????? ???? ?????

????? ???? ?????
( ??????? ??? : Charles H. Townes )
??????? ?????
??????	28 ??????? 1915? ; ???????? ????? ?????????
????	27 ????? 2015? (100 ???) ; ???????? ??????????
?????	??????
?????	????????? ????? ??????
????	Christian
???	???? ??????? ? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ? ???? ? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ? ?????? ????????? ???????
???? ?????
????_?????	Berkeley ; Bell Labs ; Institute for Defense Analyses ; ??????? ????????? ; ????????? ????????? ????? ????????? ; ????????? ?? ??? ?? ;
??????	Concentration of the heavy isotope of carbon and measurement of its nuclear spin
???? ????	?????????? ????????? ?? ????????? ; ???? ?????????
?????? ????	William Smythe
?????? ????	Ali Javan ; James P. Gordon ; Robert W. Boyd ; Raymond Y. Chiao ;
????	??????? ??? ? ????? ??????? ??? ? ????? ????? ? ????
???? ????? ????	???????
???? ???	???????
??????	????? ??????????? ????? ? ??? ?? ????????? ? ????????? ????????? ????? ?????????
??????? ??????	????
???????
	??????? ????? (2005) ; ??????? ???????? ???? ???? (2000) ; ????? ???? (1999) ; ???? ???? ????? ????? (1982) ; ???? ???? ????????? ???? ???? (1979) ; ???? ????? ????? ??????? (1964) ; ???? ??? ????? (1963) ; ?????? ????? (1961) ; ??????? ????? ????? ??????? (1958) ; ??? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? (1955) ; ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??????
?????????
	???? ????? ????? ??????? (1965) ; ???? ????? ????? ??????? (1964) ; ???? ????? ????? ??????? (1963) ; ???? ????? ????? ??????? (1962) ; ???? ????? ????? ??????? (1961) ; ???? ????? ????? ??????? (1960) ; ???? ????? ????? ??????? (1959) ; ???? ????? ????? ??????? (1958)
	????? - ?????

????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?? ????? 1964 ??? ???? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ?????????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ????????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?????

???? ?????? [ ????? ]

???? ????? ????? ???????

????? ??? [ ????? ]

↑ ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??: https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w65j9hqx ? ????: Charles Hard Townes ? ??? ??? ??????: 9 ?????? 2017
^ ^? ^? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ?????: https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/141861087 ? ????: Charles Hard Townes ? ??? ??? ??????: 9 ?????? 2017
^ ^? ^? Brockhaus Enzyklopadie online ID: https://brockhaus.de/ecs/enzy/article/townes-charles-hard ? ????: Charles Hard Townes ? ??? ??? ??????: 9 ?????? 2017
^ ^? ^? ???? ????????????? ??????? ??? ??: https://www.enciclopedia.cat/ec-gec-0067143.xml ? ????: Charles Hard Townes ? ????? : Gran Enciclopedia Catalana
^ ^? ^? Hrvatska enciklopedija ID: https://www.enciklopedija.hr/Natuknica.aspx?ID=61945 ? ????: Charles Hard Townes ? ????? : Hrvatska enciklopedija
^ ^? ^? Munzinger person ID: https://www.munzinger.de/search/go/document.jsp?id=00000010877 ? ????: Charles H. Townes ? ??? ??? ??????: 9 ?????? 2017
↑ https://gizmodo.com/inventor-of-the-laser-dies-1682139697 ? ??? ??? ??????: 14 ????? 2020 ? ???? ??? ??: 27 ????? 2015
↑ ??? : ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??
↑
↑ ??? : https://d-nb.info/gnd/119451182 ? ??? ??? ??????: 24 ??? 2015 ? ????? ????: CC0
↑ http://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12305115g ? ??? ??? ??????: 10 ?????? 2015 ? ????: ????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ? ????? ????: ???? ????? ????
↑ ???? ??? ??: https://plus.cobiss.net/cobiss/si/sl/conor/23610211
↑ https://www1.villanova.edu/villanova/president/university_events/mendelmedal/pastrecipients.html
↑ The Nobel Prize in Physics 1964 ? ??? ??? ??????: 10 ????? 2021 ? ????: ???? ????????
↑ Table showing prize amounts ? ??? ??? ??????: 10 ????? 2021 ? ????: ???? ???????? ? ???? ??? ??: ????? 2019
↑ https://thejohnscottaward.github.io/jsc/1951-2010.html
↑ https://www.amacad.org/rumford-prize-recipients
↑ About the Comstock Prize in Physics ? ??? ??? ??????: 7 ?????? 2018 ? ????: ???? ?????? ????? ?????
↑ ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ??: https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/archive/show_people.php?id=10706 ? ????: ???? ????????

