??? ???????? ?? ???

??? ???????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ( ( ????? : Dreikaiserbund )? ) ???? ? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? 1873 ?? 1880 ?? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? 1870 ??? ???? ?????? 1890 ?? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ? ????? ??? ??? ?? ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?? ???? ????? ???? 1873 ??? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ? ?? ????? ?? ???? ? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ????????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??? ? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?? ????? ^[1]

???? ??????? ?? ???? ??? 1873 ?? 1878 ?? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??? 18 ??? 1881 ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?? ????? 1884 ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? 1887 ??? ??? ?? ???? ??????-????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ????

?????? 1887 ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??????-???? ????? ???? ????? ^[2]

???? ?????? (1873) [ ????? ]

22 ?????? 1873 ?? ? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?? 1815 ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ^[3] ?? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?? 6 ??? 1873 ?? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ????

?????? [ ????? ]

?????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?? 1870-1871? ?? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ????

????? ?? ????? ? ???? ????????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ^[4]

??? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??? ? ???? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ??? ? ?? ?? ????? ??? ? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ? ^[5] ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ???

???? ????? (1878) [ ????? ]

????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ?? 1878 ??? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ^[6] ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ?

1879 ??? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? - ????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???? 1882 ??? ? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ^[7]

????? (1881?1887) [ ????? ]

???? ?? ?? 1878 ?? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ? ????? ????????? ??? ?? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? 18 ??? 1881 ?? ?????? ???? ???? ^[8] ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???????????? ??? 1884 ??? ????? ???? ???? 1887 ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? 1887 ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ????

????? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ? ?? 1881 ??? 1884 ?? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ^[9]

???? ?????? [ ????? ]

??? ???????? ?????? (1814?1919)

????? ??? [ ????? ]

↑ Raymond James Sontag, European Diplomatic History: 1871?1932 (1933) pp. 3?58
↑ "Dreikaiserbund". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2016. Web. 10 Feb. 2016 < https://www.britannica.com/event/Dreikaiserbund >.
↑ Gildea 2003 , p. 237.
↑ Ruth Beatrice Henig (2002)? The Origins of the First World War ? Routledge? ????: 3 ? ISBN 0-415-26185-6
↑ Sir Edwin Pears, Forty Years in Constantinople, 1873?1915, (New York: D. Appleton and Co., 1916), pp. 16?19, reprinted in Alfred J. Bannan and Achilles Edelenyi, eds., Documentary History of Eastern Europe, (New York: Twayne Publishers, 1970), pp. 191?94. found at, last visited June 24, 2011
↑ Gildea 2003 , p. 240.
↑ [1]
↑ Text of the actual agreement , last visited Oct. 29, 2018
↑ William L. Langer (January 1929)? "Russia, the Straits Question, and the European Powers, 1904-8" ? The English Historical Review? 44 (173): 59?85

????? ??? [ ????? ]

Robert Gildea (2003)? Barricades and Borders: Europe 1800?1914 ? Oxford University Press? ????: 237 ? ISBN 0-19-925300-5 Robert Gildea (2003)? Barricades and Borders: Europe 1800?1914 ? Oxford University Press? ????: 237 ? ISBN 0-19-925300-5 Robert Gildea (2003)? Barricades and Borders: Europe 1800?1914 ? Oxford University Press? ????: 237 ? ISBN 0-19-925300-5
Goriainov, Serge (1918). "???????? ?? ????? ?? ?????" . ?????? ?????? ????? ? 23 (2): 324?49? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? 1836570 ? ??? ????????? . ???? ?????:Noitalic/styles.css ??? ???? ???? ???? ???
????? ? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ???? 1870?1890 (????? ????? 1950) ? ???? 197?212
??????? ? ????? ??? "?????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ? 1881-87 ?" ???? ???????? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ? 27 (1945) ? ???? 61-83 ?? ????
???????? ? ??? "?? 1872 ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?" ??????? ??? ???? ????? ????? (1929) 8 # 23 ?? ?? 400?08? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ???
?????? ? ??? ?????? "???? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???????: ??? ????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?" ???? ?? ??????? ?? ?? (1977) 21 # 1 ?? ?? 3-222? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ???
???? ? AJP ?????? ????? ???? ??? ??????? 1848?1918 (1954)

?????:SQ

[1] Raymond James Sontag, European Diplomatic History: 1871?1932 (1933) pp. 3?58

[2] "Dreikaiserbund". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2016. Web. 10 Feb. 2016 < https://www.britannica.com/event/Dreikaiserbund >.

[3] Gildea 2003 , p. 237.

[4] Ruth Beatrice Henig (2002)? The Origins of the First World War ? Routledge? ????: 3 ? ISBN 0-415-26185-6

[5] Sir Edwin Pears, Forty Years in Constantinople, 1873?1915, (New York: D. Appleton and Co., 1916), pp. 16?19, reprinted in Alfred J. Bannan and Achilles Edelenyi, eds., Documentary History of Eastern Europe, (New York: Twayne Publishers, 1970), pp. 191?94. found at, last visited June 24, 2011

[Gildea03pg240-6] Gildea 2003 , p. 240.

[7] [1]

[8] Text of the actual agreement , last visited Oct. 29, 2018

[9] William L. Langer (January 1929)? "Russia, the Straits Question, and the European Powers, 1904-8" ? The English Historical Review? 44 (173): 59?85

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

? ? ? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? (1871?1913)
???? ??????	??????-???????? ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ? ??? ???? ????????? ?????
?????	???? ????? ????? ????? (1879) Triple Entente Franco-Russian Alliance Entente Cordiale Anglo-Russian Convention Anglo-Japanese Alliance League of the Three Emperors Eight-Nation Alliance
?????	European balance of power ????? ??????? ?? ???? Eastern Question Spread of nationalism Sovereign debt Revanchism Pax Britannica New Imperialism Scramble for Africa Egyptian Lever In Asia ???? ????????? ???? ??? Pan-Slavism ????? ??? ???? ????????? The Great Rapprochement Second Industrial Revolution Industrial warfare
??????	Treaty of Versailles (1871) Treaty of Frankfurt Treaty of Berlin Reinsurance Treaty Treaty of Paris Treaty of Bjorko Taft?Katsura Agreement Hague Conventions Martens Clause Japan?Korea Treaty of 1905 Japan?Korea Annexation Treaty Racconigi agreement
??????	????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? Weltpolitik Naval arms races Anglo-German Dreadnought German Naval Laws Austro-Italian Fashoda Incident ????? ????? Venezuela Naval Blockade First Moroccan Crisis Algeciras Conference Second Moroccan Crisis Treaty of Fez Bosnian Crisis July Crisis
?????	??? ??? ??? (1877-1878) ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??? Spanish?American Banana Wars ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ????? Second Boer ???-????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? First Second Third