한국   대만   중국   일본 
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?????? ( ????? : ????????????????? ( ?????? : Gothi )? ?????? : Γ?τθοι   Gotthoi ) ????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???? [1] [2] [3]

???? ???? ?????? (c. 551) ???? ???? ???????? ????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???????????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? [1] ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? – ????? ??? ?? ??????? ????? – ??????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? [1] [2] ????? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???? [1] [4] ????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ?????????? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ???? [5] ?? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???? [4]

????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??? 378? ??? ?????????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ? ????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ??? [3] ???? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?????????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ?????????? ??????? ???? ??? [6] [3]

?????????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? [5] [4]

???? ???? [ ????? ]

?????? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? [1] [2] [7] [8] [9] ???????? ? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??? [10] [11] [12] ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???? [13] [14] [15] [16] ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???? ??? [17] [18] [19]

???? ?????? ?? ??? [ ????? ]

????? ??? ? ???? [ ????? ]

???? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ????? [20] [21] ????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ???????? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???: "?? ?? ????? ?? ?? ?? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?? ?? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???" [22] ??????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?? ?? ?? ????? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?? "?? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ????" [23]

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?????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??????   ??? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????
???? ??????? ????? ???? ???? [24] ????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?? ?? ??????? ????? (????? ??? ???)? [25] [26] ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ??? [27]

?? ???? ??? 500? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? 589? ??? ????????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? [28] ?? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ??? (???? ????? ??? ?????? ) ??? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ????

????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???? [27] ???

?????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ???? [29]

????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????