[40d7a672b2851b9a9757fdb91a59777124f35ad0-1] ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??: https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w65j9hqx ? ????: Charles Hard Townes ? ??? ??? ??????: 9 ?????? 2017

[e0ead2690e31b27a1638bcc5120972dded7e71ca-2] ? ^? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ?????: https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/141861087 ? ????: Charles Hard Townes ? ??? ??? ??????: 9 ?????? 2017

[d501e90afd738540e7fb1832c75a5dd8c5c446cd-3] ? ^? Brockhaus Enzyklopadie online ID: https://brockhaus.de/ecs/enzy/article/townes-charles-hard ? ????: Charles Hard Townes ? ??? ??? ??????: 9 ?????? 2017

[ab00db81f2ca78334c3ea802c1f79b7514d972b2-4] ? ^? ???? ????????????? ??????? ??? ??: https://www.enciclopedia.cat/ec-gec-0067143.xml ? ????: Charles Hard Townes ? ????? : Gran Enciclopedia Catalana

[4e72e510c6ca4ad70d27d28216ebfd93c439f087-5] ? ^? Hrvatska enciklopedija ID: https://www.enciklopedija.hr/Natuknica.aspx?ID=61945 ? ????: Charles Hard Townes ? ????? : Hrvatska enciklopedija

[098b35578e3ba465d4848a04eda90b0b64e30369-6] ? ^? Munzinger person ID: https://www.munzinger.de/search/go/document.jsp?id=00000010877 ? ????: Charles H. Townes ? ??? ??? ??????: 9 ?????? 2017

[f755dcc81e8bfa20b8d1b3f0bbb23f5658b5e62d-7] ttps://gizmodo.com/inventor-of-the-laser-dies-1682139697 ? ??? ??? ??????: 14 ????? 2020 ? ???? ??? ??: 27 ????? 2015

[757e4753c6072dfb329049414d9ad07e4b153b5d-8] ??? : ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??

[nature-9] ↑

[d37a1568cd970bec95bc3c12b1364b2bc36512b0-10] ??? : https://d-nb.info/gnd/119451182 ? ??? ??? ??????: 24 ??? 2015 ? ????? ????: CC0

[76943389d5e95f81a7d27d3d043a7d7e2964c3a8-11] ttp://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12305115g ? ??? ??? ??????: 10 ?????? 2015 ? ????: ????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ? ????? ????: ???? ????? ????

[188d08f401b364421ecc3d9a90446599e89d7680-12] ???? ??? ??: https://plus.cobiss.net/cobiss/si/sl/conor/23610211

[aafd9e56bda43bc0c798640b173e071b98bd8b54-13] ttps://www1.villanova.edu/villanova/president/university_events/mendelmedal/pastrecipients.html

[ec8008c0c1be969872027a5d1b81d7d7781cce3c-14] The Nobel Prize in Physics 1964 ? ??? ??? ??????: 10 ????? 2021 ? ????: ???? ????????

[1e76154f9c322d78b3d839185310f48c48adb820-15] Table showing prize amounts ? ??? ??? ??????: 10 ????? 2021 ? ????: ???? ???????? ? ???? ??? ??: ????? 2019

[8be2c9c61669e7dc51abe828dfe3a014d05c6c5a-16] ttps://thejohnscottaward.github.io/jsc/1951-2010.html

[93dc24accc0fb7a4d22f3fdc98d18a2989a16e52-17] ttps://www.amacad.org/rumford-prize-recipients

[cac4027092afeabc850e7263599b574de00d6295-18] About the Comstock Prize in Physics ? ??? ??? ??????: 7 ?????? 2018 ? ????: ???? ?????? ????? ?????

[ce8637faa190ec6d6e44d53c3c4c2a8956202733-19] ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ??: https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/archive/show_people.php?id=10706 ? ????: ???? ????????

