???????? ???? ???

???????? ???? ???
	????? the wars of ???? ?????
	; Clockwise from top left: ; Prussian infantry at the Battle of Spicheren ; ; Jeanniot 's 1886 La ligne de feu ( Battle of Mars-La-Tour ); ; Werner 's depiction of the capitulation of Sedan ; ; Neuville 's 1873 Les dernieres cartouches ( Battle of Bazeilles ).
?????	19 July 1870 ? 10 May 1871 ; ( ??? ??? ??????:Age ??? 521 ??? ??: attempt to concatenate local 'last' (a nil value)? )
????	????? ; Prussia ;
?????	German victory
????? ; ????????	Treaty of Frankfurt ? ???? ????? of the ???? ????? ; ? Fall of the French Empire ; ? Formation of the ???????? ??????? ??? ; ? German annexation of Alsace-Lorraine ;
???????
French Empire a	North German ; Confederation ????? ?????? c ; Baden ; ????? ?????? ; Wurttemberg ; Hesse-Darmstadt
French Republic b	???? ????? d
???? ??? ??? ?????
Napoleon III (???? ????) ; F. A. Bazaine (???? ????) ; Louis Jules Trochu ; Patrice de MacMahon ; Leon Gambetta ; ????????? ;	Wilhelm I ; Helmuth von Moltke ; ?????? ; Karl F. von Steinmetz ; Prince Friedrich Karl ; Crown Prince Friedrich ; Albrecht von Roon ;
????
909,951 492,585 active ; 417,366 Garde Mobile ;	1,200,000 300,000 regulars ; 900,000 reserves and ; Landwehr ;
??????? ??? ???????
756,285 138,871 dead ; 143,000 wounded ; 474,414 captured ;	116,696 28,208 dead ; 88,488 wounded ;
	a Until 4 September 1870. ; b From 4 September 1870. ; c Leading member of the North German Confederation. ; d From 18 January 1871. ;

???????? ???? ??? ( ???????? : Guerre franco-allemande? ????? : Deutsch-Franzosischer Krieg) ?? ??? ?? (19 ?????? 1870 ? 10 ??? 1871) ?? ???? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????

????? [ ????? ]

????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????

????? [ ????? ]

??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???? ????

???? ?????? [ ????? ]

????? ?? ????? ??? 1871

???? ???? [ ????? ]

[FOOTNOTEHoward199139-1] ? ^? Howard 1991 , p. 39.

[FOOTNOTEWawro200342-2] Wawro 2003 , p. 42.

[FOOTNOTENolte1884526–527-3] Nolte 1884 , pp. 526?527.

[FOOTNOTENolte1884527-4] Nolte 1884 , p. 527.

[FOOTNOTEHoward1991453-5] Howard 1991 , p. 453.

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