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  1. ^ ? ? ? ? ? Heather 2012 . "Goths, a Germanic people, who, according to Jordanes' Getica, originated in Scandinavia. The Cernjachov culture of the later 3rd and 4th cents. AD beside the Black Sea, and the Polish and Byelorussian Wielbark cultures of the 1st?3rd. cents. ad, provide evidence of a Gothic migration down the Vistula to the Black Sea, but no clear trail leads to Scandinavia."
  2. ^ ? ? ? Heather 2018 . "a Germanic tribe whose name means 'the people', first attested immediately south of the Baltic Sea in the first two centuries."
  3. ^ ? ? ? Vitiello 2022 , pp. 160?192.
  4. ^ ? ? ? Pritsak 2005 .
  5. ^ ? ? Heather 2018 , p. 673.
  6. ↑ Heather 2012 , p. 623.
  7. ↑ Pritsak 2005 . Goths... a Germanic people..."
  8. ↑ Thompson 1973 . "Goths, a Germanic people described by Roman authors of the 1st century a.d. as living in the neighbourhood of the mouth of the Vistula river."
  9. ↑ "Goth" ? Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary? Merriam-Webster ? 05 ???? 2021 ??? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ? ??? ??? ?????? 22 ???? 2021 ? Goth... [A] member of a Germanic people that overran the Roman Empire in the early centuries of the Christian era   "Goth" . Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Merriam-Webster . from the original on 5 March 2021 . Retrieved 22 March 2021 . Goth... [A] member of a Germanic people that overran the Roman Empire in the early centuries of the Christian era ; "Goth" ? WordReference.com ? Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary ? Random House ? 2021? 02 ????? 2019 ??? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ? ??? ??? ?????? 22 ???? 2021 ? Goth... [O]ne of a Teutonic people who in the 3rd to 5th centuries invaded and settled in parts of the Roman Empire.   "Goth" . WordReference.com . Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary . Random House . 2021. from the original on 2 December 2019 . Retrieved 22 March 2021 . Goth... [O]ne of a Teutonic people who in the 3rd to 5th centuries invaded and settled in parts of the Roman Empire. ; "Goth" ? Webster's New World College Dictionary ? Houghton Mifflin Harcourt ? 2010? 27 ????? 2021 ??? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ? ??? ??? ?????? 22 ???? 2021 ? Goth... [A]ny member of a Germanic people that invaded and conquered most of the Roman Empire in the 3d, 4th, and 5th centuries a.d.   "Goth" . Webster's New World College Dictionary . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . 2010. from the original on 27 April 2021 . Retrieved 22 March 2021 . Goth... [A]ny member of a Germanic people that invaded and conquered most of the Roman Empire in the 3d, 4th, and 5th centuries a.d. ; "Goth" ? Lexico ? Oxford University Press ? 25 ??????? 2021 ??? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ? ??? ??? ?????? 22 ???? 2021 ? Goth... A member of a Germanic people that invaded the Roman Empire from the east between the 3rd and 5th centuries. The eastern division, the Ostrogoths, founded a kingdom in Italy, while the Visigoths went on to found one in Spain.   . Lexico . Oxford University Press . Archived from the original ??????? ??? (Date missing) ?????? lexico.com (Error: unknown archive URL) on 25 July 2021 . Retrieved 22 March 2021 . Goth... A member of a Germanic people that invaded the Roman Empire from the east between the 3rd and 5th centuries. The eastern division, the Ostrogoths, founded a kingdom in Italy, while the Visigoths went on to found one in Spain. ; "Goth" ? The Free Dictionary ? The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language ? Houghton Mifflin Harcourt ? 2016? 29 ???? 2021 ??? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ? ??? ??? ?????? 22 ???? 2021 ? Goth... A member of a Germanic people who invaded the Roman Empire in the early centuries of the Christian era.   "Goth" . The Free Dictionary . The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . 2016. from the original on 29 March 2021 . Retrieved 22 March 2021 . Goth... A member of a Germanic people who invaded the Roman Empire in the early centuries of the Christian era. ; "Goth" ? The Free Dictionary ? Random House Kernerman Webster's College Dictionary? Random House ? 2016? 29 ???? 2021 ??? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ? ??? ??? ?????? 22 ???? 2021 ? Goth... [A] member of a Germanic people settled N of the Black Sea in the 3rd century a.d., who, with the collapse of the Roman Empire, established kingdoms in Spain and Italy.   "Goth" . The Free Dictionary . Random House Kernerman Webster's College Dictionary. Random House . 2016. Archived from the original on 29 March 2021 . Retrieved 22 March 2021 . Goth... [A] member of a Germanic people settled N of the Black Sea in the 3rd century a.d., who, with the collapse of the Roman Empire, established kingdoms in Spain and Italy.
  10. ↑ Fulk 2018 . "[A] number of named early Germanic groups are to be counted among the East Germanic peoples... Usually included in this group are Goths (among whom are probably to be counted Gepids, Greuthingi, and Thervingi), Bastarnae, Burgundians, Heruli, Rugii, Sciri, Silingi, and Vandals."
  11. ↑ Murdoch & Read 2004 . "The Goths, another East Germanic group like the Vandals and the Burgundians, had originated (by tradition) in Scandinavia, and are attested at an early stage at the mouth of the Vistula in modern Poland."
  12. ↑ "Goth" ? WordReference.com ? Collins Concise English Dictionary ? HarperCollins Publishers ? 02 ????? 2019 ??? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ? ??? ??? ?????? 22 ???? 2021 ? Goth... [A] member of an East Germanic people from Scandinavia who settled south of the Baltic early in the first millennium ad. They moved on to the Ukrainian steppes and raided and later invaded many parts of the Roman Empire from the 3rd to the 5th century.   "Goth" . WordReference.com . Collins Concise English Dictionary . HarperCollins Publishers . Archived from the original on 2 December 2019 . Retrieved 22 March 2021 . Goth... [A] member of an East Germanic people from Scandinavia who settled south of the Baltic early in the first millennium ad. They moved on to the Ukrainian steppes and raided and later invaded many parts of the Roman Empire from the 3rd to the 5th century.
  13. ↑ Wolfram 2005 . "While the Gutones, the Pomeranian precursors of the Goths, and the Vandili, the Silesian ancestors of the Vandals, were still considered part of Tacitean Germania, the later Goths, Vandals, and other East Germanic tribes were differentiated from the Germans and were referred to as Scythians, Goths, or some other special names. The sole exception are the Burgundians, who were considered German because they came to Gaul via Germania. In keeping with this classification, post-Tacitean Scandinavians were also no longer counted among the Germans, even though they were regarded as close relatives."
  14. ↑ Halsall 2014 "Goths, who have in recent decades become something of a paradigm for 'Germanic migrations', spoke a Germanic language but they were not considered Germani by Graeco-Roman authors, who usually saw them as 'Scythians' or as descendants of other peoples recorded in the same region like the Getae."
  15. ↑ Goffart 1989 . "Goths, Vandals, and Gepids, among others, never called themselves German or were regarded as such by late Roman observers."
  16. ↑ Goffart 2010 "The use of "German" waned sharply in late antiquity, when, for example, it was mainly reserved by Roman authors as an alternative to "Franks" and never applied to Goths or the other peoples living in their vicinity at the eastern end of the Danube."
  17. ↑ Heather 2010 . "Goths, Rugi and other Germani... Goths but also of some other Germani, notably Heruli... Germani such as the Vandals or Goths..."
  18. ↑ Heather 2007 . "Militarized freedmen among the Germani appear in sixth- and seventh-century Visigothic and Frankish law codes."
  19. ↑ James & Krmnicek 2020 . "They also became aware of some groups regarded as Germani, notably the Goths, migrating south-eastwards during the early centuries AD towards the Black Sea."
  20. ↑ Bradley 1888 "The Goths are always described as tall and athletic men, with fair complexions, blue eyes, and yellow hair..."
  21. ↑ Wolfram 1990 , p. 6.
  22. ↑ Moorhead & Stuttard 2006 , p. 56.
  23. ↑ Procopius 1914 , Book III, II
  24. ↑ Heather 2007 . "Goths ? Germanic-speaking group first encountered in northern Poland in the first century AD."
  25. ↑ Heather 2010 , p. 63.
  26. ↑ Howatson 2011 .
  27. ^ ? ? Pronk-Tiethoff 2013 , pp. 9?11.
  28. ↑ Pohl & Reimitz 1998 , pp. 119?21.
  29. ↑ Simpson 2010 , p. 460.

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  • Hervarar saga ok Heiðreks (????? ??? ?????? ?? ????)
  • Hloðskviða (?????? ??? ???? ?? ???)

