?brahimi dinlerde Tanrı

Yahudilik , Hristiyanlık , ?slam ve Bahai dinleri ?brahim 'in Tanrı gelene?ini surdurdukleri icin ?brahimi dinler olarak da adlandırılırlar. Bu yuzden ?brahimi dinlerin teolojik gelenekleri bir olcude Tanah 'taki Tanrı tasavvurundan ve Yahudi tarihindeki monoteizmin tarihi geli?imden etkilenmi?tir.

Hollandalı teolog Cornelis Tiele [ en ] , ?brahimi dinlerdeki Tanrı'nın atasını Yahveh 'in olu?turdu?unu, O'nun aslen Midyanlı bir ilah oldu?unu ve ?srailo?ullarına Musa vasıtası ile tanıtıldı?ını ifade eder. ^[1] MO 10. yuzyıl ile MO 586'( Babil surgunu ) arasında ?srail genelinde coktanrıcılık normaldi. ^[2] ?srailo?ulları arasında yalnızca Yahveh 'ye tapınma ancak surgunden sonra ve gec bir donemde (muhtemelen Makkabiler (MO 2. yy) donemi) kurumsalla?ır ve monoteizm Yahudiler arasında yerle?ir. ^[3] Bazı ?ncil bilginleri, bir zamanlar A?era 'ya ?srail'in ulusal Tanrısı olan Yahve'nin e?i olarak tapınıldı?ına inanırlar. ^[4]^[5]^[6]

?brahimi dinlerde tanrı tarih icerisinde Antropomorfik tanımlamalardan arındırılarak daha soyut kavramlarla ifade edilen, de?i?erek geli?en bir figurdur. Ba?langıcta gokte bir saray icerisinde, etrafında bir suru yaratıkla ya?ayan, go?e merdivenle inip cıkan, di?er tanrıları da tanıyan insan ?eklinde bir aile veya klan tanrısı iken, zaman icerisinde sex ya?amları ve insani ozellikleri yok edilerek sadece melekler ve ?eytanlar uzerinden konu?an ulusal ve son a?amada evrensel tanrı figurune donu?ur. ^[10] Bu a?amada Evrenin yaratıcısı olan Tanrı; ebedi, her ?eye gucu yeten ve her ?eyi bilen bir tanrıdır. Gunumuzde ?brahimi dinler Tanrı'nın zamandan ve mekandan munezzeh oldu?una inanır, bu yuzden Tanrı somut evrenden ba?ımsızdır ancak yine de duaları duyar ve tepki verir.

?brahimi dinlerin kitaplarında Tanrı ki?ile?tirilmi? bir yaratıcıdır . Birincil ki?i olarak konu?ur ve bazen insanların kar?ısına " insan goruntusu " ile cıkar. ^[11] ?slam'da Allah Muntakim (intikam alan), Mutekebbir (buyuklenen)dir. Ayrıca Sabur (cok sabırlı), celil (Celalet; 1/azamet, 2/hiddetlilik, hı?ım), rahim (cok merhametli), halim (yumu?ak huylu), vedud (sevecen) gibi insani duygular ifade eden isimlerle de anılır ve insana ait ozelliklerin de aslında Allah'a ait oldu?u ifade edilir. Hristiyanlıkta Tanrı baba gibi, Sufilikte arkada? gibidir. ^[12] Tanah'ta da Yehova 'nın sık sık ki?ile?tirildi?i gorulur.

Tanrı hakkında te?bihi antropomorfik bir dil kullanılıp kullanılamayaca?ı konusunda Yahudi, Hristiyan ve ?slam du?unce tarihinde oldukca yo?un tartı?malar olmu?tur. Kutsal kitaplarda Tanrı’yı hem te?bih eden orneklere hem de tenzih denilen olumsuzlama orneklerine rastlanmaktadır. Uc dinin de bu konuya yakla?ımını inceledi?imizde hem Kur’an ’da hem de Kitab-ı Mukaddes ’te olumsuz nitelemeler yanında olumlu nitelemelerin daha fazla kullanıldı?ı gorulecektir; yani vahiyde tenzihten cok te?bih vardır. ^[13]

Richard Dawkins Eski Ahit 'in Tanrısı'nı "en sevimsiz yapay karakter" olarak tanımlar ve ?iddetle ele?tirir. ^[14]

Kaynakca [ de?i?tir | kayna?ı de?i?tir ]

