????? ????

???? ??????? ?? ????? ???? (???????? entente [??t??t] ?? ?? ?? ???? ?? "????? ? ????? ? ????? ? ??????") ???? ????? ? ???????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?? 1894 ?? ??????-???? ????? ? 1904 ?? ??????? ??????? ??? 1907 ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?? ?? ????? ? ?????? ? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ????

1907 ?? ??????-?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ? ??? ??? (??? ????) ??????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ? ???? ????? ?? ???-????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????????? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ????????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ^[1]

1914 ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ???: ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ^[2] 4 ????? ? 1914 ?? ? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ^[3] ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ????

1870?1871 ?? ??????-?????? ??? ?? ????? ? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ? ?? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ???? ???

??? ?? ?? ??? 1873 ??? ?????? - ????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?????? - ????? ??? ?? ???? ???? 1871 ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ^[4] ?? ????? ?? ???? ????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ^[5] ???? ? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?????? - ????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???? ? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??? ? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ? ^[6] ???? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?????? 1879 ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? 1882 ??? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??? ? ??? ??? ?? ?? 1885 ?? ??????? ??? ??? 1878 ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ? ?? ?? ??? ?? 1877/8 ?? ???-???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????????? ?? ????? ??? ? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??? 1887 ???? ??? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??? ? ?????? ?? 1887 ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ?? 1887 ??? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?? 1890 ??? ????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ^[7] ?? 1890 ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? ? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ?????????? ("????? ?????") ?? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ^[8] ^[9]

?????? ???? ????? [ ????? ]

?????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?????

??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??? ? ???? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ????????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ????????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ??? ?? . ^[10]

????? ??? ??? ? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??? ??? ??? 1890 ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ? ^[11] ???? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??? 1894 ??? ??????-???? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???? . ^[12]

????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??? ? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ????

??????? ??????? [ ????? ]

??????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ? ??????? ?? ???? "???? ? ???? ?????? " ?? ?????? ???? ???? ? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ? 1900 ?? ????? ?? ????? ?? ? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ?? ????

1904 ??? ? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??? ? ???????? ??????? ? ?? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ?? 1904 ??? ???????? ??????? ? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ^[13]

????? ?? ???? ???? ??? [ ????? ]

?????? ??? ?? ??????? ? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ? 1909 ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? 1912 ??? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? "???? ?????" ?? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ???? "????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???" ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ? "?? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???? " ^[14] ?????? ??? ?? ? ???????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?? ????? ??? ??? ? ???? ?? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ^[15] ^[16] ????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ? "????? ?? ?? ?? ? [????] ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? 1914 ??? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ? ?? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??? " ^[17]

??????? ????? ???? ??? [ ????? ]

??????? ? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? 1914 ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ?? ????? ?? ? "?????? ????? ? ????? ? ?? ?? ?? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?? ? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? " ^[18]

?????? ???? ?????? [ ????? ]

??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????-????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ? ?? ?? 1905 ?? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??? ? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???? ????????? ?? 1908 ?? 1914 ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ??? ^[19]

1907 ??? ? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ? ?? ?? ???? ? ????????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ? ^[20] ??? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??? ???

?????? ??? ??????? [ ????? ]

??????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ^[21] ???? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?? ????? ??? ? ???????? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ? ?????? ????? ??? ????????????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ? ?? ??????? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? 1917 ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ^[22] ??? ? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???????

???? ?????? [ ????? ]

???? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?????

????? ??? [ ????? ]