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????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? * Gut-þiuda ('????? ???') ?? * Gutans ('?????') ??? ???? ???? [1] [2] ????? ??? ?? ?????-????? ??? * Gut?z ??? ?? ??? n-stem ??????? * Gutaniz ?? ???? ????? ??? ?? ?? ????? Gutones ? gutani ?? gutniskr ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? * Gutoz ?? Gutes ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? (* Gaut?z ) ?? ???? ???? ????? ??? [3] ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??? [4] ?? ?? ?? ???? ?????-????? ??? * ?????- ?? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? "?????"? [5]

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    Gotaland
   The island of Gotland
    Wielbark culture in the early 3rd century
    Chernyakhov culture , in the early 4th century
    Roman Empire

????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? [6] [7] ???????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ????????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ??? [8] [9] [10] ??? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ???? [11] [12] [13] [14]

???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? (????????????) ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ???????????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???? [15] ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???? [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] ????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???????????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? [21] ???? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? [22] [23] ???? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???????????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? [24] [25] [26]

?????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ???? [27] [28] [29] ?????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???? [30] [31] [32] ????? ???? ??? ???????????? ?????? (??? ??? ?? ????? ) ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???????????? ???? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? [33] [34]

???? ??? ??? ?? ???????????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???? [35] [36] [37] ?? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??????????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ????? Oksywie ????? ?? ??? ?? ??? [38] ??? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? [39] [40] ?? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???????????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???? [31] ??????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??????? [22] [41] [42] [43] [44] ???????? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ??????????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???????? (??????) ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???? [45] [46]

????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ???

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???? ???????: ????????
    Oksywie culture and the early Wielbark culture
   Expansion of the Wielbark culture
    Przeworsk culture

?????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?????-???? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???? [47] [11] [12] [44] [48] [49] ???????? Gutones ??? ??? ?? ???? Goths ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? [50] [51] [52] [53]

15 ????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ????????? ?????? ????????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???? "?????" ?? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??? [54] [55] ?????? Lugii ?? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ???? [56] ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? [57] ??????? ????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???? [56]

77 AD ???? ?????? ?? ????? Pliny the Elder ?? ?????? Gutones ?? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ????????? ? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??????????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ??? "???? ?????" ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? [56] [58] ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ?? ?????? Guiones ?? ?????? Gutones ?? ????? ?? ??? ???? ????????? Pytheas ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??? [30] [59]

98 ????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ?????? (?? ???????) ??? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???? [60] ?? ?? ????? "????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?????" ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? [61] [60] [62] ??? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ????????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ???? [63] [64] ?? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? [60]

?????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????

?????????? Gothiscandza ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???????? Jordanes ????? ?? ?? ?????? Goths ?? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??? [65] ??????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? [56]

??????? 150 ????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? (?? ?????) ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? [66] [67] ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? (?? ????) ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? [67] ?? ?????? Gutae ?????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??? ????????? ?? ??? ???? [66] ??????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ????????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ???? [66]

????? ???? ?? ??? ???? [ ????? ]

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????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? [68] ?? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? [68] ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? [68] ????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?? ?? ????????? ????? ?? ???? ???? [68] 200 ????? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???? [69]

???????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??? [65] [70] ??? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? [23] [71] ????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??? "??? ????" ?? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? [72] ????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ????????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? [73] ???????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? [74] ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? [75] [76] ????? ?? ?? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???? ???? [77]

????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???? [78] [79] ?? ???? ????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??? [80] ???? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???? [81] ?? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???? [80]

???? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ???? [ ????? ]

???? ???????: ????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ? ?????? ?? ??? ? ??? ?????? ?? ???
????? ??? ??? ????? ????

???? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??? 238? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ??? [74] [82] ????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? Scythians ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? Scythia ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???? [83] ?? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ????? (???)( ?????? : Gothi )? ?? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? [84] ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ????? [85] [51] ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? [86] [87]

????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? [88] ?? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ???? [89] ??? ???? ????? [90] ??? ????? ??? ???? [91] ?? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?? "?????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?????" ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? [92] ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ????? ????????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???? [88] ??? 240? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?????????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? 244? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? [93] ???????? ? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??? [94] ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ?? ???????? (?????) ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? [95]

???? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???? [96] ?? 251-250 ???? ????? ?????? ????? Cniva ?? ?????????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? [97] [74] ?? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ???? [74]

???? ????? ?????? ???? ?? 250 ?? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ??? 253? ??? 256? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??? "???? ?? ???" ?? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ????????? Gregory Thaumaturgus ?? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???????? Boradoi ?? ????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?? ?? "?? ???? ?? ?? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ???"? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? [98] ????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???????? Bithynia ??? ???????? Propontis ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ???? [91] [74] [99]

10 ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??? 500 ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?? ????? [100] ???????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ???? [101] ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?????????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ????? ( ???? ???? ) ?? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ? ??????? ????? ? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???? [91] ?? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? [91] ?? ?? ????? ( ??????) ???? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ????? 3000 ?? ???? ????? [102] [91] ????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???? [100] [91] [74]

??? 268? ?? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? Alamanni ?? ??? ??? ?? ??????? Raetia ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????

???? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????

. [103] [74]

????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ????????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ????

?? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????? (???????? ??? ???????)? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? (Dniester) ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? [?] [91] ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?????

.

?? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? [91] ????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ( ???? ? ????????????? ) ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ????????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?? [102] ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ???? [91] ??? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???? ???? [91] ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ???? [91] ?? ?? ?? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??????????? ??? ????????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????? [91] [74]

300 ????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???

??????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? [104] ?? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? 269? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??????? 50,000 ???? ?? ????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??????????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? [102] [91] ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? [91] [74] ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?????? [104]

??? 270? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ????????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???? [105] [82] [106]

??????? ??? 275? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? [107] ????? ??? 276? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? [107]

????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????: ??????? ??? ?????????? ? [108] ????? ? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???? [109] ??????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ???? [109] [110]

????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ??????????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?????????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ????? [111] [112] ????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????? Dacia ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? [74]

???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? (??? 300? ?? 375? ??) [ ????? ]

???? ???????: ???????? ? ???????? ? ????? ? ?????????? ? ??? ??????
????????Pietroassa ?? ???? ? ?? ?? ????? ??? 250? ?? 400? ?? ?? ??? ?????????? ??????? Pietroasele? Romania ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? Elder Futhark Runic ???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???

