au (583 ngon ng?)
  4. Han-T?ng (497 ngon ng?)
  5. Phi-A (377 ngon ng?)
  6. Lien New Guinea h?t nhan (317 ngon ng?)
  7. Pama?Nyungar (250 ngon ng?)
  8. Oto-Mangue (181 ngon ng?)
  9. Nam A (157 ngon ng?)
  10. Thai?Kadai (95 ngon ng?)
  11. Dravidia (79 ngon ng?)
  12. Arawak (77 ngon ng?)
  13. Mande (75 ngon ng?)
  14. Tupi (71 ngon ng?)

S? l??ng ngon ng? dao đ?ng tuy thu?c vao cach phan bi?t ph??ng ng? va ngon ng?; vi d?, nha ngon ng? h?c Lyle Campbell ch? cong nh?n 27 ngon ng? thu?c h? Oto-Mangue; du r?ng Campbell, Ethnologue va Glottolog khong đ?ng quan đi?m v? ngon ng? nao đ??c g?p vao h? nay.

Danh sach cac ng? h? [ s?a | s?a ma ngu?n ]

D??i đay la danh sach li?t ke cac ng? h? khong ph?i ngon ng? ky hi?u:

S? đ? phan b? ng? h? t?i chau Phi
S? đ? phan b? ng? h? Nam đ?o
S? đ? phan b? ng? h? t?i đong Nam A l?c đ?a
S? đ? phan b? cac nhanh l?n c?a ng? h? Dravidia
S? đ? phan b? cac nhanh chinh c?a h? ?n-Au t?i đ?i l?c A-Au
S? đ? phan b? cac ngon ng? Altai t?i đ?i l?c A-Au
Cac ngon ng? b?n đ?a c?a Papua
Cac ngon ng? b?n đ?a c?a Uc
Phan b? c?a cac ngon ng? th?i k? ti?n th?c dan phia b?c Mexico
Cac ng? h? l?n t?i Nam M?
Danh phap S? ngon ng? hi?n t?i S? ng??i noi hi?n t?i [6] Phan b? đ?a ly Ng? h? cao h?n đ??c đ? xu?t
Ng? h? Phi-A 366 499.294.669 Chau Phi , A-Au
Ng? h? Niger?Congo (đ? xu?t) 1.524 519.814.033 Chau Phi
Nhom ngon ng? đ?i Tay D??ng-Congo 1.453 500.000.000 Chau Phi Niger?Congo
Ng? h? Mande 50 27.003.000 Chau Phi Niger?Congo
Ng? h? Dogon 19 630.820 Chau Phi Niger?Congo
Ng? h? Ijoid 10 3.221.650 Chau Phi Niger?Congo
Ng? h? Ubangi 27 2.500.000 Chau Phi Niger?Congo
Ng? h? Khoe?Kwadi 12 337.337 Chau Phi Khoisan (l?i th?i)
Ng? h? Kx?a 4 104.000 Chau Phi Khoisan (l?i th?i)
Ng? h? Tuu 2 2.500 Chau Phi Khoisan (l?i th?i)
Ng? h? Nin-Sahara (đ? xu?t) 199 53.359.610 Chau Phi
Ng? h? Berta 3 1.800.000 Chau Phi Nin-Sahara
Ng? h? B?aga 5 253.680 Chau Phi Nin-Sahara
Ng? h? Fur 2 786.900 Chau Phi Nin-Sahara
Ng? h? Kadu 6 120.600 Chau Phi Nin-Sahara
Ng? h? Koman 5 94.000 Chau Phi Nin-Sahara
Ng? h? Kunama 2 244.570 Chau Phi Nin-Sahara
Ng? h? Kuliak 3 14.070 Chau Phi Nin-Sahara
Ng? h? Maban 9 1.115.260 Chau Phi Nin-Sahara
Ng? h? Sahara 10 10.940.500 Chau Phi Nin-Sahara
Nhom ngon ng? Songhay 11 3.228.000 Chau Phi Nin-Sahara
Ng? h? Trung Sudan 65 9.145.280 Chau Phi Nin-Sahara
Ng? h? đong Sudan 94 35.692.310 Chau Phi Nin-Sahara
Ng? h? ?n-Au 448 3.237.999.904 A-Au
Ng? h? Tyrseni (3) tuy?t ch?ng A-Au
Ng? h? Ural 37 20.716.457 A-Au
Ng? h? Turk 35 179.945.933 A-Au Altai (b? bac b?)
