Cong t??c x? Normandie

Cong t??c x? Normandy ( ti?ng Phap : Duc de Normandie ; ti?ng Anh : Duke of Normandy ) la t??c v? c?a nh?ng nha cai tr? Cong qu?c Normandy ? Tay B?c n??c Phap vao th?i k? Trung c? . Cong qu?c nay đ??c thanh l?p vao n?m 911, sau khi Vua Charles III c?a Phap phong đ?t cho th? l?nh ng??i Viking la Rollo . Hoang gia Phap đa 2 l?n cho phep cong qu?c nay m? r?ng lanh th? c?a minh vao cac n?m 924 va 933.

Cac h?u du? nam gi?i c?a Rollo ti?p t?c cai tr? Cong qu?c Normandy cho đ?n n?m 1135. N?m 1202, Vua Philippe II c?a Phap tuyen b? Normandy la m?t thai ?p b? m?t va đ?n n?m 1204, quan đ?i c?a ong đa chinh ph?c no. Sau đo, Normandy v?n la m?t đ?n v? c?p t?nh c?a V??ng qu?c Phap , v?n đ??c g?i la Cong qu?c Normandy, nh?ng ch? đoi khi đ??c c?p cho m?t thanh vien thu?c V??ng t?c Phap lam "apanage" (t??c v? đ??c c?p cho m?t hoang t?, con th? c?a vua Phap, ng??i khong k? v? ngai vang).

B?t ch?p vi?c Cong qu?c Normandy đa b? Phap thon tinh va sap nh?p vao th? k? 13, t?t c? cac nha cai tr? c?a V??ng qu?c Anh đ?u x?ng minh la "Cong t??c x? Normandy" . đay la t??c hi?u đ??c s? d?ng cho du quan ch? Anh la Vua hay N? v??ng.

L?ch s? t??c hi?u [ s?a | s?a ma ngu?n ]

Khong co tai li?u nao noi đ?n vi?c Rollo n?m gi? ho?c s? d?ng b?t k? t??c hi?u nao. Con trai va chau trai c?a ong, Cong t??c William Ki?m dai va Cong t??c Richard I , đa s? d?ng cac t??c hi?u "ba t??c" ( ti?ng La Tinh comes ho?c consul ) va "Than v??ng" ( Princeps ). ^[1] Tr??c n?m 1066, t??c hi?u ph? bi?n nh?t c?a ng??i cai tr? x? Normandy la "Ba t??c x? Normannia" ( comes Normanniae ) ho?c "Ba t??c c?a ng??i Norman" ( comes Normannorum ). ^[2] T??c hi?u Ba t??c x? Rouen ( comes Rotomagensis ) ch?a bao gi? đ??c s? d?ng trong b?t k? tai li?u chinh th?c nao, nh?ng no đa đ??c s? d?ng cho William Ki?m dai va con trai c?a ong b?i tac gi? ?n danh trong m?t bai đi?u v?n (planctus) v? cai ch?t c?a ong. B?t ch?p gi? thuy?t nao c?a ng??i Norman v? t??c hi?u cong t??c, Ademar de Chabannes v?n g?i ng??i cai tr? Norman la "Ba t??c x? Rouen" vao cu?i nh?ng n?m 1020. Vao th? k? XII, nha s? h?c ng??i Iceland la Ari Thorgilsson trong Landnamabok c?a ong đa g?i Rollo la Ruðu jarl (Ba t??c x? Rouen), đay la d?n ch?ng duy nh?t đ??c ch?ng th?c trong ti?ng B?c Au c? , m?c du đa qua mu?n đ? tr? thanh b?ng ch?ng cho cac tai li?u ? th? k? th? X. ^[3] Nha s? h?c ng??i Norman cu?i th? k? XI, William x? Poitiers đa s? d?ng t??c hi?u "Ba t??c x? Rouen" cho nh?ng nha cai tr? ng??i Norman cho đ?n Richard II. M?c du cac tai li?u tham kh?o v? cac nha cai tr? Norman đ? c?p đ?n t??c v? nay t??ng đ?i th?a th?t va ch? gi?i h?n trong cac ngu?n t??ng thu?t, nh?ng v?n thi?u b?ng ch?ng t? li?u v? cac t??c hi?u c?a ng??i Norman tr??c cu?i th? k? th? X. ^[4]