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? ? ? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?????
1901?1925	?????? (1901) ?????? / ????? (1902) ??????? / ????? / ???? ????? (1903) ????? (1904) ?????? (1905) ?? ?? ?????? (1906) ????? (1907) ?????? (1908) ??????? / ????? (1909) ???? ??? (1910) ??? (1911) ???? (1912) ????? ???? (1913) ??? (1914) ????? ??? . ???? / ????? ??? ???? (1915) ??????? (1917) ???? ????? (1918) ????? (1919) ???? (1920) ????? ???????? (1921) ???? ???? (1922) ????? (1923) ?????? (1924) ????? / ???? (1925)
1926?1950	????? (1926) ??????? / ?? ???? (1927) ?????? (1928) ?? ?????? (1929) ???? (1930) ??????? (1932) ???? ??????? / ??? ????? (1933) ????? (1935) ??? / ??????? (1936) ?????? / ?????? (1937) ?????? ???? (1938) ?????? (1939) ???? (1943) ??? (1944) ????? (1945) ??? ??? (1946) ?????? (1947) ????? (1948) ????? (1949) ???? (1950)
1951?1975	???? ??????? / ????? ????? (1951) ???? ???? / ?????????? ???? (1952) ???? ????? (1953) ???? ???? / ??????? ???? (1954) ??? ???? / ???? ???? ???? (1955) ???? ????? / ???? ?????? / ????? ?????? ?????? (1956) ?? ???? ???? / ???? ??? ?? (1957) ???? ?????? / ???? ????? / ???? ??? (1958) ?????? ?? ???? / ??? ????? ??? (1959) ?????? ?? ????? (1960) ????? ???????? / ?????? ??????? (1961) ??? ?????? (1962) ????? ???? ???? / ????? ?????? ???? / ?? ??? ?? ???? (1963) ????? ???? ????? / ????? ???? / ????????? ??????? (1964) ?? ????? ???? ???? / ?????? ?????? / ???? ??? ?? ??? (1965) ?????? (1966) ???? (1967) ??????? (1968) ?? ??? (1969) ???? ?????? / ???? ??? (1970) ???? (1971) ?????? / ???? ???? / ???? ????? ?????? (1972) ??? ?????? / ???? ???? / ????? ???? ???? ?? (1973) ????? ??? / ?????? ???? (1974) ??? ???? / ?? ???? ??? ?? / ??? ???? ??? ???? (1975)
1976?2000	???? ??? / ?????? ??? ??? ??? (1976) ??? ???? ?????? / ???? ?????? ??? / ???? ??????? ??? ??? (1977) ????? ???????? ?????? / ???? ??? ????? / ????? ???? ???? (1978) ????? ?? ????? / ??? ?????? / ????? ?????? (1979) ???? ????? ????? / ??? ????? ?? (1980) ????? ??????? / ????? ??????? ????? / (1981) ????? ? ???? (1982) ???????? ????????? / ???? ????? ????? (1983) ????? ????? / ?? ???? ??? (1984) ????? ?? ?????? (1985) ????? ???? / ??? ??? / ???? ???? (1986) ???? ????? ??????? / ???? ????????? ????? (1987) ???? ??? ???? ??? / ???? ??????? / ??? ???? ???? (1988) ????? ????? ????? ?? ?? / ??? ????? ?????? / ??? ???? ???? (1989) ????? ????? ????? ??? / ???? ?? ????? / ???? ?? ???? (1990) ???? ??? ?? ???? (1991) ???? ????? (1992) ??? ??? ??? / ???? ???? ???? ?? ?? (1993) ?????? ???? ???? / ?????? ?? (1994) Perl / ?????? ???? (1995) ???? ?? / ?????? ?????? / ????? ??? ??? ?????? (1996) ????? ??? / ????? ????-?????? / ???? ????? ???? (1997) ????? ?? ??????? / ????? ????? ?????? / ????? ?? ??? (1998) ?????? ?? ???? / ?????? ?? ?? ?????? (1999) ???? ?????? ????? / ????? ?????? / ??? ???? ???? ???? (2000)
2001??????	??? ??? ????? / ??? ???? ????? / ???? ????? ????? (2001) ?????? ???? ?? ?? / ??????? ?????? / ??????? ???????? (2002) ?????? ???????? ???????? / ?????? ?????? / ??????? ???? ??? (2003) ???? ?? ???? / ?? ???? ??????? / ????? ????? (2004) ???? ?? ????? / ??? ??? ??? / ?????? ????? ????? (2005) ??? ?? ???? / ???? ??? ???? (2006) ????? ??? / ???? ???? ??? (2007) ?????? ????? / ????? ???????? / ???? ???? ????? (2008) ????? ?? ??? / ????? ??? ????? / ???? ?? ???? (2009) ???? ??? / ???????? ?????? (2010) ???? ??????? / ???? ??? / ????? ?? ????? (2011) ???? ?? ?????? / ??? ???? (2012) ???????? ?????? / ???? ??? (2013) ????? ??????? / ?????? ????? / ???? ??????? (2014) ????? ?????? / ????? ?? ???????? (2015) ???? ??? ?????? / ???? ?????? / ??? ??? ???????? (2016)