Nigilizm

Nigilizm ( lotincha nihil ? ?hech nima“) olamning , ayniqsa insoniyatning obyektiv qiymati yo?q, deb uqtiruvchi falsafiy oqimdir. ^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4] Nigilistlar quyidagilarni ta?kidlashadi:

obyektiv axloq mavjud emas;
biror amal boshqasidan ustun qo?yilishiga obyektiv sabab yo?q;
mavjudlikdan ma?no va maqsad yo?q;
boshqaruvchi yoki yaratuvchi kuchning (masalan, xudoning ) borligiga empirik dalil yo?q;
agarda shunday kuch mavjud bo?lsa ham, unga itoat qilish axloq jihatdan majburiy emas.

Nigilistlarga ko?ra, obyektiv (ya?ni umumiy, hamma mavjudotlar uchun yagona) axloq yo?q, har qanday axloq tizimi kimningdir nuqtai nazariga mos bo?ladi. Lekin muayyan shaxs hissiy yoki jamoat bosimi tufayli tayinli amalni bajaradi. Masalan, qiyin ahvolga tushgan odamga achinib, shu achinish hissi bosimi tufayli unga yordam ko?rsatadi; do?kon rastalariga qo?yilgan mollarni o?g?irlashdan esa uni din va/yoki qonun prinsiplari (jamoat bosimi) tiyib turadi.

Biror amalning boshqasidan ustun qo?yilishiga obyektiv sabab yo?qligini bunday misol bilan izohlash mumkin: ikki xil amal tanlovi bor ? cho?kayotgan odamni qutqarish yoki qutqarmaslik. Nigilistga ko?ra, ikkala amal oqibatida ham o?sha cho?kayotgan odam vafot etadi (uzoq kelajakda yoki o?sha damning o?zida). Ya?ni bu amallarning ikkalovi ham abadiyat miqyosida hech nimani o?zgartirmaydi.

Mavjudlikdan ma?no va maqsad yo?qligi avvalgi iddaolardan kelib chiqadi. Biror individ mavjudligi, hayoti faqat vaqtinchalik ahamiyatga ega bo?lishi mumkin, biroq obyektiv jihatdan ma?nosizdir.

Xudoning mavjudligi borasidagi bahslar hozirgi kungacha faqat demagogik xarakterga ega bo?lib kelmoqda. Bu xususda jiddiy empirik dalillar mavjud emas.

Nigilizmga ko?ra, agar xudo mavjud bo?lsa ham, unga itoat etish, bo?ysunish faqat uning bosimi tufayli (jazosidan qo?rqib, mukofotidan umidvor bo?lib) amalga oshirilishi mumkin. Xudoga itoat etish, boshqa har qanday amal kabi, ma?nosizdir.

Etmologiyasi [ tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash ]

Ijtimoiy-tarixiy taraqqiyot inqirozga uchragan davrlarda ayniqsa keng yoyildi. Nigilizm terminini birinchi marta nemis faylasufi Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi (1743?1819) qo?llagan. Rossiyada bu termin Ivan Turgenevning ?Otalar va bolalar“ (1862) romani nashr etilganidan keyin keng tarqaldi. 19-asrning 2-yarmida krepostnoylik an?analarini va dinni inkor etgan raznochinshestidesyatniklarning radikal oqimi vakillari nigilistlar deb atalgan. Keyinchalik nigilizm termini inqilobiy mafkura va demokratik harakatni tahqirlash uchun ishlatilgan. ^[5]

Shuningdek [ tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash ]

Manbalar [ tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash ]

↑ Crosby, Donald A. (1998). "Nihilism". Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Taylor and Francis. doi : 10.4324/9780415249126-N037-1 . ISBN 9780415250696 . "As its name implies (from Latin nihil, 'nothing'), philosophical nihilism is a philosophy of negation, rejection, or denial of some or all aspects of thought or life."
↑ Deleuze, Gilles . Nietzsche and Philosophy . London: The Athlone Press, 1962. ISBN 978-0-231-13877-2 . ?Nietzsche calls the enterprise of denying life and depreciating existence nihilism.“
↑ Veit, Walter (2018). ?Existential Nihilism: The Only Really Serious Philosophical Problem“ . Journal of Camus Studies . 211?236-bet. doi : 10.13140/RG.2.2.26965.24804 .
↑
- Crosby, Donald A. (1998). "Nihilism". Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Taylor and Francis. doi : 10.4324/9780415249126-N037-1 . ISBN 9780415250696 . "As its name implies (from Latin nihil, 'nothing'), philosophical nihilism is a philosophy of negation, rejection, or denial of some or all aspects of thought or life."
- Pratt, Alan. "Nihilism" . Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy . https://www.iep.utm.edu/nihilism/ . "Nihilism is the belief that all values are baseless and that nothing can be known or communicated. It is often associated with extreme pessimism and a radical skepticism that condemns existence."
- "Nihilism" . Encyclopædia Britannica . https://www.britannica.com/topic/nihilism . "In the 20th century, nihilism encompassed a variety of philosophical and aesthetic stances that, in one sense or another, denied the existence of genuine moral truths or values, rejected the possibility of knowledge or communication, and asserted the ultimate meaninglessness or purposelessness of life or of the universe."
↑ O?zME . Birinchi jild. Toshkent, 2000-yil

