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Bhakti

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Bhakti ( ti?ng Ph?n : ????? ) hay B?c ti co ngh?a đen la "g?n bo, tham gia, yeu thich, ton kinh, đ?c tin, tinh yeu, t?n tam, ton th?, tinh khi?t". [1] Ban đ?u no đ??c s? d?ng trong ?n đ? giao , đ? c?p đ?n s? t?n tam va tinh yeu danh cho m?t v? th?n ca nhan ho?c m?t v? th?n đ?i di?n b?i m?t ng??i sung đ?o. [2] [3] Trong cac v?n b?n c? nh? Shvetashvatara Upanishad , thu?t ng? nay ch? đ?n gi?n co ngh?a la s? tham gia, s? t?n tam va tinh yeu danh cho b?t k? n? l?c nao, trong khi trong Bhagavad Gita , no bao ham m?t trong nh?ng con đ??ng tam linh co th? va h??ng t?i moksha , nh? trong bhakti marga . [4]

Bhakti trong cac ton giao ?n đ? la "ch? ngh?a sung bai c?m xuc", đ?c bi?t la h??ng t?i m?t v? th?n ca nhan ho?c cac y t??ng tam linh. [5] [6] Thu?t ng? nay c?ng đ? c?p đ?n m?t phong trao, đ??c tien phong b?i Alvars va Nayanars , phat tri?n xung quanh cac v? th?n Vishnu ( Vaishnavism ), Brahma ( Brahmanism ), Shiva ( Shaivism ) va Devi ( Shaktism ) trong n?a sau c?a thien nien k? th? 1. [2] [3] [7] No phat tri?n nhanh chong ? ?n đ? sau th? k? th? 12 trong cac truy?n th?ng ?n đ? giao khac nhau, co th? la đ? đap l?i s? xu?t hi?n c?a H?i giao ? ?n đ? . [8] [9] [10]

Y t??ng Bhakti đa truy?n c?m h?ng cho nhi?u kinh sach va th? ph? bi?n ? ?n đ?. Bhagavata Purana , ch?ng h?n, la m?t v?n b?n lien quan đ?n Krishna lien quan đ?n phong trao Bhakti trong ?n đ? giao. [11] Bhakti c?ng đ??c tim th?y trong cac ton giao khac đ??c th?c hanh ? ?n đ?, [12] [13] [14] va no đa ?nh h??ng đ?n s? t??ng tac gi?a Kito giao va ?n đ? giao trong th?i k? hi?n đ?i. [15] [16] Nirguni bhakti (s? sung kinh đ?i v?i thieng lieng khong co thu?c tinh) đ??c tim th?y trong đ?o Sikh , c?ng nh? ?n đ? giao. [17] [18] Ben ngoai ?n đ?, s? sung kinh c?m xuc đ??c tim th?y trong m?t s? truy?n th?ng Ph?t giao đong Nam A va đong A, va đoi khi no đ??c g?i la Bhatti . [19] [20] [21]

Tham kh?o [ s?a | s?a ma ngu?n ]

  1. ^ See Monier-Williams , Sanskrit Dictionary , 1899.
  2. ^ a b Bhakti , Encyclopædia Britannica (2009)
  3. ^ a b Karen Pechelis (2011), "Bhakti Traditions", in The Continuum Companion to Hindu Studies (Editors: Jessica Frazier, Gavin Flood), Bloomsbury, ISBN 978-0826499660 , pages 107-121 L?i chu thich: Th? <ref> khong h?p l?: ten “karen” đ??c đ?nh ro nhi?u l?n, m?i l?n co n?i dung khac
  4. ^ John Lochtefeld (2014), The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism , Rosen Publishing (New York), ISBN 978-0823922871 , pages 98-100. Also see articles on bhaktim?rga and jnanam?rga.
  5. ^ Hans G. Kippenberg; Yme B. Kuiper; Andy F. Sanders (1990). Concepts of Person in Religion and Thought . Walter de Gruyter. tr. 295. ISBN   978-3-11-087437-2 . , Quote: "The foundations of emotional devotionalism (bhakti) were laid in south India in the second half of the first millennium of our era (...)".
  6. ^ Indira Viswanathan Peterson (2014). Poems to Siva: The Hymns of the Tamil Saints . Princeton University Press. tr. 4, footnote 4. ISBN   978-1-4008-6006-7 .
  7. ^ Rinehart, Robin (2004). Contemporary Hinduism: Ritual, Culture, and Practice . ABC-CLIO. tr. 45. ISBN   978-1-57607-905-8 .
  8. ^ Flood, Gavin (1996). An Introduction to Hinduism . Cambridge University Press . tr.  131 . ISBN   978-0-521-43878-0 .
  9. ^ Embree, Ainslie Thomas ; Stephen N. Hay; William Theodore De Bary (1988). Sources of Indian Tradition . Columbia University Press. tr. 342. ISBN   978-0-231-06651-8 .
  10. ^ Jerry Bentley, Old World Encounters: Cross Cultural Contacts and Exchanges in Pre-Modern Times (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), p. 120.
  11. ^ Cutler, Norman (1987). Songs of Experience . Indiana University Press. tr. 1. ISBN   978-0-253-35334-4 .
  12. ^ Flood, Gavin D. (2003). The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism . Wiley-Blackwell. tr. 185. ISBN   978-0-631-21535-6 .
  13. ^ Neill, Stephen (2002). A History of Christianity in India, 1707?1858 . Cambridge University Press. tr. 412. ISBN   978-0-521-89332-9 .
  14. ^ Kelting, Mary Whitney (2001). Singing to the Jinas: Jain Laywomen, Ma??a? Singing, and the Negotiations of Jain Devotion . Oxford University Press. tr. 87. ISBN   978-0-19-514011-8 .
  15. ^ A. Frank Thompson (1993), Hindu-Christian Dialogue: Perspectives and Encounters (Editor: Harold Coward), Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, ISBN 978-8120811584 , pages 176-186
  16. ^ Karen Pechelis (2014), The Embodiment of Bhakti , Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0195351903 , see Introduction chapter
  17. ^ David Lorenzen (1995), Bhakti Religion in North India: Community Identity and Political Action , State University of New York Press, ISBN 978-0791420256 , pages 1-2
  18. ^ Hardip Syan (2014), in The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies (Editors: Pashaura Singh, Louis E. Fenech), Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0199699308 , page 178
  19. ^ Donald Swearer (2003), Buddhism in the Modern World: Adaptations of an Ancient Tradition (Editors: Heine and Prebish), Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0195146981 , pages 9-25
  20. ^ Karel Werner (1995), Love Divine: Studies in Bhakti and Devotional Mysticism, Routledge, ISBN 978-0700702350 , pages 45-46
  21. ^ Karunaratna, Indumathie (2000). “Devotion” . Trong G. P. Malalasekera, Gunapala Piyasena (bien t?p). Encyclopaedia of Buddhism . IV . Government of Ceylon. tr. 435. [ lien k?t h?ng ]
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