^ Judges 1:16-3:11 ; Numbers 10:29 ; Exodus 6:2-3
^ Finkelstein, Israel, and Silberman, Neil Asher, The Bible Unearthed: Archaeology's New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origin of Its Sacred Texts , Simon & Schuster, 2002, pp. 241?242.
^ Quote from the BBC documentary (prof. Herbert Niehr): "Between the 10th century and the beginning of their exile in 586 there was polytheism as normal religion all throughout Israel; only afterwards things begin to change and very slowly they begin to change. I would say it [the sentence "Jews were monotheists" - n.n.] is only correct for the last centuries, maybe only from the period of the Maccabees, that means the second century BC, so in the time of Jesus of Nazareth it is true, but for the time before it, it is not true."
^ "BBC Two - Bible's Buried Secrets, Did God Have a Wife?" . BBC. 21 Aralık 2011. 15 Ocak 2012 tarihinde kayna?ından ar?ivlendi . Eri?im tarihi: 4 Temmuz 2012 .
^ Wesler, Kit W. (2012). An Archaeology of Religion . University Press of America. s. 193. ISBN 978-0761858454 . 10 Ocak 2022 tarihinde kayna?ından ar?ivlendi . Eri?im tarihi: 3 Eylul 2014 .
^ Mills, Watson, (Ed.) (31 Aralık 1999). Mercer Dictionary of the Bible (Reprint bas.). Mercer University Press. s. 494. ISBN 978-0865543737 . 10 Ocak 2022 tarihinde kayna?ından ar?ivlendi . Eri?im tarihi: 10 Ocak 2022 .
^ Trotter 2002 , ss. 153.
^ Stavrakopoulou 2021 , ss. 411?412, 742.
^ As the Arabs of the ?ej?z had used the drahms of the Sasanian emperors, the only silver coinage in the world at that time, it was natural for them to leave many of the Sasanian mints in operation, striking coins like those of the emperors in every detail except for the addition of brief Arabic inscriptions like besmell?h in the margins.
^ M.?lmiye cı?, ?brahim peygamber s.20
^ Williams, W. Wesley, "A study of anthropomorphic theophany and Visio Dei in the Hebrew Bible, the Qur'an and early Sunni Islam", University of Michigan, March 2009
^ "The man who realizes God as a friend is never lonely in the world, neither in this world nor in the hereafter. There is always a friend, a friend in the crowd, a friend in the solitude; or while he is asleep, unconscious of this outer world, and when he is awake and conscious of it. In both cases the friend is there in his thought, in his imagination, in his heart, in his soul." Hazrat Inayat Khan , quoted from The Sufi Message of Hazrat Inayat Khan
^ "Ar?ivlenmi? kopya" (PDF) . 18 Nisan 2017 tarihinde kayna?ından (PDF) ar?ivlendi . Eri?im tarihi: 17 Nisan 2017 .
^ “The God of the Old Testament is arguably the most unpleasant character in all fiction: jealous and proud of it; a petty, unjust, unforgiving control-freak; a vindictive, bloodthirsty ethnic cleanser; a misogynistic, homophobic, racist, infanticidal, genocidal, filicidal, pestilential, megalomaniacal, sadomasochistic, capriciously malevolent bully. https://www.csbvbristol.org.uk/2019/01/24/chapter-7-of-the-god-delusion/ 25 Ocak 2022 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde ar?ivlendi .

[1] Judges 1:16-3:11 ; Numbers 10:29 ; Exodus 6:2-3

[2] Finkelstein, Israel, and Silberman, Neil Asher, The Bible Unearthed: Archaeology's New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origin of Its Sacred Texts , Simon & Schuster, 2002, pp. 241?242.

[3] Quote from the BBC documentary (prof. Herbert Niehr): "Between the 10th century and the beginning of their exile in 586 there was polytheism as normal religion all throughout Israel; only afterwards things begin to change and very slowly they begin to change. I would say it [the sentence "Jews were monotheists" - n.n.] is only correct for the last centuries, maybe only from the period of the Maccabees, that means the second century BC, so in the time of Jesus of Nazareth it is true, but for the time before it, it is not true."

[BBC-4] "BBC Two - Bible's Buried Secrets, Did God Have a Wife?" . BBC. 21 Aralık 2011. 15 Ocak 2012 tarihinde kayna?ından ar?ivlendi . Eri?im tarihi: 4 Temmuz 2012 .

[Wesler-5] Wesler, Kit W. (2012). An Archaeology of Religion . University Press of America. s. 193. ISBN 978-0761858454 . 10 Ocak 2022 tarihinde kayna?ından ar?ivlendi . Eri?im tarihi: 3 Eylul 2014 .

[6] Mills, Watson, (Ed.) (31 Aralık 1999). Mercer Dictionary of the Bible (Reprint bas.). Mercer University Press. s. 494. ISBN 978-0865543737 . 10 Ocak 2022 tarihinde kayna?ından ar?ivlendi . Eri?im tarihi: 10 Ocak 2022 .

[FOOTNOTETrotter2002153-7] Trotter 2002 , ss. 153.

[FOOTNOTEStavrakopoulou2021411–412,_742-8] Stavrakopoulou 2021 , ss. 411?412, 742.

[9] As the Arabs of the ?ej?z had used the drahms of the Sasanian emperors, the only silver coinage in the world at that time, it was natural for them to leave many of the Sasanian mints in operation, striking coins like those of the emperors in every detail except for the addition of brief Arabic inscriptions like besmell?h in the margins.

[10] M.?lmiye cı?, ?brahim peygamber s.20

[11] Williams, W. Wesley, "A study of anthropomorphic theophany and Visio Dei in the Hebrew Bible, the Qur'an and early Sunni Islam", University of Michigan, March 2009

[12] "The man who realizes God as a friend is never lonely in the world, neither in this world nor in the hereafter. There is always a friend, a friend in the crowd, a friend in the solitude; or while he is asleep, unconscious of this outer world, and when he is awake and conscious of it. In both cases the friend is there in his thought, in his imagination, in his heart, in his soul." Hazrat Inayat Khan , quoted from The Sufi Message of Hazrat Inayat Khan

[13] "Ar?ivlenmi? kopya" (PDF) . 18 Nisan 2017 tarihinde kayna?ından (PDF) ar?ivlendi . Eri?im tarihi: 17 Nisan 2017 .

[14] “The God of the Old Testament is arguably the most unpleasant character in all fiction: jealous and proud of it; a petty, unjust, unforgiving control-freak; a vindictive, bloodthirsty ethnic cleanser; a misogynistic, homophobic, racist, infanticidal, genocidal, filicidal, pestilential, megalomaniacal, sadomasochistic, capriciously malevolent bully. https://www.csbvbristol.org.uk/2019/01/24/chapter-7-of-the-god-delusion/ 25 Ocak 2022 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde ar?ivlendi .

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