??? 332? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? 100,000  ???? ????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ???? [113] ????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??? 334? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? 300,000 ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??????  ??? 335? ?? 336? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??? [114]

?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? "?????? ?? ?? ?? ?????" ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ???? [115] ???????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ???? "??? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???"? ?? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???? [116] [117]

????????? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? 40,000 ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? [118] ????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?????????? ???? ? [119] ???? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???? [119] ???? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?????????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???? [120]

???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? [121] ????? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ????????? Synesius ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ??????:

???? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ????????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ????? [121]

???????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????? 1860?

????? ??? ???? ?????? Geberic ?? ??? ?? ???????? Greuthungian ?????? ???????? Ermanaric ?? ???????? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? [122] ???????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?????? (?? ?? ????? ????? Alaric ?? ??? ???)? ????? Aesti ??? ?????? ?????? Vistula Veneti ?? ????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? [123] [122] ???????? ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?? "??? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???" [123] ???????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? Herwig Wolfram ?? ?????? ?? ?? ???????? Ermanaric ?? ????? ????? Pontic Steppe ?? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ???? [122] [124] ?? ??? ?? ??? ????????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???? (???? ?????)? ???????? (?????????)? ??????? ??? ? ?????? ??? ???? ????? (?????) ??? ???? ???? [125] ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? [122] ???????? Chernyakhov ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? [126] ????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ??? [127] ????? - ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?????? [128] ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ????-???? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????? [129]

Hervarar saga ok Heiðreks (The Saga of Hervor and Heidrek) ?? ?????? ??? 13??? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ? Arheimar Goths ?? ??????? Reidgotaland ?? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ??? ?? ????? Oium ???? ??? [70]

??? 360? ?? ????? ???? ???????? ? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ????? ???? Fritigern ? ?? Athanaric ?? ???? ???? Valens ?? ????? ???? ???? ???? Arianism ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??? ???????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???? [130]

???? ?? ??? (??????? ??? 375? ???) [ ????? ]

???? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? 1886??" ????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ???"

??? 375? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???? [131] [132] ?? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? 370? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???? [133] ?? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? [134]

???????? Ermanaric (???? ??? 376?) ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? Greuthungi ????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ? ???? ??????? I. ??? ???? ????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? [135] ???? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?? (??? ??????? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ??)? [136] ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? (??? ????? ??) ??? ??? 376? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??? ??? [137]

?????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? " Hloðskviða " (?????? ??? ???? ?? ?????) ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??? [138]

????? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? 376? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ?? ????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? (???? ???????? ?? ???? ???)? [139] ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ???? [140] ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? [139] ????????? ????? ?????????? Moesia ??? ???? ?????

376-382 ?? ????? ??? [ ????? ]

?????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??? (?? 376? ?? 382? ??) ?????? ?????
400 ????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???

??????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???? [139] ?? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???? [141] ???? ????? ????????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ????? Alatheus ??? Saphrax ?? ??? ???? ?? Vithericus ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? Greuthungi ?????? Vithimiris ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???? [141] ????? ??? ?? ?????? 378 ??? ?????????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???? [142] [143]

?????????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ? ????? ?? ????? ????? ? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? [144]

379 ??? ?????????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ?? ????????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? [145] [146] ??????? ??? ???? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???????? ?????? [145] ?????????? ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???? [147] 382 ??? ????????? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?? 3 ?????? 382 ?? ?????? ???? ??? [147] ??????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???? [147]

??? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? [ ????? ]

??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??? ?????????? ? [148] [149] [150] [151] Visigoths ?? ???? ?? "???? ?? ????"? ???? Ostrogoths ?? ???? ?? "???? ?? ????"? [152] ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?????????? ?? ?????????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? [153] ????????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ?? "????? ????" ??? ??? ????????? ?? "????? ????" ?? ????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??? [154] ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? [155] ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ????? [153]

