Vikipediya, ochiq ensiklopediya
Italiya qirolligi
(
italyancha
:
Regno d'Italia
) ? 1861-yilda Risorgimento davrida vujudga kelgan va barcha mustaqil Italiya davlatlarini
Sardiniya qirolligi
tasarrufidagi yagona davlatga birlashtirgan davlat. Sardiniya qirolligini boshqargan
Savoylar sulolasi
Italiyaning
hukmron sulolasiga aylanadi. 1946-yilgi
referendumdan
keyin Italiya
monarxiyadan
respublika
tuzumiga o?tib, qirol oilasi mamlakatni tark etgan.
Davlat
Apennin yarim orolining
turli kichik davlatlarini bir necha o?n yillar davom etgan yagona davlat
Risorjimentoga
birlashtirish jarayoni natijasida vujudga kelgan. Bu jarayonga Italiyaning qonuniy salafi hisoblanishi mumkin bo?lgan Savoy uyi boshchiligidagi Sardiniya qirolligi ta?sir ko?rsatgan.
1866-yilda Italiya
Prussiya
bilan ittifoq tuzgan holda
Avstriya imperiyasiga
qarshi urush e?lon qilgan. Uryshda g?alaba qozongach Venetsiyani tarkibiga qo?shib oladi. 1870-yilda Italiya qo?shinlari
Rimga
kirib, ming yillik
papa
hukmronligiga barham beradi. 1882-yilda Italiya
Germaniya imperiyasi
va
Avstriya-Vengriya
bilan mustamlakachilik ekspansiyasi bo?yicha
Fransiya
bilan kuchli kelishmovchiliklardan so?ng uch tomonlama ittifoqqa kirgan. Germaniya bilan munosabatlar o?ta do?stona bo?lsa-da, Italiyaning Trento va Triestni Avstriya-Vengriyadan sotib olish istagi tufayli ushbu davlat bilan ittifoq faqat rasmiy ko?rinishda edi. Natijada Italiya
Birinchi jahon urushi
davrida
Angliyaning
Ittifoqchi davlatlar safiga qo?shilish taklifini qabul qiladi. Chunki G?arb davlatlari urushda qatnashgani uchun Avstriya-Vengriya hisobidan Italiyaning betarafligi evaziga Vena taklifidan ko?ra ko?proq hududiy kompensatsiya va?da qilishadi. Urushdagi g?alaba Italiyaga
Millatlar Ligasi Kengashining
doimiy a?zo sifatida qo?shilishini ta?minlaydi.
1922-yilda
Benito Mussolini
Italiya Bosh vaziri lavozimiga saylanadi va ?fashistlar Italiyasi“ nomi bilan tanilgan
Milliy fashistik partiya
hukmronligi davrini boshlaydi. Italiya fashistlari
totalitar
tuzum o?rnatadilar hamda siyosiy va intellektual muxolifatni avtoritar mexanizmlar orqali bostirishadi, iqtisodiy modernizatsiya, an?anaviy ijtimoiy qadriyatlar va Lateran kelishuvlari orqali
Rim-katolik cherkovi
bilan yaqinlashishga yordam berishadi, shu bilan suveren Papa viloyati o?rnini bosuvchi
Vatikan
tuziladi. 1930-yillarning oxirlarida fashistik hukumat agressiv tashqi siyosat yurita boshlaydi. Bularga
Efiopiyaga
qarshi urush, sanksiyalarga olib keladigan Millatlar Ligasi bilan qarama-qarshilik, o?sib borayotgan iqtisodiy avtarkiya va Po?lat paktining imzolanishi kiradi.
Fashistlar Italiyasi
Ikkinchi jahon urushida
eksa kuchlarining yetakchi a?zolaridan biriga aylangan. 1943-yilga kelib, nemis va italyan qo?shinlarining bir necha jabhada mag?lubiyatlari va ittifoqchilarning
Sitsiliyaga
muvaffaqiyatli qo?nishi fashistik tuzumning qulashiga olib keladi. Mussolini qirol
Viktor Emmanuel III
buyrug?i bilan hibsga olingan. 1943-yil sentyabr oyida yangi hukumat ittifoqchilar bilan sulh tuzadi. Nemis qo?shinlari Italiyaning shimoliy va markaziy qismini egallab, Mussolini va uning
fashist
tarafdorlari boshchiligidagi qo?g?irchoq kollaboratsionistik davlat ? Italiya Ijtimoiy Respublikasini yaratadilar. Natijada, mamlakat Italiya ittifoqchilari armiyasi va qarshilik harakatini Milliy Respublika armiyasi hamda uning nemis ittifoqchilari kuchlariga qarshi qo?yib, fuqarolar urushiga kiradi.
Urush tugaganidan ko?p o?tmay, fuqarolar noroziligi 1946-yilda Italiya monarxiya bo?lib qoladimi yoki respublika bo?ladimi degan
konstitutsiyaviy
referendumga olib kelgan. Italiya fuqarolari monarxiyadan voz kechib, Italiya Respublikasini tuzishga qaror qiladilar.
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