Gi?i tri th?c

Gi?i tri th?c ( ti?ng Ba Lan : inteligencja ; Nga: интеллигенция , chuy?n t?. intyelligyentsiya , IPA: [?nt??l?????ents?j?] ) hay t?ng l?p tri th?c la m?t nhom nh?ng ng??i co h?c th?c chuyen tham gia nh?ng cong vi?c tri oc ph?c t?p nh?m phe binh, h??ng d?n va đi đ?u trong vi?c c?u thanh nen v?n hoa - chinh tr? trong xa h?i. ^[1] Chi?u theo t?ng l?p xa h?i thi gi?i tri th?c bao g?m cac ngh? s? , giao vien - gi?ng vien , tac gi? va cac "nha v?n" ( ti?ng Phap : hommes de lettres ). ^[2]^[3] Theo t? cach ca nhan thi đ?n gi?n g?i la tri th?c , v?n ngh? s? .

T?ng l?p tri th?c n?i len vao cu?i th? k? 18 ? x? Ba Lan thu?c Nga th?i k? chia c?t (1772?1795). Vao th? k? 19, nha tri th?c Ba Lan Bronisław Trentowski đa sang t?o ra thu?t ng? intelligentcja (tri th?c) nh?m đ?nh danh va mo t? nh?ng ng??i co h?c va giai t?ng xa h?i nh?ng nha t? s?n yeu n??c ho?t đ?ng chuyen mon v?n co th? tr? thanh nh?ng nha lanh đ?o v?n hoa c?a Ba Lan, sau đo la d??i ch? đ? chuyen ch? Sa hoang Nga t? cu?i th? k? 18 cho đ?n đ?u th? k? 20. ^[4]

? n??c Nga tr??c Cach m?ng Thang M??i (n?m 1917) thi thu?t ng? intelligentsiya (tri th?c) noi v? t?ng l?p xa h?i nh?ng ng??i co h?c th?c v?i n?n t?ng v?n v?n hoa (nha tr??ng, giao d?c, khai sang ) giup h? ganh vac s? m?nh lanh đ?o chinh tr? m?t cach thi?t th?c. ^[5] Tren th?c t?, đ?a v? va trach nhi?m xa h?i c?a gi?i tri th?c r?t đa d?ng tuy theo t?ng xa h?i. ? đong Au, nh?ng ng??i tri th?c b? t??c đo?t m?t ?nh h??ng chinh tr? l?n con đ??ng ti?n t?i đon b?y phat tri?n kinh t? m?t cach hi?u qu?; gi?i tri th?c b? cho la khong h?u d?ng đ?i v?i xa h?i. Trai l?i, ? Tay Au, đ?c bi?t la đ?c va Anh Qu?c thi t?ng l?p Bildungsburgertum (t? s?n co v?n hoa) va gi?i chuyen mon (professions) c?a Anh đ??c đ?nh ro vai tro la nh?ng tri th?c qu?n chung trong xa h?i. ^[3]

Xem them [ s?a | s?a ma ngu?n ]

Tham kh?o [ s?a | s?a ma ngu?n ]

^ Pascal Ory and Jean-Francois Sirinelli, Les Intellectuels en France. De l'affaire Dreyfus a nos jours ( The Intellectuals in France: From the Dreyfus Affair to Our Days ), Paris (Phap): Armand Colin, n?m 2002, tr. 10.
^ Raymond Williams. Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society (n?m 1983) Rev. Ed., tr. 170.
^ ^a ^b Kizwalter, Tomasz (thang 10 n?m 2009). transl. by Agnieszka Kreczmar. “The History of the Polish Intelligentsia” (PDF file, direct download) . Acta Poloniae Historica : 241?242. ISSN 0001-6829 . Truy c?p ngay 16 thang 12 n?m 2013 . Jerzy Jedlicki (ed.), Dzieje inteligencji polskiej do roku 1918 [The History of the Polish Intelligentsia until 1918]; and: Maciej Janowski, Narodziny inteligencji, 1750?1831 [The Rise of the Intelligentsia, 1750?1831].
^ James H. Billington. Fire in the Minds of Men (0000), tr. 231.
^ T? đi?n ti?ng Anh Oxford, tr. 1387.

đ?c them [ s?a | s?a ma ngu?n ]

Roach, John. "Liberalism and the Victorian Intelligentsia." Cambridge Historical Journal 13#1 (1957): 58?81. online .
Boborykin, P.D. Russian Intelligentsia In: Russian Thought , 1904, # 12 (In Russian; Боборыкин П.Д. Русская интеллигенция// Русская мысль. 1904. No.12;)
Zhukovsky V. A. From the Diaries of Years 1827?1840 , In: Our Heritage, Moscow, #32, 1994. (In Russian; Жуковский В.А. Из дневников 1827?1840 гг. // Наше наследие. М., 1994. No.32.)
- The record dated by 2 February 1836 says: "Через три часа после этого общего бедствия ... осветился великолепный Энгельгардтов дом, и к нему потянулись кареты, все наполненные лучшим петербургским дворянством, тем, которые у нас представляют всю русскую европейскую интеллигенцию" ("After three hours after this common disaster ... the magnificent Engelhardt's house was lit up and coaches started coming, filled with the best Peterburg dvoryanstvo , the ones who represent here the best Russian European intelligentsia. ") The casual, i.e., no-philosophical and non-literary context, suggests that the word was in common circulation.

[1] Pascal Ory and Jean-Francois Sirinelli, Les Intellectuels en France. De l'affaire Dreyfus a nos jours ( The Intellectuals in France: From the Dreyfus Affair to Our Days ), Paris (Phap): Armand Colin, n?m 2002, tr. 10.

[2] Raymond Williams. Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society (n?m 1983) Rev. Ed., tr. 170.

[rcin.org.pl-3] Kizwalter, Tomasz (thang 10 n?m 2009). transl. by Agnieszka Kreczmar. “The History of the Polish Intelligentsia” (PDF file, direct download) . Acta Poloniae Historica : 241?242. ISSN 0001-6829 . Truy c?p ngay 16 thang 12 n?m 2013 . Jerzy Jedlicki (ed.), Dzieje inteligencji polskiej do roku 1918 [The History of the Polish Intelligentsia until 1918]; and: Maciej Janowski, Narodziny inteligencji, 1750?1831 [The Rise of the Intelligentsia, 1750?1831].

[4] James H. Billington. Fire in the Minds of Men (0000), tr. 231.

[5] T? đi?n ti?ng Anh Oxford, tr. 1387.

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