  1. ↑ Lehmann 1986 , pp. 163?64.
  2. ↑ Brink 2002 , p. 688.
  3. ↑ Andersson 1998a , pp. 402?03.
  4. ↑ Wolfram 1990 , p. 21.
  5. ↑ Brink 2008 , pp. 90, 110.
  6. ↑ Heather 1994 . "[T]he Getica of Jordanes has nevertheless played a crucial role. Written in the mid-sixth century, it is the only source which purports to provide an overview of Gothic history in our period, and has decisively influenced all modern historians of the Goths.
  7. ↑ Heather 1998 . "Modern approaches to the history of the Goths have been decisively shaped by the survival of one particular text: the Origins and Acts of the Goths or Getica of Jordanes. Written in Constantinople in about AD 550, it is a unique document. Although its author wrote in Latin, he was of Gothic descent, and drew upon Gothic oral traditions... [T]he Getic's consolidated account has exercised enormous influence on the overall "shape" of modern reconstructions of Gothic history... Thanks to [archaeology]... it is now possible to exercise at least some kind of control of Jordanes' account of even this earliest period of Gothic history."
  8. ↑ Heather 1994 , p. 5.
  9. ↑ Jordanes 1915 , pp. 19?22.
  10. ↑ Gillett 2000 , pp. 479?500.
  11. ^ ? ? Fulk 2018 . "How the Goths arrived at the Black Sea, and where they originated, are matters of debate. The usual assumption, and the one still credited by the considerable majority of scholars, has been that the account given in the sixth-century Getica of Jordanes is trustworthy at least in general outline: according to this account, the Goths migrated, perhaps about 100 BCE, from Scandinavia (Scandza) to the banks of the Vistula. Their area of settlement on the southern coast of the Baltic is called by Jordanes Gothiscandza... In accordance with the account of Jordanes, the Goths have usually been identified with the Gutones first mentioned by Pliny the Elder ca. 65 CE as living on the shore of (apparently) the Baltic Sea. On this reasoning the Goths have also commonly been associated with the island of Gotland and with the region of south-central Sweden called Gotaland (named after the ON Gautar, OE G?atas), from which areas they are assumed to have migrated originally... In more recent times the account of Jordanes, recorded so many centuries after the purported departure from Scandinavia, has been called into question, in part on archaeological grounds... [T]he presence of Goths in Scandinavia is not to be doubted... At all events, the name of the Goths is so common in place-names in Sweden – and place-names are often among the most archaic evidence – that it is difficult to believe that the Gothic presence in Scandinavia could have been a late development."
  12. ^ ? ? Robinson 2005 . "Greek and Roman sources of the first and second centuries A.D. are the earliest written evidence we have for the Goths, under the names Guthones, Gothones, and Gothi. The sources agree in placing these people along the Vistula river, although whether they were on the coast or a bit inland is unclear. Also not totally clear is the connection between these people and other tribal groupings of similar names found at that time and later in parts of south central Sweden (now Vastergotland and Ostergotland) and on the island of Gotland. If the legend recorded by the sixth-century Gothic historian Jordanes is accurate, the Goths came to the mouth of the Vistula from across the sea, displacing a number of Germanic tribes who were there before them, including the Vandals. The weight of scholarship appears to support this story, with (mainland) Gotland being seen as the likely point of origin, and the early first century B.C. as the likely time. Owing perhaps partially to population pressure, a large number of Goths subsequently left the Vistula in the mid-second century A.D. Around 170 they reached an area north of the Black Sea, where they settled between the Don and the Dniester rivers."
  13. ↑ Kasperski 2015 . "The story by Jordanes about the migration of Goths from Scandza is a matter of a vivid and long standing discussion between historians. Most scholars argue that it is a part of the Gothic tribal tradition... Historians have long wondered how Jordanes learned about the migration. Some researchers claim that the source of his inspiration was an original Gothic tribal saga. It is even believed that the story about the origin (origo) of the Goths in Scandza is one of the most important parts of the Gothic tribal tradition, passed orally from generation to generation, a pillar sustaining the ethnicity of this people. However, not all scholars share this belief"
  14. ↑ Goffart 2010 . "The report that the earliest Goths departed from Scandinavia for the Continent at some undetermined moment in the distant past still commands an impressive body of believers.... Experts in Germanic literature who instantly discount reports of Trojan or Scythian or Noachic origins as being fabulous, solemnly assent: emigration from Scandinavia is an authentic "tribal memory:' the one kernel of historicity to be plucked from an unholy stew of misconceptions and fabrications.
  15. ↑ Jordanes 1915 , p. iv (25).
  16. ↑ Hedeager 2000 . "Nevertheless, that these explanations cannot be used to confirm the historicity of the origin myth does not mean that the Goths and many others did not originate from Scandinavia. Several independent, unrelated, pieces of evidence, both philological and archaeological, indicate that there might be a grain of historical truth in these stories. If Scandza is a literary motif, it might also reflect some long-gone historical reality, at least for the Goths, the Lombards, and the Anglo-Saxons, and perhaps even for groups like the Heruli, the Vandals and the Burgundians too."
