???? ????? ???????? ????????? ??
| ??? ????
s
|
| IPA
|
Examples
|
English approximation
|
| ?
|
anh (pronounced before a vowel)
|
bu
tt
on (glottal stop)
|
| ?
|
b
a
[?b]
|
almost like
b
ee
|
| c
～
t?
|
ch
e (Saigon final
[
t
]
after
e/i/y
[1]
)
|
ch
eese (unaspirated)
|
| ?
|
đ
i
[?d]
|
almost like
d
ay
|
| f
|
ph
?
|
f
ight
|
| h
|
h
ang
|
h
igh
|
| j
|
ta
y
; ma
i
(may follow all vowels but
e/i/y
[1]
)
|
y
ellow
|
| k
|
c
o,
k
em
|
s
k
y
|
| l
|
l
a
|
l
ow
|
| m
|
m
ai
|
m
y
|
| n
|
n
am (Saigon final
[
ŋ
]
after
a/o/u
[2]
)
|
n
o
|
| ?
|
nh
a (Saigon final
[
n
]
after after
e/i/y
[1]
)
|
roughly like si
ng
ing
|
| ŋ
|
ng
am (before
a/o/u
[2]
);
ngh
e (before
e/i/y
[1]
)
|
si
ng
er
|
| p
|
đa
p
|
s
p
ort
|
| s
|
x
a
|
s
o
|
| ?
|
s
ao (Hanoi
[
s
]
)
|
almost like
sh
ow
|
| t
|
t
ay (Saigon final
[
k
]
after
o/u
[2]
)
|
s
t
op
|
| t?
|
th
?y
|
t
op
|
| ??
|
tr
a
[
?
]
(Hanoi
c
～
t?
)
|
almost like
ch
oose (unaspirated)
|
| v
|
v
? (
[
j
]
in informal Southern Vietnamese)
|
v
an
|
| w
|
ca
u
;
o
anh (Hanoi initial
[?w]
) (may follow all vowels but
a/o/u
[2]
)
|
w
e
|
| x
|
kh
o (Saigon
[
k?
]
)
|
lo
ch
(Scottish English)
|
| ?
|
g
a (before
a/o/u
[2]
);
gh
? (before
e/i/y
[1]
)
|
No English equivalent?; ami
g
o in Spanish
|
| z
|
d
a;
gi
a (Saigon
[
j
]
)
|
z
ero
|
| ?
|
r
a (Hanoi
[
z
]
, Saigon could be
[
?
]
)
|
almost like plea
s
ure
|
|
| Monophthong
s
|
| IPA
|
Examples
|
English approximation
|
| ?
|
?
n;
a
nh
|
almost like c
u
t
|
| a
|
b
a
[3]
|
between c
a
t and f
a
ther
|
| e
|
v
?
|
almost like s
i
t
|
| ?
|
x
e
|
s
e
t
|
| ??
|
a
n; b
e
nh
|
pers
o
n
|
| ?
|
b
?
[
?ː
]
|
almost like s
ir
(British English)
|
| i
|
kh
i
; qu
y
|
s
ee
|
| ?
|
t
?
|
No English equivalent?; unrounded
[u]
|
| o
|
c
o
|
almost like g
oo
d
|
| ?
|
c
o
; x
oo
ng
|
l
aw
|
| u
|
r
u
|
t
oo
|
| Diphthong
s
|
| IPA
|
Examples
|
English approximation
|
| i?
|
v
ie
n, b
ia
|
b
eer
(British English)
|
| ??
|
x
??
ng, ch
?a
|
No English equivalent
|
| u?
|
u?
ng, m
ua
|
s
ure
(British English)
|
| ?
|
(see
/w/
above)
|
w
e
|
| Tone
s
|
| IPA
|
Examples
|
| a ?
|
a
(Hanoi
[?]
, Saigon
[?]
)
|
| a ??
|
a
(Hanoi
[??]
, Saigon
[??]
)
|
| ? ??
|
a
(Hanoi
[??]
, Saigon
[??]
)
|
| a? ??
[4]
|
?
(Hanoi
[??]
, Saigon
[???]
)
|
| ?? ???
|
a
(Hanoi
[???]
, Saigon
[???]
)
|
| a? ???
|
?
(Hanoi
[????]
, Saigon
[??]
)
|
| ??k
[5]
|
?c
(Hanoi
[??]
, Saigon
[??]
)
|
| ??k
[5]
|
?c
(Hanoi
[?]
, Saigon
[?]
)
|
|
- ^
?
?
?
?
?
The
front vowel
s (
[
i
]
,
[
e
]
,
[
?
]
,
[
j
]
) which are based on the letters
e, i,
and
y.
- ^
?
?
?
?
?
The non-front vowels, which are based on the letters
a, o,
and
u.
- ↑
/aː/
may be pronounced
[
æ
]
.
- ↑
This is a dipping tone. It looks similar to
a ??
(
[? ? ?]
(
nasalized
mark). The dipping tone differs only in being angular in shape, but is not widely supported by IPA fonts.
- ^
?
?
Before a final /p, t, c, k/, the six tones of Vietnamese are reduced to two.
