??? ????????

???????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?? ??? 323 ??? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ???? ??? 31 ??? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ^[1] ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ^[2] ?????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ( ?λλ?? ? ???? ) ??? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ? ???? ?? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ^[3]

???????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ? ???? ???? ????????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ? ???? ?? ?? ???? ? ????? ? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ? ????? ? ?? ????? ? ?????? ? ????? ? ????? ??? ????? ? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?? ? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ? ^[4] ? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ? ??????????? ????? ? ???????? ??? ?????? ? ???????????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ?????-???? ??????? ? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ???????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?????

????? ??? [ ????? ]

↑ Art of the Hellenistic Age and the Hellenistic Tradition. Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History, ??????????? ?????? ?? ??? , 2013. Retrieved 27 May 2013.
↑ Hellenistic Age. ????? ??????? ????????? , 2013. Retrieved 27 May 2013.
↑ "Alexander the Great and the Hellenistic Age" ? www.penfield.edu (????? ???????) ? ??? ??? ?????? 08 ?????? 2017
↑ Peter Green (2008)? Alexander The Great and the Hellenistic Age? London: Orion? ISBN 978-0-7538-2413-9

[1] Art of the Hellenistic Age and the Hellenistic Tradition. Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History, ??????????? ?????? ?? ??? , 2013. Retrieved 27 May 2013.

[2] Hellenistic Age. ????? ??????? ????????? , 2013. Retrieved 27 May 2013.

[3] "Alexander the Great and the Hellenistic Age" ? www.penfield.edu (????? ???????) ? ??? ??? ?????? 08 ?????? 2017

[ReferenceA-4] Peter Green (2008)? Alexander The Great and the Hellenistic Age? London: Orion? ISBN 978-0-7538-2413-9

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]