Ng? h? Hurro-Urartia 2 tuy?t ch?ng A-Au
Ng? h? Tay B?c Kavkaz 4 1.655.000 A-Au Kavkaz
Ng? h? đong B?c Kavkaz 29 [7] 4.155.258 A-Au Kavkaz , Alarodian
Ng? h? Kartvelia 5 4.850.000 A-Au
Ng? h? Dravida 84 252.807.610 A-Au
Ng? h? Onge 2 296 A-Au
Ng? h? Enisei 2 211 A-Au Dene?Yeniseian (r?t kh? thi)
Ng? h? Yukaghir 2 740 A-Au
Ng? h? Han-T?ng 453 1.385.995.195 A-Au
Ng? h? H'Mong-Mi?n 38 9.332.070 A-Au
Nhom ngon ng? Siangic 2 3.500 A-Au Han-T?ng
Ng? h? Digaro 2 46.000 A-Au Han-T?ng
Nhom ngon ng? Kho-Bwa 5 9.000 A-Au Han-T?ng
Ng? h? Kra-Dai 94 81.549.828 A-Au Nam đ?o-Tai
Ng? h? Nam A 169 116.323.040 A-Au
Ng? h? Nam đ?o 1.223 325.862.510 Chau Phi , A-Au , Chau đ?i D??ng Nam đ?o-Tai
Ng? h? Tungus 11 55.800 A-Au Altai (b? bac b?)
Ng? h? Mong C? 13 7.269.480 A-Au Altai (b? bac b?)
Ng? h? Tri?u Tien 2 77.269.890 A-Au Altai (b? bac b?)
Ng? h? Nivkh 2 200 A-Au
Ng? h? Nh?t B?n 12 129.240.180 A-Au Altai (b? bac b?)
Ng? h? Ainu 3 2 A-Au Altai (b? bac b?)
Ng? h? Chukotka-Kamchatka 5 6.875 A-Au
Ng? h? Lien New Guinea 476 3.540.024 New Guinea
Ng? h? Baining 6 13.800 New Guinea
Ng? h? Th??ng Tami 15 17.080 New Guinea
Ng? h? Trung Solomon 4 14.810 New Guinea
Ng? h? đong Bird's Head ? Sentani (đ? xu?t) 8 71.730 New Guinea Tay Papua m? r?ng
Ng? h? Oriomo 4 6.760 New Guinea
Ng? h? đong V?nh Geelvink 12 8.005 New Guinea
Ng? h? Fas 2 2.840 New Guinea Left May ? Kwomtari , Kwomtari?Fas
Ng? h? Kwomtari 3 1.510 New Guinea Left May ? Kwomtari , Kwomtari?Fas
Ng? h? Lakes Plain 19 8.455 New Guinea
Ng? h? Left May 6 2.005 New Guinea Left May ? Kwomtari
Ng? h? Mairasi 3 4.385 New Guinea
Ng? h? Nimboran 5 8.500 New Guinea
Ng? h? B?c Bougainville 4 10.020 New Guinea
Ng? h? Piawi 2 2.600 New Guinea
Ng? h? Ramu ? H? Sepik (đ? xu?t) 32 65.830 New Guinea
Ng? h? Senagis 2 2.960 New Guinea
Ng? h? Sepik (đ? xu?t) 55 162.704 New Guinea
Ng? h? Skou 8 5.665 New Guinea
Ng? h? Nam Bougainville 9 68.700 New Guinea
