???? ???????

???? ???????
( ??????? ??? : James Abram Garfield )
?????
??????? ????? ???? ?????
	???? ???? ; 4 ???? 1863 ? 8 ????? 1880
????? ??? ????? ???? ????? (17 )
	???? ???? ; 2 ????? 1880 ? 4 ???? 1881
	??????? ?? ???
????? ????????
??? ????????? ????? ?????? (20 )
	???? ???? ; 4 ???? 1881 ? 19 ????? 1881
	??????? ?? ???
????? ?? ?????
??????? ?????
??????? ???	( ??????? ??? : James Abram Garfield )
??????	19 ????? 1831?
????	19 ????? 1881? (50 ???)
??? ????	??? ? ??? ?? ???? ? ???? ??? ? ??????
????	??? ??? ??????? ? ???? ?? ??????? ???????
??? ????	???
?????	????????? ????? ??????
??????? ????	????? ?????? ?? ?????
?????	??????? ?????
????	???????? ??????? (11 ????? 1858?19 ????? 1881)
?????	?????? ??????? ? ???? ????? ??????? ? ???? ?????? ??????? ? ????? ??????? ? ???? ??????? ? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ? ?????? ???????
????? ?????
???? ?????
???? ????	????? ???? (1851?1854) ; ????? ????
????	????? ??? ? ???? ???? ? ???? ? ????? ??? ? ????
????? ????	???????
???? ????? ????	??????? ? ?????? ???? ? ?????? ????
????? ?????
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????	???? ????
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?????
	????? - ?????

???? ??????? ( ??????? : James Garfield) (??????: 19 ????? 1831? ? ??????: 19 ????? 1881? ) ????????? ????? ?????? ?? 20 ??? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ( ?????? ???? ???? ??? ???)? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ????? 1881? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????

????? ??? [ ????? ]

^ ^? ^? ??? : https://d-nb.info/gnd/118716379 ? ??? ??? ??????: 9 ????? 2014 ? ????? ????: CC0
^ ^? ^? ^? http://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11974061g ? ??? ??? ??????: 10 ?????? 2015 ? ????: ????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ? ????? ????: ???? ????? ????
^ ^? ^? ????? ??????? ????????? ?? ???? ??? ??: https://www.britannica.com/biography/James-A-Garfield ? ????: James A. Garfield ? ??? ??? ??????: 9 ?????? 2017 ? ????? : Encyclopædia Britannica
^ ^? ^? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??: https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6xw4php ? ????: James A. Garfield ? ??? ??? ??????: 9 ?????? 2017
^ ^? ^? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ?????: https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/381 ? ????: James Abram Garfield ? ??? ??? ??????: 9 ?????? 2017
^ ^? ^? ?????? ???? ??? ??: https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=4638&url_prefix=https://www.thepeerage.com/&id=p32338.htm#i323377 ? ????: James Abram Garfield ? ??? ??? ??????: 9 ?????? 2017 ? ????: ????? ???? ???? ? ????: ????? ???? ????
^ ^? ^? Brockhaus Enzyklopadie online ID: https://brockhaus.de/ecs/enzy/article/garfield-james-abram ? ????: James Abram Garfield
↑ ISBN 978-0-7679-2971-4
↑ https://www.history.com/news/first-left-handed-president-ambidextrous-multilingual
↑ ?????? ???? ??? ??: https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=4638&url_prefix=https://www.thepeerage.com/&id=p32338.htm#i323377 ? ??? ??? ??????: 7 ???? 2020
↑ ????: ????? ???? ???? ? ????: ????? ???? ????
↑ ??? : https://d-nb.info/gnd/118716379 ? ??? ??? ??????: 24 ??? 2015 ? ????? ????: CC0
↑ ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??: https://www.bartleby.com/lit-hub/library ? ????? : Library of the World's Best Literature

[abc9457dcf728dd069b8ed5b2e1a86035cf2b679-1] ? ^? ??? : https://d-nb.info/gnd/118716379 ? ??? ??? ??????: 9 ????? 2014 ? ????? ????: CC0

[6246bc784f29c405b8df3e7ec575c27f52697480-2] ? ^? ^? http://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11974061g ? ??? ??? ??????: 10 ?????? 2015 ? ????: ????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ? ????? ????: ???? ????? ????

[fba597ab9735a368f3ff3f6dbbe8e71b7780b111-3] ? ^? ????? ??????? ????????? ?? ???? ??? ??: https://www.britannica.com/biography/James-A-Garfield ? ????: James A. Garfield ? ??? ??? ??????: 9 ?????? 2017 ? ????? : Encyclopædia Britannica

[29a861d3849031e04bb0de7cf3a23ee1d6d7af79-4] ? ^? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??: https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6xw4php ? ????: James A. Garfield ? ??? ??? ??????: 9 ?????? 2017

[778b3f7f9fdd5e737ffea1d1bb0fbdc86d8e2111-5] ? ^? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ?????: https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/381 ? ????: James Abram Garfield ? ??? ??? ??????: 9 ?????? 2017

[7ef5a2c864fe60a1e24258b6a8cd945a83cb1ffb-6] ? ^? ?????? ???? ??? ??: https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=4638&url_prefix=https://www.thepeerage.com/&id=p32338.htm#i323377 ? ????: James Abram Garfield ? ??? ??? ??????: 9 ?????? 2017 ? ????: ????? ???? ???? ? ????: ????? ???? ????

[26508764dd45526c46492ca962a47955c182a0a3-7] ? ^? Brockhaus Enzyklopadie online ID: https://brockhaus.de/ecs/enzy/article/garfield-james-abram ? ????: James Abram Garfield

[1877da91a9a9e3f1abd1cbc1fd79505d0c2c9c5f-8] ISBN 978-0-7679-2971-4

[2b369403c15e8f0bb5fdd285cd057fa202073825-9] ttps://www.history.com/news/first-left-handed-president-ambidextrous-multilingual

[09ccb29163f89bab628222ef14efda9b69cce093-10] ?????? ???? ??? ??: https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=4638&url_prefix=https://www.thepeerage.com/&id=p32338.htm#i323377 ? ??? ??? ??????: 7 ???? 2020

[3913844e06e055e8cd81608f22bad0e604d89d2d-11] ????: ????? ???? ???? ? ????: ????? ???? ????

[d37a1568cd970bec95bc3c12b1364b2bc36512b0-12] ??? : https://d-nb.info/gnd/118716379 ? ??? ??? ??????: 24 ??? 2015 ? ????? ????: CC0

[17719537c93d3b75709dc5a408afd9a5d3cd7899-13] ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??: https://www.bartleby.com/lit-hub/library ? ????? : Library of the World's Best Literature

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