Palladian me?morchiligi  ? bu venetsiyalik me?mor Andrea Palladio (1508?1580-yillar) dizaynidan olingan va undan ilhomlanib yaraatilgan Yevropa me?moriy uslubi. Bugungi kunda Palladian me?morchiligi sifatida tan olingan asosiy elementi uning asl kontseptsiyalarining evolyutsiyasidir. Andrea Palladioning ishi qadimgi yunonlar va rimliklarning rasmiy klassik me?morchiligining simmetriyasi, qadriyatlarni o?zida jamlagan uslub edi.

Britaniyada palladianizm 17-asrda qisqa vaqt ichida modaga aylandi, ammo uning gullashi Angliya fuqarolar urushi boshlanishi va undan keyin tejamkorlik joriy etilishi bilan yana qisqardi. 18-asrning boshlarida u nafaqat Angliyada, balki Buyuk Britaniyaning bevosita ta?siri ostida Prussiyada ham modaga aylandi. Masalan, Janubiy Karolinadagi Drayton Xoll, Nyuportdagi Redvud kutubxonasi, Rod-Aylend, New-York shahridagi Morris-Jumel uyi , Maryland shtatining Annapolis shahridagi Hammond-Xarvud uyi va Virjiniyadagi Thomas Jeffersonning Monticellosi shu uslub g?oyasi bo?yicha qilingan namunalardir.

Ushbu uslub Yevropada 19-asr va 20-asr boshlarida qo?llanilib kelindi, u tez-tez jamoat va shahar binolarini loyihalashda qo?llanildi. 19-asrning ikkinchi yarmidan boshlab ingliz tilida so?zlashuvchi davlatlarda gotika uyg?onishi bilan raqobatlashdi. Biroq, me?moriy uslub sifatida u mashhur bo?lib, rivojlanishda davom etdi. Uslubning pedimentlari , simmetriyasi va nisbati bugungi kunda ko?plab zamonaviy binolarni loyihalashda yaqqol namoyon bo?ladi.

Andrea Palladio arxitekturasi [ tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash ]

To?liq Palladio tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan binolar Venetsiya va Venetoda shaharlarida joylashgan ^[1] . Ularga Venetsiyadagi Basilica del Redentore kabi villalar va cherkovlar kiradi ^[2] . Palladioning arxitektura risolalarida u Rim me?mori Vitruviy va uning 15-asrdagi shogirdi Leon Battista Alberti tomonidan belgilab berilgan tamoyillarga amal qilgani haqida yozgan ^[3] .

Palladio har doim o?z villalarini ularning muhitiga qarab loyihalashtirgan ^[4] . Agar Villa Kapra kabi tepalikda bo?lsa, jabhalar tez-tez teng qiymatga ega bo?lishi uchun yaratilgan bo?lsa, unda yashovchilar barcha yo?nalishlarda yaxshi ko?rinishga ega bo?lishlari mumkin edi ^[5] . Shuningdek, bunday hollarda aholi quyoshdan himoyalangan holda qishloqni to?liq qadrlashi uchun har tomondan portiklar qurilgan ^[6] . Me?mor o?z uslubida lodjiya ikkinchi qavat darajasida quyida joylashgan va lodjiya tepasida joylashuvchi, qo?shaloq lodjiya elementni ham yaratgan. Ba?zan lodjiyalar pediment bilan o?ralgan holda fasadda ahamiyat kasb etgan. Villa Godi o?zining asosiy nuqtasi sifatida portiko emas, balki lodjiya asosiy element bo?lib ajralib turgan ^[7] .

Palladio ko?pincha o?zining villasi balandligini Rim ibodatxonasining hajmidan modellashtirardi ^[8] . Palladian villalari odatda uch qavatdan iborat bo?ladi: rustiklangan podval yoki birinchi qavat, xizmat va kichik xonalarni o?z ichiga oladi. Yuqorida, pianino nobile asosiy qabul qilish va yotoq xonalarini o?z ichiga olgan tashqi zinapoyalarga o?tish orqali erishilgan ayvon orqali kiriladi va uning tepasida ikkinchi darajali yotoqxonalar va turar joy joylashgan past mezzanina mavjud. Villa ichidagi har bir xonaning nisbati 3:4 va 4:5 kabi oddiy matematik nisbatlar bo?yicha hisoblab chiqilgan va uy ichidagi turli xonalar bu nisbatlar bilan o?zaro bog?langan ^[7] .

Palladio o?z villalarining ikki tomonlama maqsada xizmat qilishi uchun qurdi. U villalarda fermari va boy savdogarlar uchun dam olish kunlarida dam olish maskani sifatida xizmat qilishini ko?rib chiqdi ^[9] . Bu nosimmetrik o?xshash uylar ko?pincha otlar, qishloq xo?jaligi hayvonlari va qishloq xo?jaligi do?konlarini joylashtirish uchun bir xil darajada simmetrik, ammo past qanotlarga ega bo?lgan ^[10] .

