???????

??????? ( ?????? : cork ) ??? ?????????? ????????????? ????????? ??????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????? ( Quercus suber ) ?????????????????? ????? ?????????????????? ??????? ????????????????? ????????????????? ???????? ???????? ???????????? ???????????????????? ??????????????????????? ????????? ???????? ???????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????

????????? ?????? ?? ?????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??? ????????????????? ( Corticeira Amorim ) ??????????????????????????????? ^[1] ???????? ??? ??????????????????????? ????????????????????? ?????????????? ??????????????? ????? ?????????????????? ????? ^[2]

?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????? ??????????????????? ?????????? ???? (?????????????????????????????????) ????????????????????? ???????????? ?????????????????????????????????????? (?????????????????? 40), ?????? (?????? 22), ?????????????? ( ???????? ??? ???????????? ) (?????? 18), ?????????? (?????? 15) ??????? ? ^[3]

??????? [ ??? ]

↑ Calheiros, J. L.; Meneses, E. "The cork industry in Portugal" . Junta Nacional da Cortica, Portugal. ????????????????????? ????????? ????? 2012-01-12.
↑ "Robert Hooke (1635-1703)" . UC Museum of Paleontology @ UC Berkeley . ??????????? 2022-12-10 .
↑ Duarte, Ana Paula; Bordado, Joao Carlos (2015). "Cork ? A Renewable Raw Material: Forecast of Industrial Potential and Development Priorities" . Frontiers in Materials (??????????). 2 : 2. Bibcode : 2015FrMat...2....2D . doi : 10.3389/fmats.2015.00002 . ISSN 2296-8016 . Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License .

?????? ??? ?????????? ???? ???????????????????????????????? ???????????????

[1] Calheiros, J. L.; Meneses, E. "The cork industry in Portugal" . Junta Nacional da Cortica, Portugal. ????????????????????? ????????? ????? 2012-01-12.

[urlRobert_Hooke-2] "Robert Hooke (1635-1703)" . UC Museum of Paleontology @ UC Berkeley . ??????????? 2022-12-10 .

[Duarte_2015-3] Duarte, Ana Paula; Bordado, Joao Carlos (2015). "Cork ? A Renewable Raw Material: Forecast of Industrial Potential and Development Priorities" . Frontiers in Materials (??????????). 2 : 2. Bibcode : 2015FrMat...2....2D . doi : 10.3389/fmats.2015.00002 . ISSN 2296-8016 . Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License .

[1]

[2]

[3]

? ? ? ?????????????????????????????
??????????????	??????? ??????? Wild game
??????? ?????	?????????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ??????? Gambooge Huckleberry ???? ????????? ?????
????? ??????	??? Fiddlehead ferns Mahuwa flowers ???? ( queen ) Sassafras ( ????????? ) ??????????? ???
????	Bare-toothed russula Bay bolete Birch bolete ???????? Chanterelle Honey mushroom ??????? ?????????? Meadow mushroom Morel ????? Parasol mushroom Red cap Saffron milk cap Slippery jack ???????? Yellow knight
???? ??????????	???????? ???? ???????? ??????? ????????? ????? ?????? ???????? Malva nut ????????? ??????? ???????
????????? ??	???????? Chaulmoogra ( Hydnocarpus wightiana ) ???????? ?????????? ???????????????? Japan wax Kokum Kusum Mahuwa Nagkesar ??????????? ( kernel ) Pongamia Phulwara Pilu Sal-seed ( Shorea robusta ) ???????????? ??????? Tea-seed Tea-tree Vateria indica
??????	Benzoin Birch-tar ?????? Creosote ????? ?? Kauri ???????? ?????? ????? Pine tar Pitch ????? ???????? ????? ??????
????????? / Gum ??????? ?	Birch syrup ????????? ????????? ????????????? ?????????????? ?????????????? Gum arabic Gutta-percha Kino ?????? ??????????????? ????????? Palm wine ( akpeteshie ogogoro ) ??? Spruce gum
???? ?	??? ( ??????? ) Birch bark Birch beer ??????? ?????? Forage Gambier ????? ?????????? ( ???????????? ) ??? ?????? ???? ??????? Tanbark ( ?????? ) Thatching Tendu leaves Willow bark