  17. ↑ Heather 1994 . Some sections of narrative may also derive from oral tradition. We hear of King Berig, for instance, who led the Goths' migration from Scandinavia (4. 25), and of King Filimer guiding them into lands above the Black Sea (4. 28). Both are events of the distant past, and Gothic oral history seems the most likely source of these stories.... "[T]he Scandinavian origin of the Goths would seem to have been one sixth-century guess among several... The myths themselves perhaps referred only to an unnamed, mysterious island... The Scandinavian origin-tale would thus be similar to much else in the Getica, depending upon a complex mixture of material from Gothic oral and Graeco-Roman literary sources."
  18. ↑ Goffart 2005 . "[I]t takes a weird conception of any Gothic oral tradition to imagine that it would have supplied Jordanes or his source with Scandinavia in the same garb as Ptolemy, Pliny, and Pomponius Mela and would have added to it, besides, circumstantial recollections of the Goths' one-time neighbors when they emigrated 2,030 years ago."
  19. ↑ Christensen 2002 . "[Cassiodorus] had found out about this island [of Scandza] by reading works by Ptolemy and by listening to reports from people who had come to Ravenna from those regions... [He] knew... that this island was home to a people whose name was strongly reminiscent of the name of the Goths. They were called Gauts, however, and had nothing at all to do with the Goths.".
  20. ↑ Christensen 2002 . "Today we are able to conclude that this narrative is fictitious, a fabrication in which the omnipotent author himself has created both the framework and the content of the story. But in spite of all this, it is never justifiable to completely discard a relic of the past. If it cannot tell us something about the past it claims to describe; then at least it speaks volumes about the period in which it was conceived ? contingent of course upon our own ability to precisely date the source. Parting is a painful process, as in this case, where we must relinquish something we have grown accustomed to regarding as Gothic history."
  21. ↑ Ol?dzki 2004 . "Most scholars agree that contents of Jordanes' text... concerning the arrival of the Goths and Gepidae from Scandinavia to Pomerania is fully reflected in archaeological sources."
  22. ^ ? ? Heather 2012 . "Goths, a Germanic people, who, according to Jordanes' Getica, originated in Scandinavia. The Cernjachov culture of the later 3rd and 4th cents. AD beside the Black Sea, and the Polish and Byelorussian Wielbark cultures of the 1st?3rd. cents. ad, provide evidence of a Gothic migration down the Vistula to the Black Sea, but no clear trail leads to Scandinavia."
  23. ^ ? ? Heather 1998 . "The archaeogical evidence would seem at least partly to confirm Jordanes' account of Filimer's migration; the movement of Goths from the European mainland opposite Scandinavia to the hinterland of the Black Sea. Given that the events occurred some 300?400 years before the Getica was composed, at a time when the Goths were not themselves literate, Jordanes' account is more correct, it seems to me, than we have any right ro expect... It is certainly possible... that Scandinavia was explicitly mentioned in Gothic tales of the past... The story of Berig as told by Goths might have said Scandinavia... I think it likely... that the story of Berig and his migration genuinely reflect Gothic story telling in some way, but I am less sure that the original Gothic stories mentioned Scandinavia."
  24. ↑ Wolfram 1990 , pp. 39?40.
  25. ↑ Heather 1998 , pp. 24?26.
  26. ↑ Kaliff 2008 . "The archaeological record indicates that Jordanes' history concerning the origin of the Goths was based on an oral tradition with a real background... In modern research, the theory of a massive migration has generally been abandoned... Limited migration is likely to have taken place."
  27. ↑ Brink 2008 , pp. 90, 103?04.
  28. ↑ Strid 2011 , p. 43.
  29. ↑ Wolfram 1990 . "The similarity of the name of the Gothic people and that of the island of Gotland seems to support the migration legend of the Origo Gothica. This area was also the home of the medieval Gutasaga."
  30. ^ ? ? Rubekeil 2002 , pp. 603?04.
  31. ^ ? ? Kaliff 2008 , p. 236.
  32. ↑ Andersson 1998b . "Die drei Stamme der Gauten, Goten und gutar scheinen sich im s. Ostseeraum aus einem *gaut?z/*gutaniz-Volk entwickelt zu haben. Wo und wie deren Ethnogenese vor sich gegangen ist, bleibt zwar ungewiß, aber in der fortgesetzten Diskussion uber die geogr. Herkunft der Stamme ist auf jeden Fall die sprachliche Analyse der Stammesbezeichnungen von wesentlichem Gewicht."
  33. ↑ Kortlandt 2001 "Witold Ma?czak has argued that... the original homeland of the Goths must therefore be located in the southernmost part of the Germanic territories... I think that his argument is correct..."
  34. ↑ Peel 2015 , pp. 272, 290.
  35. ↑ Kaliff 2008 , p. 228.
  36. ↑ Wolfram 1990 , p. 38.
  37. ↑ Liebeschuetz 2015 , p. 106.
  38. ↑ Kaliff 2008 , p. 232.
  39. ↑ Heather 2010 , p. 103.
  40. ↑ Kokowski 2011 , pp. 72?73.
  41. ↑ Wolfram 1990 . "Archaeologists equate the earliest history of the Goths with the artifacts of a culture named after the East Prussian town Willenberg-Wielbark."
  42. ↑ Heather 2010 . "[I]s now generally accepted that the Wielbark culture incorporated areas that, in the first two centuries AD, were dominated by Goths, Rugi and other Germani."