Venetsiya va Palladian derazalari [ tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash ]

Palladian, Serlian yoki Venetsiya oynasi asosan Palladio ishida aks etadi va deyarli uning dastlabki karerasining daromad belgisidir ^[11] .

Venetsiyalik deraza uch qismdan iborat: markaziy baland dumaloq kemerli teshik, yon tomonlarida ikkita kichikroq to?rtburchaklar teshiklari, ikkinchisi lintellar bilan qoplangan va ustunlar bilan mustahkamlangan ^[12] . Bu qadimgi Rim zafar archasidan olingan bo?lib, u birinchi bo?lib Venetsiya tashqarisida Donato Bramante tomonidan qo?llanilgan.

Palladio tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan, odatda ketma-ket qo?llanilgan bu oyna orasiga kattaroq yoki ulkan tartibli yon panjaralarni qo?llab-quvvatlovchi kichik ustunlarni ikki baravar oshirib, ikkinchi ustunni birinchisining yoniga emas, orqasiga qo?yadi ^{[13] [14]} .

Palladio bu elementlardan keng foydalandi, masalan, Villa Forni Cerato ga kirishda juda oddiy shaklda loyihalangan ^[15] . Nomi yoki kelib chiqishi qanday bo?lishidan qat?i nazar, derazaning bu shakli Palladioning keyingi me?morchilik uslublarida Palladianizmdan paydo bo?lgan ishining eng doimiy xususiyatlaridan biriga aylandi ^[16] . Jeyms Lis-Milnning so?zlariga ko?ra, uning Britaniyadagi birinchi ko?rinishi Londondagi Burlington uyining qayta qurilgan qanotlarida bo?lgan, u yerda bevosita manba Palladioning o?zidan emas, balki Inigo Jonsning Whitehall saroyi uchun dizaynlarida bo?lgan ^[17] .

Ilk palladianizm [ tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash ]

17-asrda Italiyada tahsil olayotgan ko?plab me?morlar Palladio ijodi bilan tanishdilar. Chet ellik arxitektorlar uylariga qaytib kelishdi va Palladio uslubini turli iqlim , topografiya va mijozlarning shaxsiy didiga moslashtirib berishdi. Butun dunyoda palladianizmning alohida shakllari shu tarzda vujudga kelgan. Biroq, Palladian uslubi 18-asrgacha, birinchi navbatda, Angliya , Uels , Shotlandiya , Irlandiyada va keyinchalik Shimoliy Amerikada mashhurlik cho?qqisiga chiqa olmadi ^[18] . Venetsiyaning o?zida barokko me?morchiligining haddan tashqari ko?pligiga erta munosabatda bo?ldi, bu Palladian tamoyillariga qaytish sifatida namoyon bo?ldi.

Palladioning hamma joyda eng nufuzli izdoshi ingliz Inigo Jons edi, u 1613-14 yillarda Palladio risolasining nusxasini izohlab , Arundelning ?kollektor“ grafi bilan Italiya bo?ylab sayohat qildi ^[19] . Jons va uning zamondoshlari va keyingi izdoshlarining ?palladianizmi“ asosiy ular foydalangan uslubi edi.

Merosi [ tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash ]

1770-yillarga kelib Britaniyada Robert Adam va Uilyam Chambers kabi me?morlarga talab katta edi, ammo ular hozirda juda ko?p turli xil klassik manbalarga, jumladan, qadimgi Yunoniston uslubiga ham tayanganlar, shu sababli ularning arxitektura shakllari oxir-oqibat neoklassik deb ta?riflangan. Yevropada Palladian uslubining uyg?onishi 18-asr oxirida tugadi ^[20] . Shimoliy Amerikada palladianizm biroz uzoqroq davom etdi. Bugungi kunda ?Palladian“ atamasi ko?pincha noto?g?ri ishlatiladi va har qanday klassik da?volarga ega binoni tasvirlashga moyildir. Biroq, 20-asrda Palladian g?oyalari qayta tiklandi; Nufuzli arxitektura nazariyotchisi Kolin Rou Ideal villaning matematikasi (1947-yil) inshosini nashr etdi, unda Palladio villalaridagi kompozitsion ?qoidalar“ va Le Korbusierning Puissy va Garches villalari o?rtasidagi bog?liqlikni ko?rsatdi ^[21] . Syuzan Uolters o?zining Modernizmning ikki yuzi maqolasida Palladio g?oyalarining 20-asr me?morlariga ta?siri davom etishini takitlaydi ^[22] .