Ng? h? Tor?Kwerba 24 16.195 New Guinea
Ng? h? Torricelli 57 113.705 New Guinea
Ng? h? Lien-Fly ? Song Bulaka (đ? xu?t) 22 16.312 New Guinea
Ng? h? Yele ? Tay New Britain (đ? xu?t) 3 6.550 New Guinea
Ng? h? Tay Papua (đ? xu?t) 23 269.425 New Guinea
Ng? h? Yuat 6 7.700 New Guinea
Ng? h? Pama?Nyungar 300 23.539 Uc
Ng? h? Arnhem Land (đ? xu?t) 7 1.811 Uc
Ng? h? Bunuban 2 100 Uc
Ng? h? Gunwinyguan 5 1.314 Uc
Ng? h? Jarrakan 3 130 Uc
Ng? h? Limilngan (đ? xu?t) 1 23 Uc
Ng? h? Mirndi 3 261 Uc
Ng? h? Nyulnyula 3 94 Uc
Ng? h? Nam Daly (đ? xu?t) 2 1.980 Uc
Ng? h? Tangkic 3 ho?c 4 73 Uc
Ng? h? Wagaydyic 2 5 Uc
Ng? h? Tay Daly 3 21 Uc
Ng? h? Worrorra 3 108 Uc
Ng? h? Eskimo-Aleut 10 108.705 B?c M? , A-Au
Ng? h? Na-Dene 44 208.552 B?c M? Dene-Enisei (r?t kh? thi)
Ng? h? Penutian (đ? xu?t) 16 3.513 B?c M?
Ng? h? Tsimshian 4 2.910 B?c M? Penutian (tranh cai)
Ng? h? Wakasha 6 710 B?c M?
Ng? h? Salish 25 1.969 B?c M?
Ng? h? Chimakuan 2 3 B?c M?
Ng? h? Chinook 4 tuy?t ch?ng B?c M? Penutian (tranh cai)
Ng? h? Kalapuya 3 tuy?t ch?ng B?c M? Penutian (tranh cai)
Ng? h? Coosan 2 tuy?t ch?ng B?c M? Penutian (tranh cai)
Ng? h? Cao nguyen Penutian 4 145 B?c M? Penutian (tranh cai)
Ng? h? Hokan (đ? xu?t) 21 7.171 B?c M?
Ng? h? Shastan 4 tuy?t ch?ng B?c M? Hokan (tranh cai)
Ng? h? Palaihnih 2 10 B?c M? Hokan (tranh cai)
Ng? h? Yuki?Wappo (đ? xu?t) 2 tuy?t ch?ng B?c M?
Ng? h? Pomo 7 47 B?c M? Hokan (tranh cai)
Ng? h? Wintua 1 tuy?t ch?ng B?c M? Penutian (tranh cai)
Ng? h? Maidua 4 3 B?c M? Penutian (tranh cai)
Ng? h? Yok-Utia (đ? xu?t) 42 35 B?c M? Penutian (tranh cai)
Ng? h? Utia 11 18 B?c M? Yok-Utian (r?t kh? thi)
Ng? h? Yokuts 4 50 B?c M? Yok-Utian (r?t kh? thi)
Ng? h? Chumasha 6 tuy?t ch?ng B?c M?
Ng? h? Takic 6 35 B?c M?
Ng? h? Ute-Aztec 58 1.910.442 B?c M? Aztec?Tanoan (r?t kh? thi)
Ng? h? Yuman?Cochimi 12 3.710 B?c M? Hokan (tranh cai)
Ng? h? Sioux 14 33.399 B?c M?
Ng? h? Algic 41 214.768 B?c M?
Ng? h? Keres 2 10.670 B?c M?