  43. ↑ Heather 2010 . "[T]he Wielbark and Przeworsk systems have come to be understood as thoroughly dominated by Germanic-speakers, with earlier archaeological 'proofs' that the latter comprised just a very few migrants from southern Scandinavia being overturned."
  44. ^ ? ? Heather 1998 . "[The] Goths are met in historical sources... [in] northern Poland in the first and second centuries... Goths are first mentioned occupying territory in what is now Poland in the first century AD... The history of people labelled "Goths" thus spans 700 years, and huge tracts of Europe from northern Poland to the Atlantic ocean... [T]he Wielbark culture.... took shape in the middle of the first century AD... in Pomerania and lands either side of the lower Vistula... [T]his is the broad area where our few literary sources place a group called Goths at this time... Tacitus Germania 43?4 places them not quite on the Baltic coast; Ptolemy Geography 3.5.8 locates them east of the Vistula; Strabo Geography 7.1.3 (if Butones should be emended to Gutones) broadly agrees with Tacitus... The mutually confirmatory information of ancient sources and the archaeological record both suggest that Goths can first be identified beside the Vistula. It is here that this attempt to write their history will begin."
  45. ↑ Jordanes 1915 , pp. iv (26).
  46. ↑ Wolfram 1990 , pp. 36?42.
  47. ↑ Heather 2018 . "a Germanic tribe whose name means 'the people', first attested immediately south of the Baltic Sea in the first two centuries."
  48. ↑ Wolfram 1990 : "Goths – or Gutones, as the Roman sources called them... The Gutonic immigrants became Goths the very moment the Mediterranean world considered them "Scythians"... The Gothic name appears for the first time between A.D. 16 and 18. We do not, however, find the strong form Guti but only the derivative form Gutones... Hereafter, whenever the Gutones and Guti are mentioned, these terms refer to the Goths."
  49. ↑ Christensen 2002 . "During the first century and a half AD, four authors mention a people also normally identified with 'the Goths'. They seem to appear for the first time in the writings of the geographer Strabo... It is normally assumed that [the Butones/Gutones] are identical with the Goths... It has been taken for granted that these Gotones were identical to the Goths... Finally, around 150, Klaudios Ptolemaios (or Ptolemy) writes of certain [Gutones/Gythones] who are also normally identified with 'the Goths'... Ptolemy lists the [Gutae], also identified by Gothic scholars with the Goths..."
  50. ↑ Goffart 1980 . "We hear, for instance, that "the true history of the Goths" ? true, that is, as distinct from legendary "but not inadmissible" ? "begins with Pliny, who, toward A.D. 75, cited the Gutones, and Tacitus, who, towards 98, knows the Gothones." Prodigies of ingenuity are performed in creating arguments that sometimes are wholly circular. By normal standards of source analysis, the early Gothic migrations in Jordanes are about as historical as the tales of Genesis and Exodus; to champion their simple equivalence to history is a task for religious fundamentalists."
  51. ^ ? ? Christensen 2002 . "They might possibly have been mentioned in some geographical and ethnographical works dating from the first century AD, but the similarity in the names is not significant, and no antique author later considers them to be the forefathers of the Goths... No one sees this connection, even during the Great Migration. Chronologically it would, of course, be quite a realistic possibility..."
  52. ↑ Kulikowski 2006 . "The Gotones mentioned in Tacitus, Germania 44.1 and located somewhere in what is now modern Poland would not be regarded as Goths if Jordanes' migration stories did not exist."
  53. ↑ Halsall 2007 . "Although the Scythians were long gone, their name was still applied to the inhabitants of these regions: Taifals and Sarmatians, Alans and Goths... Also significant is the fact that, as mentioned, when not using 'Scythian', these writers used Getae as a synonym for Goths, rather than (as modern historians do) associating the Goths with the Gutones, who had a respectable pedigree going back to Pliny at least... We might note the similarity of names such as Eudoses and Jutes, or Gutones and Goths but how much continuity does this imply, especially when the different names are recorded in different geographical locations?"
  54. ↑ Wolfram 1990 . "[T]he Gutones... were first mentioned by Strabo..."
  55. ↑ Christensen 2002 . "It is normally assumed that [the Butones/Gutones] are identical with the Goths."
  56. ^ ? ? ? ? Wolfram 1990 , p. 40.
  57. ↑ Wolfram 1990 , pp. 394?95.
  58. ↑ Christensen 2002 , pp. 34?35.
  59. ↑ Christensen 2002 , pp. 25?31.
  60. ^ ? ? ? Wolfram 1990 , pp. 40?41.
  61. ↑ Tacitus 1876a , XLIV
  62. ↑ Christensen 2002 , pp. 35?36.
  63. ↑ Tacitus 1876b , 62
  64. ↑ Christensen 2002 , pp. 36?38.
  65. ^ ? ? Jordanes 1915 , p. iv (28).
  66. ^ ? ? ? Wolfram 1990 , pp. 37?39.
  67. ^ ? ? Christensen 2002 , pp. 38?39.
  68. ^ ? ? ? ? Heather 2010 , pp. 103?07.
  69. ↑ Heather 2010 , p. 106.
  70. ^ ? ? Wolfram 1990 , p. 42.
  71. ↑ James & Krmnicek 2020 . "Except for a few examples where material, ritualized patterns (recognizable in burial rites, offerings, or ways of structuring settlements) and cultural change correspond almost perfectly with the written account – e.g. concerning the migration of the Goths from the Southern Baltic shore to the Black Sea – identification and localization of single Germanic tribes via patterns in archaeological material has mostly not been possible."