Vi?c s? d?ng t??c hi?u cong t??c ( dux ) l?n đ?u tien đ??c ghi chep l?i vao n?m 1006, khi Richard II ?ng h? Tu vi?n Fecamp . Tr??c đo, nha v?n Richerus đa g?i Richard I la dux pyratorum , nh?ng no ch? co ngh?a la "th? l?nh c?a nh?ng ten c??p bi?n" ch? khong ph?i la m?t t??c hi?u. Trong th?i tr? vi c?a Richard II, t? t??ng c?a tri?u đinh Phap b?t đ?u g?i ng??i cai tr? Norman la "Cong t??c c?a ng??i Norman" ( dux Normannorum ). ^[1] Ngay t? th?i tr? vi c?a Cong t??c William II (1035?1087), ng??i cai tr? Normandy co th? t? phong minh la "Than v??ng va Cong t??c, Ba t??c x? Normandy" vi h? khong ch?c ch?n v? t??c v? c?a minh. ^[2] T? t??ng đ??ng trong ti?ng La Tinh c?a "Cong t??c x? Normandy" la "dux Normanniae" , đ??c s? d?ng vao n?m 1066, ^[5] nh?ng no khong thay th? "dux Normannorum" cho đ?n th?i k? Angevin (1144?1204), vao th?i đi?m ma b?n s?c c?a ng??i Norman đang m? d?n. ^[6]

Richard I đa th? s? d?ng t??c hi?u "h?u t??c" ( marchio ) ngay t? n?m 966, Vua Lothaire c?a Phap c?ng s? d?ng t??c hi?u nay. ^[7] Richard II th?nh tho?ng c?ng s? d?ng no, nh?ng ong co v? thich t??c hi?u cong t??c h?n. Chinh s? ?a thich nay c?a ong đ?i v?i t??c hi?u cong t??c đa khi?n cac nha s? h?c tin r?ng đo la t??c hi?u "t? phong" c?a cac nha cai tr? Norman. Ch?c ch?n no khong đ??c vua Phap ban cho h?. Vao th? k? XII, Tu vi?n Fecamp lan truy?n thong tin r?ng t??c v? Cong t??c x? Normandy đa đ??c trao cho Richard II b?i Giao hoang Benedict VIII (tr? vi 1012?24). Cac t? t??ng c?a tri?u đinh Phap khong th??ng xuyen s? d?ng t??c v? nay cho đ?n sau n?m 1204, khi Cong qu?c Normandy b? t??c v??ng quy?n. ^[2]

Ly do th?c t? cho vi?c s? d?ng m?t t??c hi?u cao h?n Ba t??c la vi cac nha cai tr? c?a x? Normandy b?t đ?u trao t??c hi?u Ba t??c cho cac thanh vien trong gia t?c c?a h?, b?n than nha cai tr? co t??c hi?u ba t??c khong th? phong t??c hi?u ba t??c cho ng??i khac, ch? co th? phong cac t??c v? th?p h?n. Vi?c t?o ra cac Ba t??c ph? thu?c vao ng??i cai tr? Normandy đoi h?i ng??i sau ph?i co m?t t??c hi?u cao h?n. Qua trinh t??ng t? đa đ??c th?c hi?n ? cac Than v??ng qu?c khac c?a Phap vao th? k? XI, khi t??c hi?u Ba t??c đ??c s? d?ng r?ng rai h?n va do đo đa b? m?t gia tr?. Cac nha cai tr? Norman tuy v?n gi? t??c hi?u ba t??c cho gia đinh cong t??c va khong co b?t c? ai n?m ngoai gia t?c Normandy đ??c c?p m?t ba qu?c trong lanh đ?a c?a h?, cho đ?n khi Helias x? Saint-Saens đ??c Henry I c?a Anh phong lam Ba t??c x? Arques vao n?m 1106. ^[2]

Danh sach Ba t??c x? Rouen (911?996) [ s?a | s?a ma ngu?n ]

Nha Normandy [ s?a | s?a ma ngu?n ]