Ng? h? Kiowa?Tanoan 6 6.000 B?c M?
Ng? h? Caddoa 5 46 B?c M?
Ng? h? Comecruda 3 tuy?t ch?ng B?c M?
Ng? h? Totonac 12 282.250 B?c M? Totozoque (r?t kh? thi)
Ng? h? Oto-Mangue 176 1.678.214 B?c M?
Ng? h? Mixe?Zoque 17 153.612 B?c M? Totozoque (r?t kh? thi)
Ng? h? Tequistlatec 3 5.494 B?c M? Hokan (tranh cai)
Ng? h? Muskogean 6 15.640 B?c M? V?nh (r?t kh? thi)
Ng? h? Maya 31 6.522.182 B?c M?
Ng? h? Xinca (.) tuy?t ch?ng B?c M? đ?i-Chibchan (tranh cai)
Ng? h? Jicaque 2 500 B?c M? Hokan (tranh cai)
Ng? h? Lenca 2 tuy?t ch?ng B?c M? đ?i-Chibchan , Hokan (tranh cai)
Ng? h? Misumalpa 5 709.000 B?c M? đ?i-Chibchan , Hokan (tranh cai)
Ng? h? Iroquois 9 14.543 B?c M?
Ng? h? Arawak 54 699.709 B?c M? , Nam M?
Ng? h? Chibchan 20 306.267 B?c M? , Nam M? đ?i-Chibchan (tranh cai)
Ng? h? Choco 7 114.600 B?c M? , Nam M?
Ng? h? Carib 29 67.376 B?c M? , Nam M? Je?Tupi?Carib (r?t kh? thi)
Ng? h? Jirajaran 3 tuy?t ch?ng Nam M?
Ng? h? Timote (2) tuy?t ch?ng Nam M?
Ng? h? Barbacoan 3 24.800 Nam M? đ?i-Paesan (tranh cai)
Ng? h? Esmeralda?Yaruroan (đ? xu?t) 1 6.000 Nam M?
Ng? h? Jivaroan 4 89.630 Nam M?
Ng? h? Catacaoan (3) tuy?t ch?ng Nam M? Sechura?Catacao (tranh cai)
Ng? h? Chimuan (đ? xu?t) (3) tuy?t ch?ng Nam M?
Ng? h? Canari?Puruha (đ? xu?t) 2 tuy?t ch?ng Nam M? Chimuan (tranh cai)
Ng? h? Quechua 45 7.768.820 Nam M?
Ng? h? Aymara 3 2.808.740 Nam M?
Ng? h? Uru?Chipaya 2 1.200 Nam M?
Ng? h? Huarpe 3 ? Nam M?
Ng? h? Araucania 2 262.000 Nam M?
Ng? h? Chonan (6) tuy?t ch?ng Nam M? Moseten?Chonan , đ?i-Panoan (tranh cai)
Ng? h? Alacalufan 1 12 Nam M?
Ng? h? Guajiboan 5 39.290 Nam M?
Ng? h? đ?i-Puinavean (đ? xu?t) 1 3.000 Nam M?
Ng? h? Tiniguan 2 1 Nam M?
Ng? h? Kakua-Nukak 2 610 Nam M? đ?i-Puinavean (tranh cai)
Ng? h? Otomakoan 2 tuy?t ch?ng Nam M? đ?i-Otomakoan (tranh cai)
Ng? h? Piaroa?Saliban (đ? xu?t) 3 18.630 Nam M?
Ng? h? Piaroan 2 14.870 Nam M? Piaroa?Saliban (tranh cai)
Ng? h? Nadahup 4 2.894 Nam M? đ?i-Puinavean (tranh cai)
Ng? h? Yanomaman 4 31.670 Nam M?
Ng? h? Arutani?Sape (đ? xu?t) 2 47 Nam M? đ?i-Puinavean (tranh cai)
Ng? h? Andoque?Urequena (đ? xu?t) 2 370 Nam M?