  72. ↑ Wolfram 1990 , pp. 42?43.
  73. ↑ Kokowski 2007 , p. 222.
  74. ^ ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Heather 2010 , pp. 109?20.
  75. ↑ Heather 2010 , pp. 123?24.
  76. ↑ Heather 1994 . "[T]here is a Gothic origin to some of the Getica's material, which makes it unique among surviving sources. It specifically refers, for instance, to Gothic songs and tales recording Filimer's migration to the Black Sea"
  77. ↑ Heather 2010 , pp. 130?31.
  78. ↑ Heather & Matthews 1991 , pp. 50?51.
  79. ↑ Kokowski 2011 , p. 75.
  80. ^ ? ? Heather 1994 , pp. 87?96.
  81. ↑ Heather 2010 . "[I]t is now universally accepted that the system can be taken to reflect the world created by the Goths...
  82. ^ ? ? Bennett 2004 .
  83. ↑ Wolfram 1990 , p. 13.
  84. ↑ Wolfram 1990 , p. 20.
  85. ↑ Wolfram 1990 . "No ancient ethnographer made a connection between the Goths and the Gutones. The Gutonic immigrants became Goths the very moment the Mediterranean world considered them "Scythians".
  86. ↑ Heather 2010 . "In the period of Dacian and Sarmatian dominance, groups known as Goths ? or perhaps 'Gothones' or 'Guthones' ? inhabited lands far to the north-west, beside the Baltic. Tacitus placed them there at the end of the first century AD, and Ptolemy did likewise in the middle of the second, the latter explicitly among a number of groups said to inhabit the mouth of the Vistula. Philologists have no doubt, despite the varying transliterations into Greek and Latin, that it is the same group name that suddenly shifted its epicentre from northern Poland to the Black Sea in the third century."
  87. ↑ Christensen 2002 . "However, linguists believe there is an indisputable connection."
  88. ^ ? ? McNeill .
  89. ↑ Wolfram 1990 , pp. 209?10.
  90. ↑ Kershaw 2013 .
  91. ^ ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? Wolfram 1990 , pp. 52?56.
  92. ↑ Bury 1913 , p. 428.
  93. ↑ Wolfram 1990 , pp. 20, 44.
  94. ↑ Sprengling 1953 , pp. 7, 15.
  95. ↑ Sprengling 1953 , pp. 3?4.
  96. ↑ Kulikowski 2006 , p. 18.
  97. ↑ Wolfram 1990 , p. 128.
  98. ↑ Kulikowski 2006 , pp. 18?19.
  99. ↑ Bowman, Cameron & Garnsey 2005 , pp. 223?29.
  100. ^ ? ? Syncellus 1829 , p. 717.
  101. ↑ Bury 1911 , pp. 203?06.
  102. ^ ? ? ? Zosimus 1814 , I.42?43
  103. ↑ Bray 1997 , pp. 279?91
  104. ^ ? ? Tucker 2009 , p. 150.
  105. ↑ Wolfram 1990 , p. 56.
  106. ↑ Thompson 1973 , pp. 606?09.
  107. ^ ? ? Bowman, Cameron & Garnsey 2005 , pp. 53?54.
  108. ↑ Wolfram 1990 , p. 24.
  109. ^ ? ? Wolfram 1990 , pp. 57?58.
  110. ↑ Jordanes 1915 , p. xvii (94?95).
  111. ↑ Jordanes 1915 , pp. xvii (96?100).
  112. ↑ Wolfram 1990 , p. 58.
  113. ↑ Wolfram 1990 , pp. 63?64.
  114. ↑ Eusebius 1900 , Book IV, Chapters 5?6
  115. ↑ Wolfram 1990 , p. 95.
  116. ↑ Jordanes 1915 , pp. xxx (113?15).
  117. ↑ Wolfram 1990 , p. 62.
  118. ↑ Paul & MacMullen .
  119. ^ ? ? Aubin .
  120. ↑ Pritsak 2005 .
  121. ^ ? ? Cameron, Long & Sherry 1993 , p. 99.
  122. ^ ? ? ? ? Wolfram 1990 , pp. 86?89.
  123. ^ ? ? Jordanes 1915 , pp. xxxiii (116?20).
  124. ↑ Wolfram 1997 , pp. 26?28.
  125. ↑ Wolfram 1990 , p. 7.
  126. ↑ Heather 1994 , p. 87.
  127. ↑ Heather & Matthews 1991 , pp. 86?89.
  128. ↑ Schramm 2002 , p. 54.
  129. ↑ Wolfram 1990 , p. 8.
  130. ↑ Wolfram 1990 , pp. 64?72.
  131. ↑ Edward Gibbon (1880)? The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire ? 3 ? Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott? ????: 29? 10 ????? 2022 ??? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ? ??? ??? ?????? 10 ????? 2022 ? Ammianus [...] and Jornandes [...] describe the subversion of the Gothic empire by the Huns.  
  132. ↑ Beckwith 2009 , pp. 81?83.
  133. ↑ Marcellinus 1862 , Book XXI, II , 1. "The following circumstances were the original cause of all the destruction and various calamities which the fury of Mars roused up, throwing everything into confusion by his usual ruinous violence: the people called Huns, slightly mentioned in the ancient records, live beyond the Sea of Azov, on the border of the Frozen Ocean, and are a race savage beyond all parallel."
  134. ↑ Beckwith 2009 , pp. 81?83, 94?100, 331?332.
  135. ↑ Beckwith 2009 , pp. 331?32.
  136. ↑ Wolfram 1990 , p. 73.
  137. ↑ Ambrose 2019 , p. Book I, Preface, Paragraph 15.
  138. ↑ Maenchen-Helfen 1973 , pp. 152?55.
  139. ^ ? ? ? Kulikowski 2006 , p. 130.
  140. ↑ Heather 2010 , p. 69.
  141. ^ ? ? Wolfram 1990 , pp. 117?31.
  142. ↑ Howatson 2011 .
  143. ↑ Bennett 2004 , p. 367.
  144. ↑ Kulikowski 2006 , pp. 145?47.
  145. ^ ? ? Wolfram 1990 , pp. 130?39.
  146. ↑ Kulikowski 2006 , pp. 150?52.
  147. ^ ? ? ? Kulikowski 2006 , pp. 152?53.
  148. ↑ "Visigoth" ? Encyclopædia Britannica Online ? 22 ??? 2019 ??? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ? ??? ??? ?????? 19 ????? 2019   "Visigoth" . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Archived from the original on 22 May 2019 . Retrieved 19 September 2019 .
  149. ↑ "Ostrogoth" ? Encyclopædia Britannica Online ? 25 ????? 2019 ??? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ? ??? ??? ?????? 17 ????? 2019   "Ostrogoth" . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Archived from the original on 25 April 2019 . Retrieved 17 September 2019 .
  150. ↑ Waldman & Mason 2006 , pp. 336?41.
  151. ↑ Waldman & Mason 2006 , pp. 573?77.
  152. ↑ Wolfram 1990 , pp. 24?25.
  153. ^ ? ? Heather 2018 .
  154. ↑ Wolfram 1990 , p. 26.
  155. ↑ Wolfram 1990 , p. 254.

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