Yana qarang [ tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash ]

• Yangi klassik arxitektura
• Stok Park pavilyonlari
• Jakomo Kuarengi
• Riviera del Brenta

Manbalar [ tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash ]

Adabiyotlar [ tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash ]

• Bold, John (1988) Wilton House and English Palladianism . London, HMSO, ISBN  978-0-113-00022-7
• Chaney, Edward (2006) ?George Berkeley’s Grand Tours: The Immaterialist as Connoisseur of Art and Architecture“, in The Evolution of the Grand Tour: Anglo-Italian Cultural Relations Since the Renaissance (2nd ed.) London, Routledge, ISBN  0-7146-4474-9
• Constant, Caroline (1993) The Palladio Guide . New York, Princeton Architectural Press, ISBN  978-1-878-27185-3
• Copplestone, Trewin (1963) World Architecture . London, Hamlyn, OCLC   473368368
• Curl, James Stevens (2016) Oxford Dictionary of Architecture . Oxford, Oxford University Press, ISBN  978-0-199-67499-2
• Dal Lago, Adalbert (1966) Ville Antiche . Milan, Fratelli Fabbri, OCLC   1103629596
• Farber, Joseph C. Farber, Reed, Henry Hope (1980) Palladio?s Architecture and Its Influence: A Photographic Guide . New York, Dover Publications, ISBN  0-486-23922-5
• Frampton, Kenneth (2001) Studies in Tectonic Culture . Cambridge, US, MIT Press, ISBN  0-262-56149-2
• Gaustad, Edwin (1979) George Berkeley in America . New Haven, US, Yale University Press, ISBN  9780300023947
• Guinness, Desmond and Sadler, Julius Trousdale (1976) The Palladian Style in England, Ireland and America . London, Thames and Hudson, ISBN  978-0-500-34067-7
• Halliday, F. E. (1967) Cultural History of England . London: Thames and Hudson, OCLC   473650485
• Howard, Deborah and Quill, Sarah (2002) The Architectural history of Venice . New Haven, US, Yale University Press, ISBN  9780300090284
• Jackson-Stops, Gervase (1990) The Country House in Perspective . London, Pavilion Books Ltd., ISBN  9781851453832
• Kostof, Spiro (1985) A History of Architecture . New York, Oxford University Press, ISBN  9780195083781
• Kruft, Hanno-Walter (1994) A History of Architectural Theory: From Vitruvius to the Present . Princeton, US, Princeton Architectural Press, ISBN  9781568980102
• Lees-Milne, James (1986) The Earls of Creation . London, Century Hutchinson ISBN  0712694641
• Lewis, Hilary and O?Connor, John (1994) Philip Johnson: The architect in His Own Words . New York, Rizzoli International Publications, ISBN  9780847818235
• Marten Paolo (1993) Palladio . Koln: Benedikt Taschen Verlag GmbH. (Photos of Palladio?s surviving buildings)
• Morrison, Hugh, (1952) American?s First Architecture: From the First Colonial Settlements to the National Period . New York, Oxford University Press, OCLC   1152916624
• Nichols, Frederick Nichols (1984) Thomas Jefferson?s Architectural Drawings . Boston, US, ISBN  9780813903286
• O?Brien, Jacqueline and Guinness, Desmond, (1993) Great Irish Houses and Castles . London, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, ISBN  978-0-297-83236-2
• Orbach, Julian, Pevsner, Nikolaus and Cherry, Bridget (2021) Wiltshire: The Buildings of England . New Haven, US and London, Yale University Press, ISBN  978-0-300-25120-3
• Pevsner, Nikolaus (1960) An Outline of European Architecture . Harmondsworth, UK, Penguin Books, OCLC   154230727
• Reed, Henry Hope and Farber, Joseph C. (1980) Palladio?s Architecture and Its Influence . New York, Dover Publications, OCLC   1088786242
• Rowe, Colin (1976) The Mathematics of the Ideal Villa and Other Essays . Cambridge, US and London, MIT Press, ISBN  978-0-262-18077-1
• Ruhl, Carsten (2011) Palladianism: From the Italian Villa to International Architecture . European History Online Mainz: Institute of European History. Retrieved: May 23, 2011.
• Severens, Kenneth (1981) Southern Architecture: 350 Years of Distinctive American Buildings . New York, E.P. Dutton, ISBN  9780525206927
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• Tavernor, Robert (1979) Palladio and Palladianism . London, Thames and Hudson, World of Art series, ISBN  0500202427
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• Wittkower, Rudolf (1974) Palladio and English Palladianism . London, Thames and Hudson, ISBN  0500850011
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• Wundram, Manfred and Pape, Thomas (2004) Palladio: The Complete Buildings . Koln, Germany, Tashen, ISBN  3822832006
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• Ackerman, Jeyms S. (1994) Palladio (?Arxitektor va jamiyat“ seriyasi). London, Pingvin kitoblari, OCLC   733586184
• Kimball, Fiske (1916) Tomas Jefferson, arxitektor . Boston, AQSh, Riverside Press, OCLC   629697773
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Havolalar [ tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash ]

• Chiswick uyi
• Holkham zali
• Andrea Palladio arxitekturasini o?rganish xalqaro markazi (CISA)
• Angliyadagi Palladian arxitekturasi
• Amerikadagi Palladian tadqiqotlari markazi, Inc.
• Palladio villalari
• Tomas Jefferson arxitekturasi ( Wayback Machine saytida 2015-08-06 sanasida arxivlangan )
• Woburn Abbey
• Wallington Hall ? Milliy ishonch
• Palladian yo?li uzoq masofaga piyoda