↑ Ewen W. Edwards, "The Far Eastern Agreements of 1907." Journal of Modern History 26.4 (1954): 340-355. online
↑ Robert Gildea , Barricades and Borders: Europe 1800?1914 (3rd ed. 2003) ch 15
↑ Official Supplement (1915). Chapter 7: Declaration of the Triple Entente . American Society of International law. p. 303.
↑ Edgar Feuchtwanger, Imperial Germany 1850?1918 (2002). p 216.
↑ Gildea 2003 , p. 237.
↑ Ruth Henig, The Origins of the First World War (2002), p.3.
↑ Norman Rich, Great power diplomacy, 1814?1914 (1992) pp 244?62
↑ Christopher Clark, Kaiser Wilhelm II (2000) pp 35?47
↑ John C.G. Wilhelm II: the Kaiser's personal monarchy, 1888?1900 (2004).
↑ Fiona K. Tomaszewski, A Great Russia: Russia and the Triple Entente, 1905 to 1914 (2002)
↑ "Reinsurance Treaty - Germany-Russia [1887]" ? Encyclopedia Britannica
↑ George Frost Kennan, The fateful alliance: France, Russia, and the coming of the First World War (1984)
↑ Christopher Clark, The Sleepwalkers: How Europe went to war in 1914 (2012), pp. 124?35, 190?96, 293?313, 438?42, 498?505.
↑ Zara S. Steiner, Britain and the origins of the First World War (1977) p 95.
↑ Christopher Clark, The Sleepwalkers (2012) pp 318-19.
↑ John H. Maurer, "The Anglo-German naval rivalry and informal arms control, 1912-1914." Journal of Conflict Resolution 36.2 (1992): 284-308.
↑ Dirk Bonker, "Naval Race between Germany and Great Britain, 1898-1912" International Encyclopedia of the First World War (2015)
↑ K.A. Hamilton (1977)? "Great Britain and France, 1911?1914" ? $1 ??? F.H. Hinsley? British Foreign Policy Under Sir Edward Grey ? Cambridge University Press? ????: 324 ? ISBN 978-0-521-21347-9
↑ Fiona K. Tomaszewski (2002)? A Great Russia: Russia and the Triple Entente, 1905-1914 ? Greenwood Publishing Group? ????: 19?? ISBN 978-0-275-97366-7
↑ Edward Ingram, "Great Britain's Great Game: An Introduction" International History Review 2#2 pp. 160?171 online
↑ Keiger 1983 .
↑ Gareth Russell (2014)? The Emperors: How Europe's Rulers Were Destroyed by the First World War ? Amberley? ????: 164?65? ISBN 9781445634395

???? ????? [ ????? ]

??????? ? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ? 1898?1905 (1968)?
????? ? ???????? ?? ???? ?????: ?? ??? ???? 1914 (2012) ??? ??? ??? ??? ? ?? ??. 124?35 ? 190?96 ? 293?313 ? 438?42 ? 498?505?
John W. Coogan? Peter F. Coogan (Jan 1985)? "The British Cabinet and the Anglo-French Staff Talks, 1905-1914: Who Knew What and When Did He Know It?" ? Journal of British Studies? 24 (1): 110?131? doi : 10.1086/385827
?? ? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ??? (????? ????? 1934) ??? 1 ?? ?? 105?24 ? 312?42 ? ??? 2 ?? ?? 277 ?86 ? 443?46 ?? ????
???? ? ???? ?????? (2002) ???? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?? ??? 0-415-26185-6 ??? ??? ?? ??? 0-415-26185-6 )
John F.V. Keiger (27 October 1983)? France and the Origins of the First World War ? Macmillan International Higher Education? ISBN 978-1-349-17209-2 ^{[
???? ???
]} John F.V. Keiger (27 October 1983)? France and the Origins of the First World War ? Macmillan International Higher Education? ISBN 978-1-349-17209-2 ^{[
???? ???
]} John F.V. Keiger (27 October 1983)? France and the Origins of the First World War ? Macmillan International Higher Education? ISBN 978-1-349-17209-2 ^{[
???? ???
]}
???? ? ???? ???. ??? ???? ?????: ????? ? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? (??????? ???? ? 1984) ?? ??? ?
Gunther Kronenbitter (August 15, 2019)? "Alliance System 1914" ? 1914-1918 online:International Encyclopedia of the First World War ? ??? ??? ?????? October 25, 2019
Richard Langhorne? "VII. The Naval Question in Anglo-German Relations, 1912?1914"? The Historical Journal? 14 (2): 359?370? doi : 10.1017/S0018246X0000964X
??? ??? ? ???????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ????? ???: ??? 1914 (2013) ?? ?? 142-211?
??? ? ?? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???? (1914)
????? ? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ???: ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ? 1894?1917 (??????? ? 1995)?
??? ? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? (1971)
?????? ? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????: 1871?1932 (1933) ? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????
?????? ? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ???? (1977) ?? ????? ?
??????????? ? ?????? "??? ??? ? ??? .? ????? ??? ?????????: ??? ? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ??????" Jahrbucher fur Geschichte Osteuropas ???. 3 (1999): 362?380? ??????? ??? JSTOR ???
??????????? ? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???: ??? ??? ???? ???????? ? 1905?1914 (???? ??? ? 2002)? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ????
John H. Maurer? "The Anglo-German Naval Rivalry and Informal Arms Control, 1912-1914"? Journal of Conflict Resolution? 36 (2): 284?308? doi : 10.1177/0022002792036002004
???? ? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ??????: ?????? ???????? ??? ???????? ??????? ? 1895-1907 (1995) 344 ?? ?? ?? ????? ? ????? ? ??? ? ???????