Ng? h? Tucanoan 23 30.308 Nam M?
Ng? h? Boran 2 1.500 Nam M? Bora?Witoto (tranh cai)
Ng? h? Witotoan 7 17.478 Nam M? Bora?Witoto (tranh cai)
Ng? h? Peba?Yaguan 1 5.700 Nam M? Saparo?Yawan (tranh cai)
Ng? h? Zaparo 3 90 Nam M? Saparo?Yawan (tranh cai)
Ng? h? Tequiraca?Canichana (đ? xu?t) (2) tuy?t ch?ng Nam M?
Ng? h? Hibito?Cholon (đ? xu?t) 2 tuy?t ch?ng Nam M?
Ng? h? Cahuapanan 2 10.370 Nam M?
Ng? h? Ticuna?Yuri (đ? xu?t) 2 48.580 Nam M?
Ng? h? Panoan 25 48.557 Nam M? Pano-Tacanan , đ?i-Panoan (tranh cai)
Ng? h? Tacanan 6 2.982 Nam M? Pano-Tacanan , đ?i-Panoan (tranh cai)
Ng? h? Arawa 8 5.870 Nam M?
Ng? h? Katukinan 2 10 Nam M? Harakmbut?Katukinan , đ?i-Puinavean (tranh cai)
Ng? h? Harakmbut 2 2.220 Nam M? Harakmbut?Katukinan , đ?i-Otomakoan (tranh cai)
Ng? h? Moseten 1 5.320 Nam M? Moseten?Chonan , đ?i-Panoan (tranh cai)
Ng? h? Tupi 66 5.026.502 Nam M? Je?Tupi?Carib (r?t kh? thi)
Ng? h? Chapacura 4 2.019 Nam M? Wamo?Chapakura (tranh cai)
Ng? h? Mura 1 360 Nam M?
Ng? h? Jabutian 2 40 Nam M? đ?i-Je (tranh cai)
Ng? h? Katembri?Taruma (đ? xu?t) 1 10 Nam M?
Ng? h? Nambikwaran 6 1.068 Nam M?
Ng? h? Bororoan 3 1.392 Nam M? đ?i-Je (tranh cai)
Ng? h? Zamucoan 2 5.900 Nam M?
Ng? h? Maskoy 6 20.728 Nam M?
Ng? h? Mataco 7 60.280 Nam M? Mataco?Guaicuru (tranh cai)
Ng? h? Guaicuruan 4 49.350 Nam M? Mataco?Guaicuru (tranh cai)
Ng? h? Lule?Vilela (đ? xu?t) 2 10 Nam M?
Ng? h? đ?i-Je (đ? xu?t) ? 51.093 Nam M? Je?Tupi?Carib (r?t kh? thi)
Ng? h? Je 16 56.060 Nam M? đ?i-Je , Je?Tupi?Carib (r?t kh? thi)
Ng? h? Charrua (10) tuy?t ch?ng Nam M?
Ng? h? Kamaka 4 tuy?t ch?ng Nam M? đ?i-Je (con tranh cai)
Ng? h? Maxakalian 5 1.270 Nam M? đ?i-Je (tranh cai)
Ng? h? Krenak 3 10 Nam M? đ?i-Je (tranh cai)
Ng? h? Puria 2 tuy?t ch?ng Nam M? đ?i-Je (tranh cai)
Ngon ng? ph? tr? qu?c t? 49 2.000.000 Toan c?u  ?

Xem them [ s?a | s?a ma ngu?n ]

Tham kh?o [ s?a | s?a ma ngu?n ]

  1. ^ Rowe, Bruce M.; Levine, Diane P. (2015). A Concise Introduction to Linguistics . Routledge. tr. 340?341. ISBN   978-1317349280 . Truy c?p ngay 26 thang 1 n?m 2017 .