Falsafa

Umumiy mavzular	Sharq falsafasi · G?arb falsafasi \| Falsafa tarixi : Antik · O?rta Asrlar · Oydinlashma · Renessans · XVII asr · XVIII asr · XIX asr · XX asr
Sohalar	Estetika · Etika · Epistemologiya · Mantiq · Metafizika · Ta?lim falsafasi · Tarix falsafasi · Til falsafasi · Huquq falsafasi · Fan falsafasi · Metafalsafa · Siyosat falsafasi · Din falsafasi · Urush falsafasi
Oqimlar	Tahliliy falsafa · Determinizm · Dialektik materializm · Ratsionalizm · Ekzistensializm · Absurdizm · Hegelchilik · Gumanizm · Idealizm · Materializm · Yangiaflotunchilik · Nigilizm · Fenomenologiya · Aflotunchilik · Pozitivizm · Postmodernizm · Pragmatizm · · Sxolastitsizm · Stoitsizm

[1] Crosby, Donald A. (1998). "Nihilism". Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Taylor and Francis. doi : 10.4324/9780415249126-N037-1 . ISBN 9780415250696 . "As its name implies (from Latin nihil, 'nothing'), philosophical nihilism is a philosophy of negation, rejection, or denial of some or all aspects of thought or life."

[2] Deleuze, Gilles . Nietzsche and Philosophy . London: The Athlone Press, 1962. ISBN 978-0-231-13877-2 . ?Nietzsche calls the enterprise of denying life and depreciating existence nihilism.“

[:1-3] Veit, Walter (2018). ?Existential Nihilism: The Only Really Serious Philosophical Problem“ . Journal of Camus Studies . 211?236-bet. doi : 10.13140/RG.2.2.26965.24804 .

[4] 
Crosby, Donald A. (1998). "Nihilism". Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Taylor and Francis. doi : 10.4324/9780415249126-N037-1 . ISBN 9780415250696 . "As its name implies (from Latin nihil, 'nothing'), philosophical nihilism is a philosophy of negation, rejection, or denial of some or all aspects of thought or life."
Pratt, Alan. "Nihilism" . Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy . https://www.iep.utm.edu/nihilism/ . "Nihilism is the belief that all values are baseless and that nothing can be known or communicated. It is often associated with extreme pessimism and a radical skepticism that condemns existence."
"Nihilism" . Encyclopædia Britannica . https://www.britannica.com/topic/nihilism . "In the 20th century, nihilism encompassed a variety of philosophical and aesthetic stances that, in one sense or another, denied the existence of genuine moral truths or values, rejected the possibility of knowledge or communication, and asserted the ultimate meaninglessness or purposelessness of life or of the universe."

[5] Crosby, Donald A. (1998). "Nihilism". Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Taylor and Francis. doi : 10.4324/9780415249126-N037-1 . ISBN 9780415250696 . "As its name implies (from Latin nihil, 'nothing'), philosophical nihilism is a philosophy of negation, rejection, or denial of some or all aspects of thought or life."

[6] Pratt, Alan. "Nihilism" . Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy . https://www.iep.utm.edu/nihilism/ . "Nihilism is the belief that all values are baseless and that nothing can be known or communicated. It is often associated with extreme pessimism and a radical skepticism that condemns existence."

[7] "Nihilism" . Encyclopædia Britannica . https://www.britannica.com/topic/nihilism . "In the 20th century, nihilism encompassed a variety of philosophical and aesthetic stances that, in one sense or another, denied the existence of genuine moral truths or values, rejected the possibility of knowledge or communication, and asserted the ultimate meaninglessness or purposelessness of life or of the universe."

[5] O?zME . Birinchi jild. Toshkent, 2000-yil

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