?????? ????? [ ????? ]

James Brown Scott? "Lord Haldane's Diary of Negotiations Between Germany and England in 1912"? The American Journal of International Law? 12 (3): 589?596? doi : 10.2307/2188240 *

?????? ????? [ ????? ]

???????????? (???? ?????????)

[1] Ewen W. Edwards, "The Far Eastern Agreements of 1907." Journal of Modern History 26.4 (1954): 340-355. online

[2] Robert Gildea , Barricades and Borders: Europe 1800?1914 (3rd ed. 2003) ch 15

[3] Official Supplement (1915). Chapter 7: Declaration of the Triple Entente . American Society of International law. p. 303.

[4] Edgar Feuchtwanger, Imperial Germany 1850?1918 (2002). p 216.

[5] Gildea 2003 , p. 237.

[6] Ruth Henig, The Origins of the First World War (2002), p.3.

[7] Norman Rich, Great power diplomacy, 1814?1914 (1992) pp 244?62

[8] Christopher Clark, Kaiser Wilhelm II (2000) pp 35?47

[9] John C.G. Wilhelm II: the Kaiser's personal monarchy, 1888?1900 (2004).

[10] Fiona K. Tomaszewski, A Great Russia: Russia and the Triple Entente, 1905 to 1914 (2002)

[11] "Reinsurance Treaty - Germany-Russia [1887]" ? Encyclopedia Britannica

[12] George Frost Kennan, The fateful alliance: France, Russia, and the coming of the First World War (1984)

[13] Christopher Clark, The Sleepwalkers: How Europe went to war in 1914 (2012), pp. 124?35, 190?96, 293?313, 438?42, 498?505.

[14] Zara S. Steiner, Britain and the origins of the First World War (1977) p 95.

[15] Christopher Clark, The Sleepwalkers (2012) pp 318-19.

[16] John H. Maurer, "The Anglo-German naval rivalry and informal arms control, 1912-1914." Journal of Conflict Resolution 36.2 (1992): 284-308.

[17] Dirk Bonker, "Naval Race between Germany and Great Britain, 1898-1912" International Encyclopedia of the First World War (2015)

[18] K.A. Hamilton (1977)? "Great Britain and France, 1911?1914" ? $1 ??? F.H. Hinsley? British Foreign Policy Under Sir Edward Grey ? Cambridge University Press? ????: 324 ? ISBN 978-0-521-21347-9

[Tomaszewski2002-19] Fiona K. Tomaszewski (2002)? A Great Russia: Russia and the Triple Entente, 1905-1914 ? Greenwood Publishing Group? ????: 19?? ISBN 978-0-275-97366-7

[20] Edward Ingram, "Great Britain's Great Game: An Introduction" International History Review 2#2 pp. 160?171 online

[FOOTNOTEKeiger1983-21] Keiger 1983 .

[22] Gareth Russell (2014)? The Emperors: How Europe's Rulers Were Destroyed by the First World War ? Amberley? ????: 164?65? ISBN 9781445634395

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? ? ? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? (1871?1913)
???? ??????	??????-???????? ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ? ??? ???? ????????? ?????
?????	???? ????? ????? ????? (1879) Triple Entente Franco-Russian Alliance Entente Cordiale Anglo-Russian Convention Anglo-Japanese Alliance League of the Three Emperors Eight-Nation Alliance
?????	European balance of power ????? ??????? ?? ???? Eastern Question Spread of nationalism Sovereign debt Revanchism Pax Britannica New Imperialism Scramble for Africa Egyptian Lever In Asia ???? ????????? ???? ??? Pan-Slavism ????? ??? ???? ????????? The Great Rapprochement Second Industrial Revolution Industrial warfare
??????	Treaty of Versailles (1871) Treaty of Frankfurt Treaty of Berlin Reinsurance Treaty Treaty of Paris Treaty of Bjorko Taft?Katsura Agreement Hague Conventions Martens Clause Japan?Korea Treaty of 1905 Japan?Korea Annexation Treaty Racconigi agreement
??????	????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? Weltpolitik Naval arms races Anglo-German Dreadnought German Naval Laws Austro-Italian Fashoda Incident ????? ????? Venezuela Naval Blockade First Moroccan Crisis Algeciras Conference Second Moroccan Crisis Treaty of Fez Bosnian Crisis July Crisis
?????	??? ??? ??? (1877-1878) ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??? Spanish?American Banana Wars ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ????? Second Boer ???-????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? First Second Third