Ten Lifespan	Reign	Quan h? v?i ng??i ti?n nhi?m
Rollo (Rollon) k. 835/870 ? 928/933	911?928	đ??c trao quy?n cai tr? b?i Hi?p ??c Saint-Clair-sur-Epte
William Ki?m dai (Gllaome I) 893 - 17 thang 12 n?m 942	927?17 thang 12 n?m 942	Con trai c?a Rollo
Richard I the Fearless (R'chard Sans-Peux) 28 thang 8 n?m 932 - 20 thang 11 n?m 996	17 thang 12 n?m 942 - 20 thang 11 n?m 996	Con trai c?a William Ki?m dai

Danh sach Cong t??c x? Normandy (996?1204) [ s?a | s?a ma ngu?n ]

Nha Normandy (996?1114) [ s?a | s?a ma ngu?n ]

Ten Lifespan	Cai tr?	Hon nhan	Quan h? v?i ng??i ti?n nhi?m	T??c v? khac
Richard II T?t b?ng (R'chard le Bouon) 978 - 28 thang 8 n?m 1026	996?1026	(1) Judith x? Brittany co 6 ng??i con (m.1000; ch?t n?m 1017) (2) Popia x? Envermeu co 2 ng??i con (m.1017)	Con trai c?a Richard I
Richard III (R'chard III) 997/1001 - 06 thang 08 1027	28 thang 8 n?m 1026 - 6 thang 8 n?m 1027	never married	Con trai c?a Richard II
Robert I Nguy nga (Robert le Magnifique) 22 thang 6 n?m 1000 - 1?3 thang 7 n?m 1035	1027?1035	Khong bao gi? k?t hon Co m?i quan h? ngoai hon nhan v?i Herleva m?t con trai ho?c m?t con trai va m?t con gai	Em trai c?a Richard III
William II K? chinh ph?c (Gllaome le Contcherant) 3 thang 7 n?m 1035 - 9 thang 9 n?m 1087	k. 1028 ? Ngay 9 thang 9 n?m 1087	Matilda x? Flanders 10 ng??i con (m.1051/2; died 1083)	Con trai c?a Robert I	Vua c?a Anh
Robert II T?t ng?n (Robert Courtheuse) k. 1051 ? 3 thang 2 1134	Ngay 9 thang 9 n?m 1087 - 1106	Sybilla x? Conversano 1 con trai (sinh 1100; m?t ngay 18 thang 3 n?m 1103)	Con trai c? c?a William II
Henry I Beauclerc (Henri I Beauclerc) k. 1068 ? 1 thang 12 n?m 1135	1106 - 1 thang 12 n?m 1135	(1) Matilda x? Scotland co 1 con trai va 1 con gai (sinh 1100; m?t 1118) (2) Adeliza x? Louvain khong co h?u du? (m. 1121)	Em trai c?a Robert II Con trai c?a William II	Vua c?a Anh
William (III) Clito (Gllaome Cliton) 25 thang 10 n?m 1102 - 28 thang 7 n?m 1128 (Claimant)	1106 ? 1128	(1) Sibylla x? Anjou khong co h?u du? (sinh 1123; bai b? 1124) (2) Joanna x? Montferrat khong co h?u du? (sinh 1127; m?t 1128)	con trai c? c?a Robert II	Ba t??c x? Flanders

Nha Blois (1135 ? 1144) [ s?a | s?a ma ngu?n ]

Chan dung	Ten Lifespan	Cai tr?	Hon nhan	Quan h? v?i ng??i ti?n nhi?m	T??c v? khac
	Stephen I (Etienne I) 1092/1096 - 25 thang 10, 1154	1135?1144	Matilda I, N? cong t??c x? Boulogne 5 ng??i con (sinh 1136; m?t 1152)	Chau trai William II thong qua Adela x? Normandy Chau trai c?a Henry I	Vua c?a Anh

Nha Plantagenet (1144 ? 1259) [ s?a | s?a ma ngu?n ]