  2. ^ “How many languages are there in the world?” . Ethnologue (b?ng ti?ng Anh). ngay 3 thang 5 n?m 2016 . Truy c?p ngay 26 thang 3 n?m 2021 .
  3. ^ “What are the largest language families?” . Ethnologue (b?ng ti?ng Anh). ngay 25 thang 5 n?m 2019 . Truy c?p ngay 3 thang 5 n?m 2020 .
  4. ^ Dimmendaal, Gerrit J. (2011). Historical Linguistics and the Comparative Study of African Languages . John Benjamins Publishing. tr. 336. ISBN   978-9027287229 . Truy c?p ngay 26 thang 1 n?m 2017 .
  5. ^ a b Campbell, Lyle (24 thang 8 n?m 2010). “Language Isolates and Their History, or, What's Weird, Anyway?” . Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society (b?ng ti?ng Anh). 36 (1): 16?31. doi : 10.3765/bls.v36i1.3900 . ISSN   2377-1666 .
  6. ^ “What are the largest language families?” . Ethnologue . 25 thang 5 n?m 2019.
  7. ^ “North Caucasian” . Ethnologue . B?n g?c l?u tr? ngay 2 thang 7 n?m 2016 . Truy c?p ngay 17 thang 7 n?m 2016 .
  • Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.), 2005. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Fifteenth edition.

đ?c them [ s?a | s?a ma ngu?n ]

  • Boas, Franz (1911). Handbook of American Indian languages . Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 40. 1 . Washington: Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology. ISBN   0-8032-5017-7 .
  • Boas, Franz. (1922). Handbook of American Indian languages (Vol. 2). Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 40. Washington, D.C.: Government Print Office (Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology).
  • Boas, Franz. (1933). Handbook of American Indian languages (Vol. 3). Native American legal materials collection, title 1227. Gluckstadt: J.J. Augustin.
  • Campbell, Lyle. (1997). American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America . New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509427-1 .
  • Campbell, Lyle; & Mithun, Marianne (Eds.). (1979). The languages of native America: Historical and comparative assessment . Austin: University of Texas Press.
  • Goddard, Ives (Ed.). (1996). Languages . Handbook of North American Indians (W. C. Sturtevant, General Ed.) (Vol. 17). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. ISBN 0-16-048774-9 .
  • Goddard, Ives. (1999). Native languages and language families of North America (rev. and enlarged ed. with additions and corrections). [Map]. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press (Smithsonian Institution). (Updated version of the map in Goddard 1996). ISBN 0-8032-9271-6 .
  • Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (Ed.). (2005). Ethnologue: Languages of the world (15th ed.). Dallas, TX: SIL International. ISBN 1-55671-159-X . (Online version: Ethnologue: Languages of the World ).
  • Greenberg, Joseph H. (1966). The Languages of Africa (2nd ed.). Bloomington: Indiana University.
  • Harrison, K. David. (2007) When Languages Die: The Extinction of the World's Languages and the Erosion of Human Knowledge . New York and London: Oxford University Press.
  • Mithun, Marianne. (1999). The languages of Native North America . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-23228-7 (hbk); ISBN 0-521-29875-X .
  • Ross, Malcolm. (2005). " Pronouns as a preliminary diagnostic for grouping Papuan languages L?u tr? 2004-06-08 t?i Wayback Machine ". In: Andrew Pawley , Robert Attenborough, Robin Hide and Jack Golson, eds, Papuan pasts: cultural, linguistic and biological histories of Papuan-speaking peoples (PDF)
  • Ruhlen, Merritt. (1987). A guide to the world's languages . Stanford: Stanford University Press.
  • Sturtevant, William C. (Ed.). (1978?present). Handbook of North American Indians (Vol. 1?20). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. (Vols. 1?3, 16, 18?20 not yet published).
  • Voegelin, C. F. & Voegelin, F. M. (1977). Classification and index of the world's languages . New York: Elsevier.

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