Chan dung	Ten Lifespan	Reign	Hon nhan	Quan h? v?i ng??i ti?n nhi?m	T??c v? khac	Vi?c lam khac
	Geoffroy I the Handsome (Geffrai le Biau) 24 August 1113 ? 7 September 1151	1144?1150	Matilda c?a Anh three children (m. 1128)	Son-in-law of Henri I	Count of Anjou	Conquered Normandy from Etienne I .
	Henri II Curtmantle (Henri Court-mante) 5 March 1133 ? 6 July 1189	1150 ? 6 July 1189	Alienor c?a Aquitaine eight children (m. 1152)	Son of Geoffrey I First cousin, once removed of Etienne I	King of England
Henry II named his son, Henry the Young King (1155?1183), as co-ruler with him but this was a Norman custom of designating an heir, and the younger Henry did not outlive his father and rule in his own right, so he is not counted as a duke on lists of dukes.
	Richard IV the Lionheart (R'chard le Quor de Lion) 8 September 1157 ? 6 April 1199	3 September 1189 ? 6 April 1199	Berengaria of Navarre no issue (m. 1191)	Son of Henri II	King of England
	Jean I Lackland (Jean sans Terre) 24 December 1166 ? 19 October 1216	1199 ? 19 October 1216	(1) Isabella, Countess of Gloucester no issue (m. 1189; annulled 1199) (2) Isabelle I x? Anglouleme five children (m. 1200)	Brother of Richard IV Son of Henry II	King of England Lord of Ireland	Lost mainland Normandy in 1204
	Henry III (Henri III) 1 October 1207 ? 16 November 1272	1216 ? 4 December 1259	Eleanor of Province five children (m. 1236)	Son of John I	King of England	Renounced mainland Normandy and the ducal title by the Treaty of Paris (1259)

T?nh c?a Phap (1204?1792) [ s?a | s?a ma ngu?n ]

T??c hi?u hi?n nay [ s?a | s?a ma ngu?n ]

T??ng đai [ s?a | s?a ma ngu?n ]

Tham kh?o [ s?a | s?a ma ngu?n ]

^ ^a ^b Marjorie Chibnall , The Normans (Blackwell, 2006), pp. 15?16.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d David Crouch, The Image of Aristocracy in Britain, 1000?1300 (Taylor and Francis, 1992), pp. 40?41.
^ David C. Douglas, "The Earliest Norman Counts", The English Historical Review , 61, 240 (1946): 129?56.
^ Elizabeth van Houts (ed.), The Normans in Europe (Manchester University Press, 2000), p. 41, n. 58.
^ George Beech, "The Participation of Aquitanians in the Conquest of England 1066?1100", in R. Allen Brown, ed., Anglo-Norman Studies IX: Proceedings of the Battle Conference, 1986 (Boydell Press, 1987), p. 16.
^ Nick Webber, The Evolution of Norman Identity, 911?1154 (Boydell Press, 2005), p. 178.
^ David Crouch, The Normans: The History of a Dynasty (Hambledon Continuum, 2002), p. 19.

đ?c them [ s?a | s?a ma ngu?n ]

Helmerichs, Robert. " Princeps, Comes, Dux Normannorum : Early Rollonid Designators and their Significance". Haskins Society Journal , 9 (2001): 57?77.

Lien k?t ngoai [ s?a | s?a ma ngu?n ]

The Dukes of Normandy: From Rollo to William of Normandy L?u tr? 2011-11-03 t?i Wayback Machine

[Chibnall-1] Marjorie Chibnall , The Normans (Blackwell, 2006), pp. 15?16.

[Crouch-2] David Crouch, The Image of Aristocracy in Britain, 1000?1300 (Taylor and Francis, 1992), pp. 40?41.

[3] David C. Douglas, "The Earliest Norman Counts", The English Historical Review , 61, 240 (1946): 129?56.

[4] Elizabeth van Houts (ed.), The Normans in Europe (Manchester University Press, 2000), p. 41, n. 58.

[5] George Beech, "The Participation of Aquitanians in the Conquest of England 1066?1100", in R. Allen Brown, ed., Anglo-Norman Studies IX: Proceedings of the Battle Conference, 1986 (Boydell Press, 1987), p. 16.

[6] Nick Webber, The Evolution of Norman Identity, 911?1154 (Boydell Press, 2005), p. 178.

[7] David Crouch, The Normans: The History of a Dynasty (Hambledon Continuum, 2002), p. 19.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]